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"One aspect of air spatial arrangement relating to national airspace sovereignty is to establish Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) which established on the basis of security considerations, particularly for the purposes of foreign aircraft identification. ADIZ Indonesia that has been established at this time is not ideal because it is still above Java and surrounding areas, which is still not sufficient in the face of the vast territory of Indonesia. In order to do so, the purpose of this study is to analyze the current condition of ADIZ Indonesia, what efforts have been made to re-establish ADIZ Indonesia in order to suport sovereign national airspace, and the provision of ADIZ stipulation in accordance with international air law. Research using qualitative method, data collected by interview and documentation study technique. The results show that ADIZ Indonesia currently resides in the airspace of a small portion of South Sumatra, Java and Madura, Bali, Lombok and a small portion of the western Sumbawa Island, not outside the territorial sea territory (ZEE). Attempts to reassign territory ADIZ Indonesia has been implemented through discussion forums or FGDs held at BNPP, and the establishment of ADIZ Indonesia is based on international customary law at that time."

"Salah satu aspek penataan ruang udara yang berkaitan dengan kedaulatan wilayah udara nasional adalah dengan menetapkan Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ) yang dibentuk atas dasar pertimbangan keamanan, khususnya untuk keperluan identifikasi pesawat udara asing. ADIZ Indonesia yang telah ditetapkan pada saat ini belum ideal, karena masih berada di atas pulau Jawa dan sekitarnya, yang masih belum memadai dihadapkan pada luas wilayah Indonesia. Untuk itu dilakukan penelitian tentang hal tersebut dengan tujuan untuk menganalisis kondisi ADIZ Indonesia saat ini, upaya-upaya apa yang telah dilakukan untuk menetapkan kembali ADIZ Indonesia agar dapat mendukung kedaulatan wilayah udara nasional, dan ketentuan penetapan ADIZ yang sesuai dengan hukum udara Internasional. Penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif, data dikumpulkan dengan teknik wawancara dan studi dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ADIZ Indonesia saat ini berada di wilayah udara sebagian kecil Sumatera Selatan, Jawa dan Madura, Bali, Lombok dan sebagian kecil Pulau Sumbawa bagian barat, tidak berada di luar wilayah laut teritorial (ZEE). Upaya-upaya untuk menetapkan kembali wilayah ADIZ Indonesia telah dilaksanakan melalui forum diskusi atau FGD yang diselenggarakan di BNPP, dan penetapan ADIZ Indonesia sudah berdasarkan hukum kebiasaan internasional saat itu."

"This paper addresses the challenges in developing design ideas of learning environment for primary school children that could promote creativity. In particular it illustrates how the boxes as simple three dimensional objects could be constructed into a system that offers various possibilities of utilization for learning activities. The possible arrangements of boxes and the possible utilization of their surfaces were investigated through a series of creative workshop with children, in which they explored different ways of constructing the arrangement of boxes and using them for their activities. The possibilities offered by the arrangement of boxes and their surfaces indicate the importance of understanding the presence of objects in space not as an independent entity but as a part of the whole spatial system. It suggests that learning environment essentially needs to be designed as an integrated system of learning spaces and objects that together could promote creative learning."

"Security comes from Latin, secures which means free from danger, fear, and threats which consist of traditional and non-traditional security approaches. Defense is defined as the main instrument of a country to create national security. National defense is defined as a dynamic condition of a country that covers all aspects of national life to deal with threats. National security encompasses the security of the state, society and individuals. There are still several definitions from several experts regarding the concepts of security and defense to date. This article analyses the forms of contemporary threats related to security and defense and explains their similarities and differences in the study of national resilience aimed at realizing a national security system and development of the national security system in other countries. This article uses a descriptive qualitative research design through literature study and interviews. This article explains that the forms of threats that occur in Indonesia include problems at the border area, SARA intolerance, inequality in bureaucratic reform, not optimal law enforcement, and transnational crime. Similarities and differences in the concepts of security and defense can be seen from the regulations, the concepts used, the institutions and the constitution. This article shows that national resilience is influenced by national defense and security. The safe condition of a country is inseparable from the security and defense factors alone but is synergized with each other factors such as economic, political, legal, social, cultural, ideological, geographic, demographic and natural resources."

"Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kondisi industri pertahanan nasional yang tertinggal dari industri pertahanan negara-negara di dunia, bahkan dengan negara yang terhitung muda dalam pengembangan industri tersebut, meskipun berbagai kebijakan telah diterbitkan. Kondisi tersebut memunculkan pertanyaan bagaimana implementasi kebijakan industri pertahanan Indonesia. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut, penelitian ini memfokuskan pada industri pertahanan PT DI dalam mendukung  pertahanan udara tahun 2010 s/d 2015.  Empat pembahasan utama dalam penelitian yaitu: implementasi kebijakan sinkronisasi rencana kebutuhan dan rencana produksi, serta rencana induk industri pertahanan; pengadaan alat pertahanan; peningkatan kualitas produksi, perluasan usaha dan kapasitas produksi; serta penelitian dan pengembangan.

Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini terdiri atas teori:  implementasi kebijakan Meriles S. Grindle, strukturisasi Anthony Gidden, perlindungan industri J.S Mill, serta konflik dan konsensus Maswadi Rauf.  Teori implementasi kebijakan dan strukturisasi menjadi teori utama.  Sedangkan teori lainnya sebagai teori pendukung. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif melalui pendekatan studi kasus.  Pengumpulan data dilaksanakan dengan cara observasi dan wawancara yang melibatkan empat belas informan dipilih dengan teknik purposive. 

Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa antara rencana kebutuhan alat pertahanan dan rencana produksi tidak sinkron, karena penyusunan rencana induk industri pertahanan tidak terjadi kesepakatan antara pemerintah dengan pengguna.  Implementasi pengadaan alat pertahanan yang diproduksi PT DI terjadi permasalahan berupa keterlambatan produksi. Sedangkan pengadaan dari luar negeri tidak melibatkan PT DI, baik melalui ToT, ofset maupun kandungan lokal.  Untuk peningkatan kualitas produksi dilakukan melalui penerbitan sertifikat kelaikan; perluasan usaha dan kapasitas produksi dilaksanakan dengan cara memberikan pinjaman modal usaha; dan kegiatan litbang PT DI mengandalkan kerja sama dengan pemerintah/lembaga lain.

Implikasi teoritis, yaitu teori implementasi kebijakan Grindle,  memperlihatkan tidak seluruh faktor pada variabel isi kebijakan dan lingkungan berpengaruh secara siknifikan terhadap impementasi kebijakan, disamping itu terdapat faktor lain yang berpengaruh secara sinifikan, namun tidak dijelaskan oleh teori Grindle. Teori strukturisasi Anthony Gidden, terdapat relevansi yang ditunjukkan, yakni tidak adanya perubahan implementasi meskipun struktur telah berubah. Hal tersebut ditemukan pada pengadaan alat pertahanan dari luar negeri. Teori perlindungan industri J.S Mill serta teori konflik dan konsensus Maswadi Rauf cukup relevan sebagai teori pendukung.

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This research is motivated by the condition of the national defense industry that lags behind the defense industry of countries in the world, even with countries that are relatively young in developing the industry, even though various policies have been issued. This condition raises the question of how to implement Indonesia's defense industry policy. To answer this question, this study focuses on the defense industry of PT DI in supporting air defense in 2010 to 2015. The four main discussions in the research are: implementation of the policy of synchronizing demand plans and production plans, as well as the preparation of a master plan for the defense industry; procurement of defense equipment; improvement of production quality, expansion of business and production capacity; and research and development.

The theory used in this study consists of theories: implementation of Meriles S. Grindle's policies, Anthony Gidden's structuring, J.S Mill's industrial protection, and Maswadi Rauf's conflict and consensus. The theory of policy implementation and structuring is the main theory. While other theories as supporting theories. The research method uses qualitative methods through a case study approach. Data collection was carried out by means of observation and interviews involving faurteen informants selected by purposive technique.

This study found that the plan for the need for defense equipment and the production plan was out of sync, because the preparation of the master plan for the defense industry did not have an agreement between the government and the user. Implementation of the procurement of defense equipment produced by PT DI encountered problems in the form of production delays. Meanwhile, foreign procurement does not involve PT DI, either through ToT, offset or local content. To improve the quality of production, it is carried out through the issuance of a certificate of eligibility; expansion of business and production capacity is carried out by providing business capital loans; and PT DI's research and development activities rely on cooperation with the government/other institutions.

The theoretical implication, namely Grindle's theory of policy implementation, shows that not all factors in the policy content and environmental variables have a significant effect on policy implementation, besides that there are other factors that have a significant influence, but are not explained by Grindle's theory. Anthony Gidden's structuration theory, there is relevance that is shown, namely there is no change in implementation even though the structure has changed. This is found in the procurement of defense equipment from abroad. J.S Mill's industrial protection theory as well as Maswadi Rauf's conflict and consensus theory are quite relevant as supporting theories."

"Pertahanan negara pada hakekatnya adalah fungsi pemerintahan yang berkaitan dengan pengelolaan potensi dan kekuatan pertahanan negara untuk menangkal dan mengadapi ancaman terhadap kedaulatan negara, keutuhan wilayah dan keselamatan bangsa. Pemerintah membutuhkan kebijakan, peraturan perundang-undangan dan industri pertahanan yang memiliki pengelolaan manajemen yang baik dan kemampuan teknologi produksi persenjataan untuk menjamin ketersediaan alat peralatan pertahanan (Alpalhan) dalam rangka menjalankan kewajiban tersebut. Tujuan dari tesis ini adalah menganalisa upaya pemerintah dalam pemberdayaan industri pertahanan nasional berdasarkan kebijakan dan peraturan perundang-undangan. Selain itu, juga meneliti tentang kemampuan komponen teknologi yang dimiliki PT. Dahana, khususnya untuk produksi bahan peledak militer yang telah digunakan oleh TNI Angkatan Udara, yaitu Bomb P-100L. Model teknometrik digunakan didalam penelitian ini. Model teknometrik digunakan didalam penelitian ini untuk mengukur kemampuan komponen teknologi yaitu technoware, humanware, infoware dan orgaware.

Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode campuran dengan tipe rancangan sekuensial eksploratori. Metode kualitatatif digunakan untuk menganalisis upaya pemerintah memberdayakan industri pertahanan nasional untuk mencapai kemandirian produksi. Sedangkan metode kuantitatif digunakan untuk menganalisis kemampuan komponen teknologi yang dimiliki oleh PT. Dahana dalam rangka mencapai kemandirian produksi.

Hasil analisis menyatakan bahwa keberhasilan pemerintah dalam pemberdayaan industri pertahanan adalah dengan terus menopang industri pertahanan melalui kebijakan-kebijakan dan peraturan perundang-undangan yang jelas dan memiliki kepastian bagi semua pihak. Pada analisis kemampuan komponen teknologi PT. Dahana, hasil analisis menyatakan bahwa klasifikasi kemampuan komponen teknologi yang dimiliki PT. Dahana secara keseluruhan adalah semi modern. Dalam rangka untuk mencapai kemandirian produksi, PT. Dahana harus terus melakukan pengembangan terutama pada kontribusi teknologi yang dinilai rendah.

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National defense is a government's functions related to the utilization of defense potential and defense strength to deter any threats on national sovereignty, territorial integrity and the national security. To implement these obligations, The goverment needs some policies, legal binding and supported by the national defense industry who has a good management and technological capabilities to produce armament in fullfilment of the defense equipment.

This thesis will analyze the various aspects of government efforts to empower the national defense industry through some policies and legal binding. It is also analyze the capabilities of the technology component measurement in the PT. Dahana, specifically for the military explosive of Bomb P-100L production that only used by the Indonesian Air Force. The technometric model is used in this measurement.

Technometric method will measures the values of all technology component capability based on technoware, humanware, infoware and orgaware. In this research, author uses mixed method with exploratory sequential. The qualitative method used to analyze the government efforts to empower the national defense industry to achieve self reliance production. The quantitative method used to anayze the capability of technology components of PT Dahana within empowerment of the national defense industry to achieve self reliance production.

The results of this research states that the government's empowerment efforts to support the national defense industry should be continued through policies and legal binding as clear as possible and have certainty for all parties. The result of the research of the capability of technology component PT. Dahana states that the classification has been in semi modern. Based in this value, the development of PT. Dahana could have done with more focused, especially on low level of the contribution of the technology that has been assessed."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola persebaran wilayah kualitas air tanah dangkal parameter pH, DHL dan TDS menurut baku mutu dalam Peraturan Pemerintah No.20 Tahun 1990, serta untuk menggambarkan perbedaan dan persamaan kualitas air tanah dangkal berdasarkan pasang surut, jarak dari sungai dan jarak dari laut. Pengukuran parameter penentu kualitas air dilakukan di lapangan pada bulan Agustus 2006.Hasil penelitian menunjukan Pola persebaran wilayah kualitas air tanah dangkal parameter pH, DHL dan TDS di sepanjang Kali Bekasi dan Cikarang Bekasi Laut (CBL) menunjukan kecenderungan makin dekat dengan laut (utara) kualitas air tanahnya relatif semakin buruk, sedangkan makin dekat dengan sungai (tanggul sungai) cenderung akan semakin membaik. Tidak ada pengaruh jarak dari sungai terhadap nilai pH, DHL dan TDS. Jarak dari laut berpengaruh terhadap nilai DHL dan TDS dengan angka korelasi R = 0.7, namun tidak berpengaruh terhadap nilai pH. Pasang surut Kali Bekasi dan saluran CBL mempengaruhi perubahan kualitas air tanah dangkal parameter pH, DHL dan TDS, saat pasang kualitas air tanah dangkal cenderung lebih buruk dibandingkan saat surut."

"Setiap negara memiliki tanggung jawab untuk membangun dan menyediakan layanan lalu lintas udara sebagaimana tertera dalam Pasal 28 Konvensi Chicago. Namun, Annex 11 Konvensi Chicago menyebutkan bahwa negara dapat mendelegasikan tanggung jawab tersebut kepada negara atau lembaga lain tanpa membahayakan kedaulatannya. Pendelegasian tanggung jawab tersebut dilakukan berdasarkan perjanjian yang disetujui oleh kedua belah pihak. Tetapi, pendelegasian tanggung jawab seringkali masih menyentuh kedaulatan sebuah negara. Maka dari itu, perlu dibedakan antara urusan operasional dan kedaulatan dalam pendelegasian layanan lalu lintas udara. Penulis menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan menganalisis hukum udara internasional dan perjanjian bilateral mengenai pendelegasian layanan lalu lintas udara. Dalam praktiknya, sifat dari pasal-pasal yang tertera pada perjanjian tersebut menentukan seberapa jauh tanggung jawab yang harus dipenuhi oleh kedua belah pihak. Berdasarkan kesimpulan di atas, sebaiknya ketentuan dalam perjanjian bilateral mengenai tanggung jawab kedua belah pihak harus dibuat secara lengkap dan jelas untuk menghindari benturan antara urusan operasional dan kedaulatan.

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Each state is responsible for establishing and providing air traffic services as stated in Article 28 of the Chicago Convention. However, Annex 11 to the Chicago Convention stated that states could delegate these responsibilities to other states or institutions without jeopardizing their sovereignty. The delegation of responsibility is carried out based on a mutual agreement agreed by both parties. The delegation of responsibility often still touches the sovereignty of a state. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish between operational matters and sovereignty in the delegation of air traffic services. The author uses a normative legal research method by analyzing international air law and bilateral agreements regarding the delegation of air traffic services. In practice, the nature of the articles contained in the agreement determines the extent of the responsibilities that both parties must fulfill. Based on the conclusions above, it is better if the provisions in bilateral agreements regarding the responsibilities of both parties must be made completely and clearly to avoid conflicts between operational matters and sovereignty.

 

Keywords: Delegate, responsibilities, operational, sovereignty, bilateral agreement, air traffic services."