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"Evolution process not only occurs in the biological area, but also in the cultural area. On the one hand, from one of the evolution theories, it has been known that the unit of replication is gene. On the other hand, the unit of transmission and replication in the cultural evolution can be associated with meme. Similar to genes that propagate themselves through a process called reproduction, memes also propagate themselves from person to person through a process called imitation. By way of imitation, memetic theory explains the development and the evolution of a culture. Imitating others points to the phenomena where ideas, information, behaviour, things, or style are passed on or spread/repeated by certain people. The process in which cultural elements (memes) are passed onto other groups can be considered as a sort of cultural transmission. Memes propagate for themselves and in this way they survive and exist in the human culture. Human mind has the ability for imitating information and ideas, therefore a human being is seen as an agent of meme evolution. Memes are spread out through human interactions and the various kinds of media. In this sense, culture will always be in the state of developing and changing"

"Lalat buah dari spesies Bactrocera spp. merupakan hama yang menyebabkan kerugian ekonomi besar dalam produksi buah-buahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi keanekaragaman jenis lalat buah dan mengkaji potensi ekstrak buah-buahan sebagai atraktan bagi lalat buah Bactrocera spp. Selanjutnya, penelitian ini menganalisis kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder dari berbagai jenis buah dan mengevaluasi potensi senyawa tersebut sebagai atraktan bagi lalat buah. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini meliputi host rearing, steiner trap metil eugenol, dan steiner trap ekstrak buah untuk mengeksplorasi keanekaragaman jenis lalat buah. Kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder ekstrak buah-buahan dianalisis dengan metode GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Pada host rearing, ditemukan empat jenis spesies lalat buah yang teridentifikasi pada dua tumbuhan inang. Lalat buah Bactrocera dorsalis dan Bactrocera albistrigata teridentifikasi menyerang jambu air (Syzygium aqueum), sementara Bactrocera fuscitibia dan Bactrocera carambolae teridentifikasi menyerang mangga arum manis. Selain itu, menggunakan metode steiner trap tiga jenis lalat buah lainnya berhasil teridentifikasi, yaitu Bactrocera umbrosa, Bactrocera dorsalis, dan Bactrocera musae. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak buah jeruk kalamansi kuning, jeruk kalamansi hijau, anggur, dan belimbing memiliki daya tarik terhadap lalat buah Bactrocera spp. Spesies lalat buah yang teridentifikasi menggunakan ekstrak buah adalah Bactrocera umbrosa dan Bactrocera dorsalis. Berdasarkan analisis metabolomiks, ester dan minyak atsiri diidentifikasi sebagai senyawa volatil utama dalam buah-buahan tersebut. Beberapa senyawa volatil yang terdeteksi, seperti undecane, 4-Hydroxy-3-methylacetophenone, 2-Decenal (E-), dan 9-Tricosene (Z-), memiliki potensi sebagai feromon yang dapat menarik lalat buah. Penelitian ini menggabungkan informasi mengenai keanekaragaman jenis lalat buah, potensi ekstrak buah sebagai atraktan, serta identifikasi senyawa volatil yang berperan penting dalam menarik lalat buah. Temuan ini dapat digunakan untuk mengembangkan metode pengendalian yang lebih efektif dan ramah lingkungan terhadap lalat buah Bactrocera spp.

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Fruit flies of the species Bactrocera spp. is a pest that causes significant economic losses in fruit production. This study aims to explore the diversity of fruit fly species and examine the potential of fruit extracts as attractants for Bactrocera spp. Furthermore, this study analyzed the content of secondary metabolites from various types of fruit and evaluated the potential of these compounds as attractants for fruit flies. The methods used in this study included host rearing, methyl eugenol steiner traps, and fruit extract steiner traps to explore the diversity of fruit fly species. The content of secondary metabolites of fruit extracts was analyzed using the GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass and Spectrometry) method. In host rearing, four types of fruit fly species were identified in two host plants. Fruit flies Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera albistrigata were identified to attack water rose (Syzygium aqueum), while Bactrocera fuscitibia and Bactrocera carambolae were identified to attack arum manis mango. In addition, using the Steiner trap method, three other fruit flies were identified: Bactrocera umbrosa, Bactrocera dorsalis, and Bactrocera musae. The results showed that extracts of yellow calamansi oranges, green calamansi oranges, grapes, and star fruit had an attraction to fruit flies Bactrocera spp. The fruit fly species identified using fruit extracts were Bactrocera umbrosaand Bactrocera dorsalis. Based on metabolomics analysis, esters and essential oils were identified as the main volatile compounds in these fruits. Some of the volatile compounds detected, such as undecane, 4-Hydroxy-3-methylacetophenone, 2 Decenal (E-), and 9-Tricosene (Z-), have potential as pheromones that can attract fruit flies. This study combines information on the diversity of fruit fly species, the potential of fruit extracts as attractants, and the identification of volatile compounds that play an essential role in attracting fruit flies. These findings can be used to develop more effective and environmentally friendly control methods against Bactrocera spp."

"Penelitian bertujuan mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi khamir phylloplane Broussonetia papyrifera asal Bandung (Dago Pojok), Garut (Tunggilis dan Sukadanu), dan Trowulan, menguji kemampuan khamir antagonis dari daun B. papyrifera asal Desa Sukadanu dan Desa Tunggilis, Garut, Jawa Barat yang berpotensi sebagai agens biokontrol terhadap kapang-kapang penyebab kebusukan pada buah tomat pascapanen serta mengetahui viabilitas khamir setelah dipreservasi pada suhu -80 oC. Sebanyak 2.543 isolat khamir diperoleh dari empat wilayah sampling menggunakan metode washing dan membrane filter method. Pemilihan 82 isolat khamir representatif berdasarkan kemiripan morfologi koloni. Identifikasi khamir dilakukan berdasarkan sequence pada daerah internal transcribed spacer regions ribosomal DNA. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan bahwa isolat khamir tersebut terdiri atas 17 genera dan 32 spesies: sebanyak 11 genera termasuk ke dalam Ascomycota (Saccharomycetes dan Dothidiomycetes), dan sebanyak enam genera termasuk Basidiomycota (Tremellomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, dan Ustilaginomycetes). Tiga kapang representatif berdasarkan hasil isolasi dari buah tomat dan uji patogenitas dapat menyebabkan kebusukan pada buah tomat pascapanen, yaitu Alternaria alternata, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, dan Syncephalastrum racemosum. Enam spesies khamir antagonis dapat menghambat pertumbuhan dan sporulasi A. alternata, L. theobromae, dan Syn. racemosum yaitu Candida saopaulonensis UICC Y-492, Candida pseudojiufengensis UICC Y-475, Debaryomyces hansenii UICC Y-488, Geotrichum candidum UICC Y-495, Hyphopichia burtonii UICC Y-496, dan Rhodotorula mucilaginosa UICC Y-476. Khamir antagonis dari B. papyrifera memiliki kemampuan menghambat pertumbuhan kapang A. alternata dan L. theobromae penyebab kebusukan pada buah tomat pada suhu 26--28oC selama 15 hari inkubasi. Khamir C. pseudojiufengensis UICC Y-475 dapat menghambat pertumbuhan kapang dan gejala kebusukan pada buah tomat (100%) disebabkan kapang A. alternata. Khamir C. saopoulenensis UICC Y-492 dan Rh. mucilaginosa UICC Y-513 dapat menghambat pertumbuhan kapang dan gejala kebusukan pada buah tomat (67%) yang disebabkan L. theobromae. Hasil pengujian viabilitas khamir setelah dipreservasi pada suhu -80oC selama 180 hari menunjukkan metode tersebut baik untuk preservasi jangka panjang empat spesies khamir potensial agens biokontrol pada buah tomat, yaitu khamir C. pseudojiutengensis UICC Y-475, C. saopoulenensis UICC Y-492, Hyp. burtonii UICC Y-496, dan Rh. mucilaginosa UICC Y-513. Seluruh strain yang diuji menunjukkan viabilitas yang tinggi (rerata CFU . 1x 108/ml). Jumlah sel khamir antara lain: C. pseudojiutengensis UICC Y-475 (1,08 x 108 CFU/ml), C. saopoulenensis UICC Y-492 (0,65 x 108 CFU/ml), Hyp. burtonii UICC Y-496 (1,76 x 108 CFU/ml), dan Rh. mucilaginosa UICC Y-513 (2,13 x 108 CFU/ml).

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The study was aimed to isolate and identify phylloplane yeasts from Broussonetia papyrifera plants from Bandung (Dago Pojok), Garut (Tunggilis and Sukadanu), and Trowulan; to investigate the yeasts with antagonistic abilities against moulds which attack post-harvest tomato fruits; and to observe the yeast viability after preservation at a temperature of -80 oC. Two thousand five hundred and forty-three yeast isolates were obtained using the washing method and the membrane filter method. Eighty-two representative yeast isolates were selected based on similarity of colony morphology. Identification was based on sequence data of internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA).

The identification result showed that the 82 representative isolates were consisted of 17 genera and 32 species. Eleven of these genera are belong to Saccharomycetes and one genus belongs Dothidiomycetes (Ascomycota). Six genera are belong to Tremellomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, and Ustilaginomycetes (Basidiomycota). Three representative moulds obtained from the pathogenicity test were able to cause serious damage on post-harvest tomato fruits. These moulds were identified as, i.e. Alternaria alternata, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, and Syncephalastrum racemosum. Six antagonistic yeasts were able to inhibit growth and sporulation of post-harvest tomato moulds, i.e. Candida saopaulonensis UICC Y-492, Candida pseudojiufengensis UICC Y-475, Debaryomyces hansenii UICC Y-488, Geotrichum candidum UICC Y-495, Hyphopichia burtonii UICC Y-496, and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa UICC Y-476. The antagonistic yeasts were tested for their abilities to inhibit growth of A. alternata and L. theobromae which cause fruit rot on post-harvest tomatoes at 26--28oC for 15 days. Candida pseudojiufengensis UICC Y-475 was able to inhibit growth of A. alternata and reduce fruit rot symptoms in tomato fruit (100%). Candida saopoulenensis UICC Y-492 and Rh. mucilaginosa UICC Y-513 were able to inhibit growth of L. theobromae and reduce fruit rot symptoms in tomato fruit (67%).

The yeast viability was observed after being preserved at -80oC on day-1 (H1), day-7 (H7), day-14 (H14), day-30 (H-30), and day-180 (H-180). The results showed that all strains do not lose their viability after freezing at -80oC for 180 days. The number of cells for each strain after revival from preservation after 180 days were counted: C. pseudojiufengensis UICC Y-475 (1,08 x 108 CFU/ml), C. saopoulenensis UICC Y-492 (0,65 x 108 CFU/ml), Hyp. burtonii UICC Y-496 (1,76x 108 CFU/ml), and Rh. mucilaginosa UICC Y-513 (2,13 x 108 CFU/ml)."

"Cendawan selain digunakan untuk keperluan industri, dapat pula digunakan sebagai alat pengendali parasit. Beberapa jenis kapang tanah dapat diuji potensinya untuk digunakan sebagai agen alternatif biokontrol terhadap cacing nematoda parasit. Penelitian di beberapa negara di kawasan beriklim dingin telah membuktikan beberapa kapang nematofagus potensial, baik yang tumbuhnya cepat maupun lambat, mampu menurunkan populasi parasit. Kapang tersebut bertindak sebagai predator potensial dengan cara membuat perangkap, merusak telur dan berfungsi sebagai endoparasit nematoda."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran National Rifle Association(NRA) sebagai Public Opinion Maker dalam Kebijakan Pengendalian SenjataTahun 2013. Untuk menjelaskan hal tersebut, penelitian ini menggunakankonsep kelompok kepentingan, opinion maker, dan kultur senjata. Denganmenggunakan argumentasi Right to Bear Arms, NRA berusaha untukmemengaruhi opini publik dengan menyatakan bahwa senjata merupakan bagiandari kultur politik bangsa Amerika. Propaganda yang dilakukan oleh NRAmelalui sosialisasi dan kampanye yang dilakukan terkait Right to Bear Armsmeningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat akan pentingnya hak kepemilikan senjata.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa keberhasilan NRA sebagai OpinionMaker tidak terlepas dari kultur politik Amerika Serikat yang menganggapamandemen kedua konstitusi dan kebebasan merupakan hal fundamental yangtidak boleh dicederai.

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ABSTRACTThe objective of the present study is to determine the role of the National RifleAssociation (NRA) as a Public Opinion Maker in Gun Control Act 2013. Toidentify and analyze NRA?s roles, this study is using interest group concept,opinion maker, and gun culture. By using ?Right to Bear Arms? argumentations,NRA tries to influence public opinion by stating that weapons are part ofAmerican political culture. The propaganda that is conducted by NRA withinsocialization and campaign related to Right to Bear Arms has raised publicawareness about the importance of gun rights. The result of this study shows usthat the successful effort of NRA as an Opinion Maker is inseparable fromAmerican Culture. The culture presumes that the U.S. Constitution?s SecondAmandment and liberty are such fundamental things that cannot be violated."