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"Adesi dan agregasi pletelet serta pembentukan trombin merupakan rangkaian proses pembentukan trombus yang mendasari sindrom koroner akut (SKA). Oleh karena itu terapi utama SKA adalah heparin dan anti agregasi platelet, disamping obat anti iskemia. Heparin berat molekul rendah (low molecular weight heparin LMWH) memiliki profil farmakokinetik yang lebih baik jika dibandingkan dengan heparin tak terfraksinasi (unfractionated heparin / UFH). Dari berbagai jenis LMWH, hanya enoxaparine yang memperlihatkan keuntungan jika dibandingkan dengan UFH dalam mencegah kematian, infark miokard dan angina berulang pada SKA. Manfaat tersebut mungkin bukan hanya disebabkan oleh efeknya terhadap pembentukan trombin tetapi juga oleh pengaruhnya terhadap adesi dan agregasi platelet melalui interaksi dengan faktor von Willebrand (vWF). Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat efek UFH dan enoxaparine terhadap peningkatan nilai vWF pada akhir terapi dan 48 jam setelah penghentian terapi pada penderita APTS atau IMA non-Q. Pada penelitian ini nilai vWF diperiksa dengan menggunakan teknik double antibody sandwich ELISA Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 37 subyek yang terdiri dari 19 subyek yang diterapi UFH dengan target APTT 1,5 - 2 x kontrol dan 18 subyek diterapi enoxaparine 1 mg/kg BB subkutan, 2 x sehari. Dilakukan pemeriksaan nilai vWF pada awal terapi (vWF1), akhir terapi (vWF2) dan 48 jam setelah penghentian terapi (vWF3). Terdapat efek penekanan. terhadap peningkatan nilai vWF hingga saat penghentian terapi secara bermakna oleh enoxaparine (192,1 ± 57,5 % menjadi 172,8 ± 63,0 %, rerata lama terapi 4,8 ± 1,0 hari, p=0,23), tetapi tidak demikian halnya dengan UFH (165,4 ±42,1 % menjadi 216,1 ±66,5 % rerata lama terapi 52,0 hari, p= 0,009). Terdapat perbedaan bermakna peningkatan nilai vWF pada awal hingga saat penghentian terapi (A vWF2-1) antara kedua kelompok tersebut (p =0,01). Dengan menggunakan data yang dapat dilengkapi hingga pemeriksaan nilai vWF 48 jam setelah penghentian terapi (UFH n=9 dan Enoxaparine n-13) masih dijumpai efek penekanan oleh enoxaparine terhadap peningkatan nilai vWF. Efek tersebut tidak dijumpai pada subyek yang diterapi dengan UFH."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Sindrom Koroner Akut (SKA) merupakan manifestasi penyakit jantung koroner yang dapat menyebabkan kematian mendadak. SKA kebanyakan terjadi pada usia di atas 45 tahun, Namun beberapa tahun terakhir ini angka kejadian infark miokard usia muda meningkat.Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan karakteristik angiografi koroner pada pasien SKA usia ≤45 tahun dengan pasien SKA usia > 45 tahun.Metode: Beratnya stenosis pembuluh darah diukur dengan Vessel Score (jumlah pembuluh darah koroner yang sakit dengan stenosis ≥ 70%) dan Stenosis Score.Hasil: Diteliti sebanyak 322 pasien SKA yang telah menjalani angiografi koroner di ICCU RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta mulai Januari 2008 sampai Desember 2012. Pasien dibagi kedalam dua kelompok. Kelompok satu adalah pasien usia ≤45 tahun dan kelompok kedua pasien usia>45 tahun. Ditemukan 322 pasien SKA (72 kasus ≤45 tahun dan 250 kasus >45tahun). Distribusi jumlah pembuluh darah yang sakit (vessel score) 1 VD (single vessel diseases) terbanyak pada usia ≤ 45 tahun (43.1 % vs 26.0 % ), sedangkan 3 VD (triple vessel diseases) terbanyak pada usia > 45 tahun (31.6 % vs 18,1 %). Hasil skor stenosis menunjukkan lebih rendah pada usia ≤ 45 tahun dibandingkan usia  45 tahun (median skor stenosis 4 vs 8) dengan perbedaan yang bermakna (p<0,001). Pembuluh darah yang mengalami aterosklerosis yang terbanyak adalah Left Anterior Descending baik kelompok usia ≤ 45 tahun dan usia  45 tahun (65.3% and 74.0%). Pembuluh darah Left Circumflex dan Right Coronary Artery lebih sedikit pada usia ≤ 45 tahun dan bermakna secara statistik (26,4% dan 31,9% vs 46,4% dan 57,2%, p=0,002 dan 0,001).Simpulan: Jumlah pembuluh darah koroner yang sakit (vessel score) dan skor stenosis lebih kecil pada usia ≤ 45 tahun dibanding usia > 45 tahun

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ABSTRACTBackground: Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) is the manifestation of coronary heart disease which can cause sudden death. ACS mostly occurs at the age > 45 years, but recently the incidence of myocardial infarction increases in yong ages.Objective: To determine compared between coronary angiography of acute coronary syndrome patients age ≤ 45 years with acute coronary syndrome patients age > 45 years.Methods: The severety of coronary stenosis was determined by Vessel score and Coronary score. Significant vessel score was defined as stenosis of angiography of more or equal to 70% lumen stenosis by eyeball examinationResults :A total of 322 ACS patients who undergone coronary angiography in ICCU Cipto Mangunkusumo from January 2008 to December 2012. Patients were divided into two groups. One patient group is less or equal to the age of 45 years (72 cases) and the second group of patients over the age of 45 years (250 cases).Distribution of number of blood vessels disease 1 VD (single vessel diseases) highest in the age group ≤ 45 years (43.1 % vs 26.0 % ), while 3 VD (triple vessel diseases) highest in the age group > 45 years (31.6 % vs 18,1 %). stenosis score was lower at age ≤ 45 years to compare age > 45 years (median stenosis score 4 vs 8) with statistical significant difference (p < 0.001 ). The Left Anterior Descending Artery significant lesion was found high at the both age groups (65.3% and 74.0%). But the significant stenosis lesion was less found in Left Circumflex and Right Coronary Artery at the age ≤ 45 years (26,4% and 31,9% vs 46,4% and 57,2%, p=0,002 and 0,001).Conclusion :The number of coronary arteries diseases (Vessel score) and Stenosis score is lower at the age ≤ 45 years compared to patients age > 45 years."

"Latar Belakang: Penyakit Paru Obstruktif Kronik (PPOK) berkontribusi terhadap masalah kesehatan yang bermakna selama penyelenggaraan haji. Kementerian Kesehatan RI mendokumentasikan PPOK sebagai penyebab ketiga terbesar perawatan jemaah haji yaitu sebesar 7,2% pada tahun 2010. Identifikasi individu yang berisiko lebih tinggi untuk mengalami eksaserbasi akut PPOK selama pelaksanaan haji menjadi penting. Oleh karenanya, penggunaan skor CAT dalam memprediksi risiko eksaserbasi akut pada populasi khusus ini perlu diteliti lebih lanjut. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi skor CAT sebagai prediktor kejadian eksaserbasi akut pada jemaah haji dengan PPOK. Metode: Penelitian kohort prospektif ini dilakukan pada jemaah haji Embarkasi Provinsi DKI Jakarta tahun 2012. Sebelum keberangkatan, subyek diminta mengisi CAT dan diberikan kartu pencatatan harian untuk mencatat gejala eksaserbasi akut selama pelaksanaan haji. Kartu serupa juga diberikan pada dokter kelompok terbang (kloter) mereka. Saat kedatangan di tempat disembarkasi, subyek diwawancarai dan dilakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan serta pengumpulan kartu pencatatan harian dari pasien maupun dokter kloter. Eksaserbasi akut ditentukan dari kartu pencatatan harian dan buku kesehatan haji yang dibawa oleh tiap jemaah. Hasil: Sebanyak 61 pasien PPOK direkrut dengan subyek laki-laki sejumlah 57 orang (93,4%) dan rerata usia 58,8±8,5 tahun. Eksaserbasi akut terjadi pada 35 pasien (57,4%). Skor CAT berkisar antara 0–25 dengan rerata 8,2±5,5. Persentase kelompok kategori CAT rendah (skor<10) sebesar 63,9% sementara 36,1% memiliki kategori CAT sedang-berat (skor CAT 10-30). Didapatkan Risiko Relatif sebesar 1,33 (IK95% 0,875–2,020), Nilai Duga Positif: 0,68 (IK95% 0,47–0,84), dan AUC 0,773 (IK95% 0,647-0,898). Median skor CAT 9 (nilai minimum 1; maksimum 25) untuk kelompok eksaserbasi akut dan median 4 (nilai minimum 0; maksimum 17) untuk kelompok tidak eksaserbasi akut yang bermakna secara statistik (p<0.0001, Uji Mann-Whitney). Simpulan: Terdapat peningkatan kejadian eksaserbasi akut pada jemaah haji dengan CAT kategori sedang-berat dibandingkan kelompok CAT kategori ringan namun belum terlihat perbedaan risiko yang bermakna pada penelitian ini dan skor CAT memiliki kemampuan untuk memprediksi terjadinya eksaserbasi akut.

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Background: COPD contributes to significant health problems during pilgrimage for moslems. Indonesian Ministry of Health COPD as the third leading causes of hospitalization pilgrims with percentage of 7.2% in 2010. Identifying individuals with higher risk to have acute exacerbation during the pilgrimage is essential. Therefore, the use of CAT scores in predicting the risk of acute exacerbation in this special population merits further investigation.

Objective: To evaluate CAT score as predictor of acute exacerbation event in pilgrims with COPD.

Methods: This propective cohort study was conducted to pilgrims from DKI Jakarta Province in 2012. Prior to departure, subjects were asked to complete CAT and given diary card to record any symptoms of exacerbation during pilgrimage. Similar observation card were also given to their pilgrims groups’ doctors. On arrival at disembarkation point, subjects underwent interview and health examination while diary cards were collected from both patients and their doctors. Acute exacerbation were determined from the diary cards and individual health record book carried by every pilgrim.

Results: Sixty one COPD patients were recruited comprising 57 male subjects (93.4%) and mean age for this study is 58.8 ± 8.5 years. Acute exacerbation occurred in 35 patients (57.4%). CAT scores range from 0–25 with a mean of 8.2±5.5. Percentage of low CAT category group (score <10) was 63.9% while the 36.1% of subjects were in medium to high CAT category group (score 10-30). Relative Risk for acute exacerbation was 1.33 (95% CI 0.875 – 2.020), Positive Predivetive Value: 0.68 (95%CI 0.47–0.84), and AUC 0.773 (95% CI 0.647-0.898) and median CAT scores were 9 (minimum value 1; maximum 25) for acute exacerbation group and 4 (minimum value 0; maximum 17) for and non acute exacerbation group which was statistically significant (p<0.0001, Mann-Whitney U test).

Conclusion: An increasead numbers of acute exacerbation was observed in moderate-severe category CAT score compared to those in mild category nevertheless a significant risk difference was not demonstrated in this study and CAT score has the ability to predict acute exacerbation."

"Latar Belakang : Acute kidney injury (AKI) adalah komplikasi tersering pada pasien luka bakar. Disfungsi renal akut adalah komplikasi mayor yang disebabkan oleh trauma panas akibat luka bakar dan dikaitkan dengan tingginya angka mortalitas terutama pada pasien anak. Patofisiologi dari AKI pada luka bakar masih sedikit dibahas dalam studi. Faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya AKI adalah berkurangnya perfusi ginjal dan inflamasi. Managemen awal pada luka bakar merupakan hal yang penting dan kritis. Penggantian cairan pada pasien luka bakar memiliki efek protektif melawan gagal ginjal. Pada studi ini, kami mencoba mengevaluasi angka kejadian AKI dihubungkan dengan resusitasi cairan 24 jam pertama pada pasien luka bakar anak. Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan studi retrospektif pada pasien luka bakar anak yang dirawat di Unit Luka Bakar RSCM Jakarta dari Januari 2012 hingga Desember 2013. Kami bagi menjadi dua kelompok, kelompok AKI dan non-AKI dengan menggunakan kriteria pRIFLE. Dilakukan penghitungan Parkland Score pada masing-masing kelompok dan dibandingkan menggunakan analisa t-test. Hasil : Terdapat 43 pasien luka bakar anak yang memenuhi kriteria dan pencatatan rekam medis yang lengkap. Angka kejadian AKI adalah 18.6% (8 pasien), sedangkan non-AKI 81.4% (35 pasien). Median dari usia pasien adalah 36 bulan (min-maks 6-192 bulan), berat badan pasien 14 kg (7-60 kg), total area luka bakar (%TBSA) adalah 18% (10-60%), waktu masuk ke RS pasca-trauma adalah 5 jam (1-20 jam), dan lama waktu rawat 11 hari (3-47 hari). Rerata Parkland Score dari kelompok AKI adalah 0.79, sedangkan kelompok non-AKI adalah 0.94. Dengan analisa t-test didapatkan hasil tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna diantara kedua kelompok (p=0.33). Kemudian dilakukan analisa karakteristik pasien antar kelompok, tidak terdapat perbedaan nilai yang bermakna pada karakteristik pasien antar kelompok (p value > 0.05). Simpulan : Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara angka kejadian AKI dengan resusitasi cairan pada 24 jam pertama. Hal tersebut kemungkinan disebabkan karena terdapat faktor lain yang mempengaruhi terjadinya AKI pada luka bakar anak. Iskemia ginjal yang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya AKI kemungkinan hal yang kurang bermakna pada fase akut seperti yang diduga sebelumnya, melainkan inflamasi dan apoptosis sel ginjal yang memegang peranan penting terjadinya AKI.

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Background : Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication in patients with severe burn injury. Acute renal dysfunction is a major complication affecting the thermally injured individual and is commonly associated with a high mortality rate especially among children patients. The pathophysiology of AKI in burn injury is less well studied. Contributing factors for the development of AKI are decreased renal perfusion and inflammation. Initial management of the burn individual to be critically important to overall survival. Fluid replacement therapy was demonstrated to have a protective affect against acute renal failure. In this study, we try to evaluate volume of fluid resuscitation in first 24 hours with acute kidney injury following pediatric major burn injury.

Method : This research is retrospective study evaluating the relationship between fluid resuscitation in first 24 hours and acute kidney injury (AKI) in pediatric major burn injury patients admitted to Burn Unit Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta from January 2012 untill December 2013. We divided into two groups, AKI group and non-AKI group using pRIFLE criteria, then we compared actual volume resuscitation with volume resuscitation in Parkland formula (Parkland score) between groups.

Results : There was 43 pediatric major burn patients with complete fluid and laboratory result data. The incidence of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) among all patients was 18.6% (8 patients), while non-AKI was 81.4% (35 patients). The median of patient age was 36 months (min-max 6-192 months), patient weight was 14 kgs (7-60 kgs), total body surface area burned (%TBSA) was 18% (10-60%), time to hospital admission was 5 hours after injury (1-20 hours), and length of stay was 11 days (3-47 days). The mean Parkland Score from AKI group was 0.79, while in non-AKI group was 0.94. With independent t-test analysis, there was no significant difference between groups (p=0.33). Then we analyzed patients characteristics between group. We found there was no significant value between patients characteristics in both groups (p value > 0.05).

Conclusions : Parkland Score that we used to estimate total fluid resuscitation in first 24 hours did not shown significant difference between groups. This could be indicated that fluid resuscitation in our burn unit is sufficient for resuscitation or there was other factor influence the incidence of AKI. Renal ischemia that can lead to acute kidney injury is probably less important in the acute phase of burn injury than originally presumed. Instead, inflammation and apoptosis are probably playing an important role."

"Latar belakang. Gagal ginjal terminal (GGT) atau penyakit ginjal kronik (PGK) stadium 5 merupakan masalah serius pada populasi anak dan dewasa, dengan insidens dan prevalensnya yang terus meningkat setiap tahun dan dapat menyebabkan komplikasi penyakit kardiovaskular. Kardiomiopati dilatasi (KMD) merupakan salah satu penyakit kardiovaskular yang dapat menyebabkan kematian pada anak dengan GGT. Prevalens KMD pada anak GGT cukup bervariasi, antara 2- 41%. Namun, saat ini studi tentang kejadian KMD pada anak GGT di Indonesia masih terbatas, terutama pada anak dengan GGT yang menjalani dialisis. Tujuan. Mengetahui prevalens KMD dan faktor risiko yang berasosiasi dengan kejadian KMD, yaitu etiologi GGT, status nutrisi, anemia, hipertensi dan jenis dialisis pada anak dengan GGT yang menjalani dialisis di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM). Metode. Desain studi potong lintang dilakukan di RSCM pada anak dengan GGT yang menjalani dialisis selama periode 2017-2022 yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Pengambilan data dilakukan melalui penelusuran rekam medik. Hasil. Terdapat 126 subjek yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi dengan jenis kelamin lelaki lebih banyak (59,5%), mayoritas usia di atas 5 tahun (98,4%), dengan median 12 tahun (10-15). Sebanyak 95,2% subjek adalah rujukan dari rumah sakit luar datang pertama kali ke RSCM dengan kegawatdaruratan dan membutuhkan dialisis segera. Prevalens KMD pada studi ini adalah 53,2%. Hasil analisis multivariat dengan regresi logistik menunjukkan anemia dan status nutrisi berasosiasi positif dengan kejadian KMD (OR 4,8, IK 95% 1,480-15,736, p=0,009) ; (OR 9,383, IK 95% 3,644-24,161, p=0,000). Tidak terbukti adanya hubungan etiologi PGK, hipertensi dan jenis dialisis dengan kejadian KMD. Kesimpulan. Prevalens KMD pada anak dengan GGT yang menjalani dialisis di RSCM adalah 53,2%. Terdapat asosiasi positif antara anemia dan status nutrisi dengan kejadian KMD. Etiologi GGT, hipertensi, dan jenis dialisis tidak berasosiasi dengan kejadian KMD pada anak dengan GGT yang menjalani dialisis.  

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Background.  Kidney failure is a serious problem in children with the incidence and prevalence increasing every year, can cause cardiovascular disease. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the cardiovascular disease can cause mortality in children with kidney failure. The prevalence varies between 2-44% and limited studies in Indonesia especially in children with kidney failure on dialysis. 

Objective. To determine the prevalence of DCM and risk factors in children with kidney failure on dialysis in Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital. The association of etiology of kidney failure, nutritional status, anemia, hypertention, and type of dialysis with DCM in children with kidney failure. 

Methods. A cross-sectional study among children with kidney failure according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria during 2017-2022 periode, in Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital. Collecting data using medical record. 

Result. There were 126 study subjects, with 59,5% male and 98,4% over 5 years old, the median is 12 years (10-15). The prevalence of DCM was 53.2%. The results of the multivariate analysis showed anemia and nutritional status were associated with the incidence of DCM, (OR 4.8, 95% CI 1.480-15.736, p=0.009); (OR 9.383, 95% CI 3.644-24.161, p= 0.000). There is no association between the etiology of kidney failure, hypertension and type of dialysis with DCM. 

Conclussion. The prevalence of DCM in children with kidney failure on dialysis was 53.2%. Anemia and nutritional status was associated with DCM in children with kidney failure on dialysis. The etiology of kidney failure, hypertension, and type of dialysis were not associated with DCM."

"Latar belakang: Dehidrasi sering terjadi pada stroke iskemik akut SIA dan secara teoretik dapat memperburuk luaran pasien dengan menurunkan curah jantung dan meningkatkan viskositas darah sehingga menurunkan aliran darah otak. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah dehidrasi dapat memperburuk luaran klinis dan fungsional SIA. Metode: Studi kohort dilakukan antara Oktober 2016-April 2017. Sebanyak 44 subjek ikut penelitian dan dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok berdasarkan rasio ureum/kreatinin darah dan osmolalitas serum. Dehidrasi didefinisikan sebagai rasio ureum kreatinin 332,1 atau osmolalitas darah >310 mOsm/kg pada hari pertama masuk rumah sakit. Luaran diukur dengan 2 skala: 1 perbedaan nilai National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale NIHSS pada hari pertama dan ke-7 pascaawitan; dan 2 nilai modified Rankin scale mRS pada hari ke-30 pascaawitan. Hasil: Sebanyak 44 subjek ikut serta dalam penelitian dehidrasi, n = 21; kontrol, n = 23 . Sebanyak 25 subjek 57 adalah pria; 4 subjek 9 mengalami partial anterior circulation infarct PACI dan 40 subjek 91 mengalami lacunar infarct LACI . Dehidrasi tidak berhubungan dengan perburukan NIHSS nilai p = 0.176 atau nilai mRS-30-hari yang buruk nilai p = 1.00 . Satu-satunya variabel yang berhubungan dengan perburukan NIHSS atau nilai mRS-30-hari yang buruk adalah PACI nilai p masing-masing 0.003 and 0.001. Kesimpulan: Dehidrasi tidak berhubungan dengan perburukan NIHSS atau nilai mRS-30-hari yang buruk. Studi lebih lanjut dibutuhkan dengan kriteria diagnostik dan luaran yang lebih baik.

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Background: Dehydration occurs frequently in patients with acute ischemic stroke AIS and theoretically can worsen patient rsquo s outcome by decreasing cardiac output and increasing blood viscosity resulting in decreased cerebral blood flow. The aim of this study was to determine whether dehydration worsened clinical and functional outcome of AIS.

Method: A cohort study was performed between October 2016 and April 2017. There were 44 subjects with AIS recruited. Subjects were divided into 2 groups on the basis of blood ureum creatinine ratio and serum osmolality. Dehydration is defined as ureum creatinine ratio 332,1 or blood osmolality 310 mOsm kg at admission day. Outcome was measured with 2 scale 1 National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale NIHSS score difference on admission compared to score at day 7 of hospitalization and 2 modified Rankin scale mRS at day 30 after AIS onset.

Result: A total of 44 subjects were enrolled dehydration, n 21 control, n 23. 25 subjects 57 were male 4 subjects 9 had partial anterior circulation infarct PACI and 40 subjects 91 had lacunar infarct LACI . Dehydration was not associated with either NIHSS worsening p value 0.176 or poor 30 day mRS p value 1.00 . The only variable associated with poor NIHSS and mRS outcome was PACI p value 0.003 and 0.001, respectively.

Conclusion: This study found that dehydration in AIS was not associated with poor 7 day NIHSS and 30 day mRS outcome. Further study with better diagnostic and outcome criteria is required. "

"Penyakit kusta adalah penyakit menular yang menahun dan disebabkan oleh kuman kusta (Mycobacterium leprae). World Health Organization (WHO) menetapkan Tahun 2000 eliminasi penyakit kusta kurang dari 1110.000 penduduk Jumlah penderita kusta di Indonesia berjumlah 130.000 orang dengan prevalensi 1-5110.000 penduduk. Eliminasi penderita kusta di Indonesia telah berada di atas standar yang ditetapkan WHO, yaitu pada Tahun 2001 yang berjumlah 17.137 orang dengan prevalensi 0,84110.000 penduduk.Prevalensi penderita kusta di Propinsi Daerah Khusus Ibukota (DKI) Jakarta Tahun 2001, masih berada di atas prevalensi nasional 0,84110.000 penduduk, yaitu 1,41110.000 penduduk dengan jumlah penderita kusta 1.185 orang. Pada Tahun 2001 dan 2002, penderita kusta yang berobat di puskesmas dan rumah sakit berjumlah 195 orang. Penderita yang putus berobat atau Drop Out (DO) berjumlah 89 orang. Sementara yang telah menyelesaikan pengobatan atau Release from Treatment (RFT) berjumlah 106 orang.Penelitian bertujuan memperolehnya informasi tentang faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya penderita kusta yang DO berobat di Propinsi DKI Jakarta Tahun 2001-2002. Disain yang digunakan dengan pendekatan kualitatif yang berupaya menggali informasi secara mendalam tentang hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan penyebab kasus penderita kusta yang drop out (DO) berobat. Data diperoleh melalui wawancara mendalam dengan 45 informan yang terdiri dari 14 informan DO, 15 RFT dan informan kunci terdiri dari 5 informan dokter dan 10 paramedis.Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh, umur, pendidikan dan pekerjaan serta pengetahuan tentang lama pengobatan dan waktu harus kembali ke pelayanan kesehatan setelah pengobatan pertama (faktor predisposisi) cenderung berhubungan dengan DO pengobatan kusta. Akses biaya dan efek samping obat (faktoe pemungkin) memiliki kecenderungan berhubungan DO pengobatan kusta. Keterampilan petugas (faktor penguat) memiliki kecenderungan berhubungan DO pengobatan kusta. Faktor penguat lainnya yaitu, supervise terhadap petugas kesehatan yang telah dilakukan kurang baik, insentif yang diterima informan dokter kebanyakan bukan bersumber dan program kusta. Sementara insentif yang diterima informan paramedis sudah cukup.Untuk menekan jumlah penderita DO kusta di Propinsi DKI Jakarta maim perlu disarankan agar dilakukan pelatihan dan penyegaran kepada petugas kesehatan/juru kusta secara kontinyu dan berkelanjutan. Untuk puskesmas dalam wilayah Propinsi DKI Jakarta, perlu melakukan pendataan ulang penderita kusta khususnya penderita yang DO berobat dan meningkatkan penyuluhan tentang penyakit kusta, serta memotivasi penderita yang DO berobat untuk minum obat secara teratur sesuai dengan ketentuan. Untuk kepentingan ilmu pengetahuan, perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut terhadap penderita kusta dengan variabel dan metode penelitian yang berbeda di Propinsi DKI Jakarta.

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Leprosy is a yearly communicable disease which is caused by Mycobacterium Leprae. WHO stated that, in 2000, elimination of leprosy is less than 1110.000 populations. The number of population in Indonesia is 130.000 with 1-5/10.000 prevalence. The elimination of leprosy in Indonesia has been on the standard that was determined by WHO, that in 2001 the number of leprosy sufferers are 17,137 with 0, 84110.000 populations.

The prevalence of leprosy in Jakarta in 2001 is still above the standard of national prevalence, where the number of sufferers 1.185 of 1.41110.000 populations. In 2001 and 2002, leprosy sufferers that having treatment from Public Health Center and hospital were 195 persons. DO patients were 89 persons, while the releases from treatment patients (RFT) were 106 persons_

This study aimed to obtain information about factors that caused of leprosy DO patients from the treatment in Jakarta in 2001-2002. The design of the study by using qualitative approach attempted to deepen information about things related to case causes of DO leprosy patients.

Data were acquired through in-depth interview with 45 informants that consisted of 14 DO informants, 15 RFT informants and key informants that were 5 doctors and 5 paramedics.

The result of the study showed that age, education, occupation, the knowledge of treatment period and time to return to the treatment service after the first treatment (predisforcing factors), cost access and drugs side effect (enabling factors), personnel skills (reinforcing factor) had any direct relation to the DO of leprosy treatment. The other reinforcing factors are supervision -- to the health personnel was unsatisfactory, and incentives -- that received by the doctor informants were not from -leprosy program, while the incentives received by paramedics were satisfactory.

To decrease the number of DO patients from the treatment in Jakarta, it is necessary to conduct continual and periodic training and reinforcement to the health/leprosy personnel. To the public health center in Jakarta, it is necessary to hold registrations of leprosy sufferers especially DO from the treatment patient and to increase illumination on Leprosy, also to motivate the patient of having treatment in order to take medicine regularly as it was prescribed_ For the interest -of science development, it is necessary to conduct further study about leprosy sufferer with different variable and research methodology in Jakarta."

"Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the public health problems worldwide, including in Indonesia. Cardiovascular disease was the main cause of death (75-80%) in DM, three-fourths of this death was caused by coronary heart disease (CHD). Approximately 34.2% of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) receiving care at ICCU of Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital (RSCM) suffered from DM. Mortality rates of ACS in DM patients were still high and ACS prognosis in DM patients were still unfavorable. There are many factors playing a part in atherosclerosis and ACS incidence in DM patients, such as metabolic disorders due to hyperglycemia and the fomration of advanced glycation end product (AGE), oxidative stress, atherogenic dyslipidemia in DM in the form of high triglyceride level and low HDL cholesterol as well as an increase in small dense LDL, and insulin resistance. In addition, other risk factors of CHD frequently encountered with DM were hypertension, obesity, thrombocytc hyperaggregation and hypercoagulation. The management ofthis disease which was based on the control of risk factors was not yet satisfactory.Inflammatory response played an important role in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, beginning with early lesion up to acute coronary syndrome. Increase in inflammatory responses (hsCRP) could predict cardiovascular event and predict post-ACS prognosis. Studies in DM population showed an increase in inflammation. ln-depth studies on inflammatory responses in ACS DM patients have not yet been reported. In normal condition, there was a balance of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines. The ratio of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines in ACS, particularly DM patients has not been studied. The relationship between metabolic factor (blood glucose, glyco Hb and lipid) and inflammatory response in ACS DM patients has not yet also been studied.Currently, the effort to decrease inflammatory response is made, among others, by aspirin, statin hypolipidemic medication and insulin sensitizer. Although aspirin and statin were used routinely in ACS patients and have proved to reduce inflammation, morbidity and mortality rates of ACS patients were still high. Thus, we would like to observe whether an addition of other medications in standard therapy could reduce inflammation better. Curcumin in experimental animals-and humans) showed -hypolipidemic effect (decrease 'in absorption and increase in catabolism) and hypoglycemia (effect on PPAR-7). Curcumin also demonstrated antiinflammatory effect. In this study we would like to observe the effects of curcumin on both metabolic factors and inflammatory responses in ACS patients.PROBLEM IDENTIFICATIONThe above elaboration showed a discrepancy associated with inflammatory response in DM ACS patients. Up to now, the relationship of metabolic factor and inflammatory response in DM ACS has not been clear yet. Likewise, the effects of curcumin on metabolic factor and inflammatory response in ACS have not yet been identified.OBJECTIVESTo evaluate inflammatory responses in DM ACS and its relationship with metabolic factors (glucose, blood; glyco Hb, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglyceride); to evaluate the ratio of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines (IL-6/IL-10) in ACS DM patients, and to identify the effects of curcumin on metabolic factors and inflammatory responses in ACS patients.SETTINGThe study was conducted at ICCU of RSCM, ICCU of Persahabatan, ICCU of RS MMC and ICCU of Medistra Hospital, Cardiology Polyclinic, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia! RSCM and Integrated Cardiac Service Poiyclinic of RSCM.STUDY SUBJECTSACS patients (DM and non-DM) and CHD (DM and non-DM).DESIGNThere were two studies: l. Observational design to observe inflammatory responses (hscRP, IL-6, IL-IO, VCAM and ICAM) in DM ACS, non-DM ACS, DM CI-ID, and non-DM CHD; to evaluate the relationship between metabolic factors (fasting blood glucose, blood glucose 2 hours PP, glyco Hb, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDI.. cholesterol and triglyceride) and inflammatory responses (hsCRP, IL-6, IL-10, VCAM and ICAM) in ACS DM. 2. Interventional study which was a double-blind randomized trial to evaluate the effects of curcumin at escalating doses (low dose 3:-:IS mglday, moderate dose 3x30 mg/day and high dose 3x60 mg/day on metabolic factors (fasting blood glucose. blood glucose 2 hours PP and glyco Hb) and the effects of curcumin at escalating doses on inflammatory responses (hsCRP, ll.-6, VCAM and ICAM) in ACS patients.RESULTSIn observational study, |46 subjects were analyzed, consisting of 84 ACS patients, (30 DM ACS patients and 54 non-DM ACS), and 62 CHD (25 DM CHD patients and 37 non-DM CHD patients). The results of the study in the four groups of patients showed: 1. Inflammatory response in DM ACS was higher than in DM CHD (hsCRP, p=0.00; II..-6, p=0.00; IL-10, p=0.00) and non-DM ACS (ICAM, P=0.03). 2. The ratio of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines (IL-6/II..-10) in DM ACS did not differ from that of DM CHD (p=0.2l) and non-DM ACS (p=0.5 l). 3. There was a relationship between metabolic factors and inflammatory responses in DM ACS: triglyceride and ll.-6 (r=O.39, p=0.03) and II..-I0 (r=0.37, p=o.o4).In interventional study we performed randomization in 75 ACS patients divided into four groups, consisting of low-dose curcumin group of 15 patients, moderate-dose curcumin group of 15 patients, high-dose curcumin group of IS patients, and placebo group of 30 patients. The results of the study in these four groups showed: l. Low-dose curcumin showed a decrease in hsCRP in one week ofthe first month after intervention, there was a significant difference liom that of placebo (p=0.04). Low-dose, moderate-dose, high-dose curcumin groups showed a decrease in IL-6, but was not significantly different from placebo. Low-dose, moderate-dose, high-dose curcumin did not show a decrease in VCAM and ICAM after intervention of 2 months. 2. Low-dose curcumin group tended to experience a decrease in glyco Hb level after intervention of 2 months (p=0.06); however, it was not significantly different from that of placebo. 3. There was a tendency that low-dose curcumin reduced total cholesterol and LDI. cholesterol; however, it was not significantly different from that of placebo. There was a tendency that low-dose curcumin increased HDL cholesterol; however, it was not significantly different from that of placebo. 4. There was a tendency that the pattern of escalating doses had some effects in inflammatory responses and metabolic factors, in which low-dose curcumin showed the best effects, followed by moderate-dose and finally high- dose curcumin.CONCLUSIONSIn this study, inflammatory responses in DM ACS patients were higher than those in DM CHD and non-DM ACS patients. There was no difference in the ratio of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines (IL-6fIL-IO) in DM ACS compared with DM CHD and non-DM ACS. ln addition, the present study identified some of the relationships between metabolic factors and inflammatory responses. Low-dose curcumin reduced hsCRP in one week of the first month after the intervention in ACS patients. There was a tendency that low-dose curcumin reduced glyco Hb level in ACS."

"Factors Related with Implementation of Therapeutic Communication of the Nurses at Solok HospitalTherapeutic Communication was describe as the process by which nurses provide care for clients in needs of psychosocial intervention. This research study ilustrattes the interpersonal communication of the nurses at Solok Hospital.

The Research used the cross sectional method by getting the sample of the total population of the nurses at Solok Hospital during the month of July until August 2002.

The data were gathered from the given questionnaire at the respective respondents and was properly interpreted and explained on the basic of statistic reports with technical analysis distribution frequency, and chi square.

The data analysis consist of univariat and bivariat. The analysis also implied that the relation of bivariat between age, gender, education, length of the data analysis consist of univariat and bivariat. The analysis also implied that the relation of bivariat between age, gender. education, length of work, employed status, knowledge, attitude, facility with perception of therapeutic communication.

The result of this research showed there are 4 variables:( attitude, facility, length of work and employed status) have significant relationship with perception of therapeutic communication. Based on this research, it is recommendation is Focused on the achievement of the therapeutic communication of nurses and further development of there ability of therapeutic communication.

References : 35 (1980-2000)"