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"Lijphart’s (1999, 2012) ground-breaking distinction indexes between consensus and majoritarian democracies (based on 10 features of democracy) represents the influential and prominent typology of modern democracies. On the other hand, sustainable development can be defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. However, the previous literature is not clear about the performance of different democratic structures on various environmental sustainability standards. With the purpose of exploring the effects of patterns of majoritarian and consensus democracy on environmental sustainability, this study selected the independent variables of “executives-parties” and “federal-unitary”, and the dependent variables of environmental health, ecosystem vitality and environmental performance index. Panel data modeling was used to analyze the secondary data for OECD and/or EU-member countries for the period of 2000 to 2020. Several results emerge from this study. First, the possibility to promote environmental health from the majority system along the “federal-unitary” dimension of governmental organization and the consensus system along the “executives-parties” dimension of democratic representation. Second, the possibility to promote ecosystem vitality from the consensus system along the “federal-unitary” dimension. Third, the possibility to promote environmental sustainability from the consensus system along the “federal-unitary” dimension. In sum, the results from this study indicate that in the most advanced and wealthiest countries, the individual and total performances on environmental sustainability of consensus democracy are superior to majoritarian democracy. Besides, the effects on environmental sustainability of shared and limited power in governmental organizations are superior to comprehensiveness of democratic representation in executive and legislative sectors."

"ABSTRAKGated community merupakan salah satu fenomena global mengenai pemukiman di daerah perkotaan dan sekitarnya. Namun perumahan gated community hanya dihuni oleh masyarakat kelas menengah ke atas sehingga semakin mencerminkan kesenjangan sosial. Penelitian ini bertujuan menjelaskan bagaimana distingsi masyarakat kelas menengah dalam gated community dengan tinggal di dalamnya. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kualitatif.Hasil temuan menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat kelas menengah melakukan distingsi di dalam gated community untuk menekankan posisi sosial mereka. Penghuni memiliki habitus sebagai pekerja yang sibuk dari pagi sampai malam sehingga harus meninggalkan keluarganya di rumah. Penghuni juga memiliki modal untuk digunakan dalam arena sosial yaitu modal budaya dengan memiliki pendidikan tinggi, modal ekonomi dengan memiliki pekerjaan dan kepemilikan unit rumah, modal sosial sebagai anggota dalam ikatan perumahan, dan modal simbolik dengan identitas mereka sebagai penghuni gated community. Penghuni melakukan distingsi dalam arena sosial dengan habitus dan modal yang mereka miliki untuk menegaskan posisi kelas sosial mereka sebagai kelas menengah.

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ABSTRACT

Gated community is one of global phenomenon about housing in urban area and its surrounding area. But gated community is only inhabited by upper middle class that increasingly reflect social inequalities. This study aims to explain how the distinction of middle class by living in it. The research approach in this study is qualitative approach.

The findings show that middle class do their distinction in gated community to emphasize their social position. Occupants have their habitus as busy worker that work from morning till night so had to leave their family at home. Occupants also have capitals to be used in social arena including cultural capital as highly educated person, economic capital as a worker and home ownership, social capital as a member of housing group, and symbolic capital as a resident of gated community. Occupants do their distinction in social arena with their habitus and capital to assert their class as middle social class."

"Kajian dari Jean Francois Lyotard mengenai postmodern menjelaskan bahwa fungsi narasi memiliki relasi yang kuat dengan legitimasi pengetahuan pada diskursus kontemporer. Meta- narasi yang telah mendominasi pengetahuan kita selama ini berangsur-angsur mulai tergantikan melalui pengetahuan yang bersifat lokal. Epistemologi dari kondisi politik dalam pendekatan postmodern tersebut dapat dilihat sebagai hasil perpaduan antara bentuk penerapan language game dan narrative pattern dalam merumuskan bagaimana beragamnya penilaian yang dapat dihasilkan dari pergeseran paradigma menuju postmodern. Perspektif publik dalam kondisi tersebut tidak lagi dilihat sebagai sebuah kesatuan melainkan adanya kebebasan terhadap variasi dalam menentukan sikap dan pilihan termasuk ke dalam ranah politik. Sehingga, kondisi tersebut memungkinkan untuk menciptakan citra politik melalui narasi seperti halnya dapat ditemukan kandidat politik yang berusaha untuk mendapatkan elektabilitas akan bersaing pula dalam membentuk kampanye politik dengan narasi yang membangun citra politik yang baik atau dengan kata lain membangun reputasi. Melalui tulisan ini, penulis berupaya menjelaskan bagaimana reputasi sebagai perpanjangan dari political image yang dibangun sebagai kerangka dari keadaan postmodern dan bekerja sebagai variabel yang memiliki relasi kuasa yang kuat dalam aspek politik terutama pada era demokrasi kontemporer.

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Lyotard's analysis of the postmodern puts the function of narrative in a strong relationship with the legitimization of knowledge in contemporary discourse. Meta-narratives that have dominated our knowledge so far have gradually begun to be replaced through knowledge that is locality. The epistemology of political conditions in the postmodern approach can be seen as the result of a combination of the application of language games and narrative patterns in formulating how diverse assessments can result from a paradigm shift towards the postmodern. The public perspective in these conditions is no longer seen as a unity but rather the freedom of variation in determining attitudes and choices including in the political realm. Thus, these conditions make it possible to create a political image through narratives, just as political candidates who are trying to gain electability will also compete in shaping political campaigns with narratives that build a good political image or in other words, build a reputation. Through this paper, the author seeks to explain how reputation as an extension of political image is built as a framework of the postmodern state and works as a variable that has strong power relations in political aspects, especially in the era of contemporary democracy."

"Philosopher Martha Nussbaum makes a passionate case for the importance of the liberal arts at all levels of education. Nussbaum argues that we must resist efforts to reduce education to a tool of the gross national product. Rather, we must work to reconnect education to the humanities in order to give students the capacity to be true democratic citizens of their countries and the world"--Jacket."

"Pada dasarnya negara selalu bertujuan untuk mensejahterakan warganya. Cara dan bentuk untuk mencapai tujuannya berbagai macam. Demokrasi yang ditopang oleh liberalisme adalah salah satunya. Gagasan tersebut dianggap oleh Francis Fukuyama sebagai sebuah akhir dari sejarah atau Finalitas dari bentuk politik. Kesejahteraan dalam demokrasi liberal didapat melalui kehadiran kapitalisme. Tetapi kapitalisme masih dicurigai memiliki potensi yang justru menghancurkan sistem demokrasi liberal. Untuk itulah diperlukan pemahaman yang lebih lanjut akan keberadaan kapitalisme dalam sistem politik liberal. Libertarian menawarkan penjelasan yang mendalam akan kehadiran kapitalisme. Robert Nozick melalui minimal state memaparkan bagaimana negara yang hadir dengan sistem kapital yang tak menciderai hak-hak individu sekaligus menjaga batas wewenang yang dimiliki negara terhadap warganya.

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Basically, the state has always aimed for the welfare of its citizens. various kinds of way and form to achieve that goal. Democracy supported by liberalism is one of them. The idea was considered by Francis Fukuyama as an end of history or the finality of the political form. Welfare in a liberal democracy obtained through the presence of capitalism. But capitalism suspected that it still has the potential to destroy the liberal democratic system. For that needed further understanding of the existence of capitalism in a liberal political system. Libertarian offers in-depth explanation of the presence of capitalism. Robert Nozick through minimal state described how present state with the capital system which does not damage the rights of individuals while keeping limits the authority of the state to its citizens."