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"Indonesia berada di segitiga terumbu karang dengan populasi terbesar di dunia. Indonesia memiliki hamparan ekosistem terumbu karang seluas 2,5 juta hektar yang di dalamnya terdapat 362 spesies hard coral dengan 66 spesies di antaranya merupakan jenis ekonomi penting. Kurun 2012-2016 Indonesia berkontribusi rata-rata sebesar 5,58 % sebagai eksportir karang hias terbesar kedua dunia setelah Jepang. Pemanfaatan karang untuk perdagangan turut memicu isu kerusakan habitat, perdagangan ilegal, serta gangguan kesehatan karang sehingga mendorong pemerintah untuk merumuskan regulasi pemanfaatan terumbu karang untuk perdagangan melalui kebijakan kuota pengambilan karang dari alam dan larangan ekspor karang hias dengan tujuan dapat memperbaiki kondisi terumbu karang di Indonesia. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menemukan bukti empiris apakah kebijakan tersebut di atas dapat mempengaruhi kondisi terumbu karang di Indonesia. Penulis menggunakan Fixed-Effect Model pada persamaan regresi Difference in Difference menunjukkan hasil bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan nyata kondisi terumbu karang di Indonesia selama penerapan kebijakan kuota pengambilan karang dari alam serta antara sebelum dan setelah adanya kebijakan larangan ekspor karang hias. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa larangan ekspor karang hias tidak mempengaruhi secara signifikan terhadap kondisi terumbu karang di Indonesia.

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Indonesia is in the coral triangle with the largest coral population in the world. Indonesia has a coral reefs covering an area of 2,5 million hectares in which there are 362 species of hard coral with 66 species being economically important species. In the period between 2012-2016, Indonesia contributed an average of 5,58 % as the world’s second largest ornamental corals exporter after Japan. The utilization of coral for trade also sparked the issues of habitat destruction, illegal trade, and coral health problems has prompted the government to formulate regulations on the utilization of coral reefs for trade through a quota policy for taking coral from nature and the export banning of ornamental coral with the aim of improving the condition of coral reefs in Indonesia. This study aims to find an empirical evidence does the policies mentioned above affect the condition of coral reefs in Indonesia. The author uses the Fixed-Effect Model on the Difference in Difference regression equation whose result show that there were no real differences in the condition of coral reefs in Indonesia during the implementation of the quota policy for taking coral from nature and between before and after the export banning of ornamental coral. This shows that export banning of ornamental corals does not significantly affect the condition of coral reefs in Indonesia."

"Terumbu karang merupakan ekosistem yang kompleks dengan keragaman biologi tinggi yang mendukung produktivitas perikanan. Belum banyak penelitian mengenai informasi data bio-bisik, sosio-ekonomi, dan tata kelola dalam pengelolaan kawasan konservasi di Pangandaran Kabupaten Ciamis. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis kondisi terumbu karang dari aspek bio-fisik, sosio-ekonomi, dan tata kelola sejak penetapan pencadangan sebagai kawasan konservasi laut serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi. Pengumpulan data kondisi biofisik terumbu karang dilakukan dengan metode transek garis (line intercept transect/LIT) pada lokasi Pasir Putih, Batu Mandi, Batu Layar, dan Batu Nunggal di 8 titik kedalaman (3 m dan 5 m). Kondisi lingkungan terumbu karang dilakukan dengan pengukuran parameter-parameter kualitas perairan (suhu, kecerahan, salinitas, arus, dan pH). Untuk mengetahui kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat dan tata kelola dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuisioner dan wawancara dengan 57 orang responden. Data sekunder kondisi terumbu karang sebelum dan sesudah penetapan kawasan konservasi laut di Pangandaran dikumpulkan dari hasil penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya.Indikator biofisik menunjukkan hasil trend tutupan karang hidup di kedalaman 3 m mempunyai kecenderungan menurun, dan kedalaman 5 m mempunyai kecenderungan tutupan karang hidup yang stabil. Kondisi terumbu karang di lokasi penelitian berada pada status buruk sampai dengan baik. Kondisi terumbu karang di Pangandaran dipengaruhi oleh aktivitas pariwisata dan aktivitas penangkapan ikan, serta peran aktif masyarakat dalam pengelolaannya. Pengelolaan kolaboratif kawasan konservasi terumbu karang di Pangandaran Kabupaten Ciamis merupakan faktor penentu kelestarian terumbu karang.

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Coral reefs are complex ecosystems with high biodiversity that supports the productivity of fisheries. Not much information on the research of bio-physical, socio-economic, and governance in the management of conservation areas in Pangandaran Ciamis. The research was carried out to analyze the condition of coral reefs in the aspects of bio-physical, socio-economic, and governance since the establishment of marine reserves as a conservation area and the factors that influence. Biophysical condition of coral reefs conducted by the line intercept transect (LIT) at the location of Pasir Putih, Batu Mandi, Batu Layar, and Batu Nunggal in 8 point depths (3 m and 5 m).

The environmental conditions of coral reefs conducted by measuring the water quality parameters (temperature, brightness, salinity, currents, and pH). To find out the socio-economic conditions of society and governance is done by using a questionnaire and interviews with 57 respondents. Secondary data coral reefs before and after the establishment of marine protected areas in Pangandaran collected from the results of previous studies.

Biophysical indicator shows trend results live coral cover in depth of 3 m have a tendency to decline, and a depth of 5 m has a tendency to live coral cover was stable. The condition of coral reefs in the study sites are in poor to good status. The condition of coral reefs in Pangandaran is influenced by the activity of tourism and fishing activities, as well as the active role in its management. Collaborative management of coral reef conservation in Pangandaran Ciamis is an important determinant of coral reef conservation."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas mengenai bagaimana kewenangan Pemerintah Pusat dan Daerah di Indonesia terhadap perlindungan dan pengelolaan terumbu karang ditinjau dari peraturan perundang-undangan. Selanjutnya skripsi ini juga membahas mengenai kasus perusakan terumbu karang di Indonesia yaitu kasus perusakan terumbu karang di Raja Ampat oleh Kapal MV Caledonian Sky serta bagaimana penegakan hukum dari kasus tersebut. Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah mengetahui hubungan tanggung jawab pemerintah pusat dan daerah dalam perlindungan terumbu karang di Indonesia serta mengetahui penegakkan hukum terhadap perusakan terumbu karang di Indonesia. Metode penelitian dalam skripsi ini adalah yuridis normatif. Hubungan kewenangan Pemerintah Pusat dan Pemerintah Daerah terhadap pengelolaan terumbu karang didasarkan kepada urusan konkuren UU Pemda. Akan tetapi terdapat hambatan yaitu tidak adanya kewenangan pemerintah kabupaten/kota terhadap pengelolaan wilayah pesisir. Penegakkan hukum terhadap kasus perusakan terumbu karang berdasarkan UU No. 32 Tahun 2009 yaitu penegakan hukum administrasi, perdata, dan pidana. penegakan hukum administratif cara penghentian kegiatan, pembongkaran, penyitaan, dan pencabutan izin. Penegakan pidana tersebut terbagi atas sanksi pidana penjara dan sanksi pidana denda. hukum perdata dapat dilakukan melalui penyelesaian sengketa di luar pengadilan dan melalui pengadilan.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses how the authority of the Central and Regional Governments in Indonesia towards the protection and management of coral reefs is viewed from the laws and regulations. Furthermore, this paper also discusses the case of coral reef destruction in Indonesia, namely the case of destruction of coral reefs in Raja Ampat by the MV Caledonian Sky Ship and how the law enforcement of the case. The purpose of this paper is to find out the relationship between the responsibilities of the central government and the regions in protecting coral reefs in Indonesia and to know the law enforcement on the destruction of coral reefs in Indonesia. The research method in this paper is normative juridical. The relationship between the authority of the Central Government and the Regional Government towards coral reef management is based on the concurrent affairs of the Regional Government Law. However, there are obstacles, namely the absence of district/city government authority over the management of coastal areas. Law enforcement for cases of coral reef destruction based on Law No. 32 of 2009, namely the enforcement of administrative, civil and criminal law. administrative law enforcement on how to terminate activities, demolition, confiscation and revocation of licenses. The criminal enforcement is divided into imprisonment sanctions and fine criminal sanctions. Civil law can be done through settlement of disputes outside the court and through the court."

"ABSTRAKTerumbu karang merupakan salah satu kekayaan alam yang terkenal dalam sektor pariwisata bahari, dimana terumbu karang memiliki manfaat yang baik dari segi ekologi maupun ekonomi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu menganalisis pola spasial perubahan kondisi karang dan menganalisis aktivitas wisata bahari yang dapat mempengaruhi kondisi sebaran terumbu karang di Nusa Dua dan Nusa Penida. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah analisis spasial dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu luasan sebaran karang di Kawasan Nusa Dua dan Nusa Penida berjumlah 592,61 Ha, didalamnya terdapat 3 klasifikasi yaitu karang hidup, karang mati, dan pasir. Pada tahun 2012, luasan sebaran karang hidup di Nusa Dua berkisar 111,09 Ha dan di Nusa Penida berkisar 186,31 Ha. Luasan sebaran karang mati di Nusa Dua sebesar 157,02 Ha dan 53,80 Ha di Nusa Penida, sedangkan untuk luasan sebaran pasir di Nusa Dua berkisar 39,77 Ha dan 44,61 Ha di Nusa Penida. Pada tahun 2016, luasan sebaran karang hidup di Nusa Dua berkisar 111,71 Ha dan di Nusa Penida berkisar 186,53 Ha. Luasan sebaran karang mati di Nusa Dua sebesar 156,40 Ha dan 53,59 Ha di Nusa Penida, sedangkan untuk luasan sebaran pasir di Nusa Dua berkisar 39,77 Ha dan 44,61 Ha di Nusa Penida. Pada Kawasan Wisata di Nusa Dua dan Nusa Penida memiliki bermacam-macam jenis kegiatan wisata bahari diantaranya seperti: snorkeling, diving, dan watersports. Untuk Pola spasial perubahan kondisi terumbu karang yang berdasarkan aktivitas wisata dibagi menjadi 3 kelas kategori untuk mengetahui tingkat kepadatan wisatawan pada lokasi-lokasi dive point yaitu jarang, sedang, dan padat di Kawasan Nusa Dua dan Nusa Penida. Lokasi dive spot pada kelas tingkat kepadatan wisatawan yang padat pada lokasi dive spot Nusa Dua, Crystal Bay, Batu Gede, Manta Point, dan Malibu Point.

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ABSTRACTCoral reefs are one of the renowned natural wealth in the marine tourism sector, where coral reefs have both ecological and economic benefits. The purpose of this research is to analyze spatial pattern of coral condition change and to analyze marine tourism activity that can influence the condition of coral reef distribution in Nusa Dua and Nusa Penida. The method used in this research is spatial analysis using descriptive method. The results of this study are the extent of coral distribution in the area of Nusa Dua and Nusa Penida amounted to 592.61 Ha, in which there are 3 classifications of live coral, dead coral, and sand. In 2012, the extent of live coral distribution in Nusa Dua ranges from 111.09 Ha and in Nusa Penida around 186.31 Ha. The extent of dead coral distribution in Nusa Dua is 157.02 Ha and 53.80 Ha in Nusa Penida, while for the extent of sand in Nusa Dua ranges from 39.77 Ha and 44.61 Ha in Nusa Penida. In 2016, the extent of live coral distribution in Nusa Dua ranges from 111.71 Ha and in Nusa Penida around 186.53 Ha. The extent of dead coral distribution in Nusa Dua is 156,40 Ha and 53,59 Ha in Nusa Penida, while for the amount of sand distribution in Nusa Dua is around 39,77 Ha and 44,61 Ha in Nusa Penida. In Nusa Dua and Nusa Penida Tourism Area has various kinds of marine tourism activities such as snorkeling, diving, and watersports. For spatial pattern changes of coral reef condition based on tourism activity divided into 3 categories category to know the level of tourist density at dive point location that is rare, medium, and solid in Nusa Dua and Nusa Penida. The location of the dive spot on the crowded tourist density class at the Nusa Dua dive spot, Crystal Bay, Batu Gede, Manta Point and Malibu Point."

"Terumbu karang merupakan salah satu potensi sumberdaya laut yang sangat penting di Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh karakteristik fisik perairan terhadap persebaran terumbu karang di Wilayah Perairan Karawang pada tahun 2001, 2010 dan 2017. Metode yang digunakan adalah survei lapang dan pengolahan data citra menggunakan algoritma Lyzenga untuk mengetahui persebaran terumbu karang di Wilayah Perairan Karawang. Hasil penelitian menunjukan terumbu karang di Wilayah Perairan Karawang tersebar di 3 Pantai, yaitu Pantai Ciparage, Pantai Desa Pasirjaya dan Pantai Desa Sukajaya. Terumbu karang tersebar dengan pola mengelompok. Adapun jenis terumbu karang yang ada di wilayah penelitian adalah gugusan karang gosong patch reefs. Pola pertumbuhan terumbu karang di wilayah penelitian ini memiliki pola semakin jauh dari daratan maka perubahan luas terumbu karang akan semakin bervariasi. Karakteristik fisik perairan pada penelitian ini yaitu suhu permukaan laut, salinitas dan arus di wilayah perairan Karawang pada penelitian ini sudah sesuai dengan baku mutu perairan untuk terumbu karang, sehingga terumbu karang dapat tumbuh dan berkembang. Adapun pengaruh dari karakteristik fisik perairan ini mempengaruhi persebaran terumbu karang dalam jangka waktu lama yang dalam penelitian ini adalah tahun 2001-2017, karena ketika karakteristik fisik perairan tidak sesuai dengan baku mutu, terumbu karang tidak langsung mati tetapi akan mengalami berbagai proses hingga akhirnya mati. Adapun ketika suhu permukaan laut tidak sesuai dengan baku mutu, terumbu karang akan mati, sedangkan pada salinitas tinggi diluar nilai ambang batas baku mutu, terumbu karang tidak dapat tumbuh dan berkembang. Pada arus permukaan laut, terumbu karang hidup cenderung memiliki pola yang searah dengan rata-rata arah arus laut dalam waktu setahun.

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Coral reefs are one of the most important marine resource potentials in Indonesia. The purpose of this research is to analyze the influence of physical characteristics of waters on the distribution of coral reefs in the Waters of Karawang region in 2001, 2010 and 2017. The method used is field survey and image data processing using the Lyzenga algorithm to determine the distribution of coral reefs in the Waters of Karawang.

The results showed coral reefs in the Waters of Karawang spread in 3 Beaches, namely Ciparage Beach, Beach Village Pasirjaya and Beach Village Sukajaya. Coral reefs are scattered with clumping patterns. The type of coral reefs that exist in the research area is a cluster of charred rubbers patch reefs.

The pattern of coral reef growth in this study area has a pattern farther from the land, the changes in coral reefs will be more varied. Physical characteristics of the waters in this study are sea surface temperature, salinity and current in the waters of Karawang in this study is in accordance with the standards of water quality for coral reefs, so that coral reefs can grow and develop.

The influence of physical characteristics of this water affect the distribution of coral reefs in the long term which in this study is the year 2001 2017, because when the physical characteristics of the waters are not in accordance with the standard of quality, coral reefs do not die immediately but will experience various processes until finally die. As the sea surface temperature does not conform to the quality standard, coral reefs will die, while at high salinity beyond the standard quality threshold values, coral reefs can not grow and develop. At sea level currents, living coral reefs tend to have a unidirectional pattern with an average direction of ocean currents within a year."

"ABSTRAKTerumbu karang merupakan salah satu ekosistem perairan dangkal yang memiliki peran sangat penting untuk kehidupan biota laut, dan juga memiliki berbagai macam fungsi untuk manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kondisi degradasi terumbu karang di Taman Nasional Bunaken, dan menganalisis pola keterpaparan terumbu karang terhadap perubahan iklim, serta hubungan antara keduanya. Perubahan iklim pada konteks penelitian ini adalah berdasarkan variabel oseanografi yakni suhu permukaan air laut, salinitas air laut, dan tingkat keasaman air laut. Pada dasarnya, metode analisis yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah dengan analisis meta-descriptive untuk menentukan penilaian keterpaparan, analisis spasial-deskriptif untuk mengkaitkan antara perubahan iklim dan kondisi terumbu karang. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah, kondisi degradasi terumbu karang dari tahun 2002 hingga tahun 2013 mengalami penurunan luas wilayah, namun kondisi terumbu karang yang terdegradasi mengalami peningkatan luas wilayah kembali pada tahun 2017. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dari kondisi terumbu karang dan keterpaparannya terhadap perubahan iklim, ada kaitan yang nyata antara keduanya. Hasil analisis antara kondisi El Nino, dan La-Nina dapat menunjukkan ada kaitannya dengan kondisi terumbu karang yang ada, namun tidak terdapat ada hasil yang signifikan dari peta keterpaparan terumbu karang terhadap perubahan ikliM.

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ABSTRACTCoral reef is one of many shallow water ecosystems that have a very important role for the marine life, and have different purposes and functions for the well being of human. The purpose of this study is to analyse the degradation pattern of the coral reefs and its exposure towards climate change, and its relation between those two. Climate change in the context of this study is based on oceanographic variables such as sea surface temperature, sea water salinity, and acidity levels of sea water. Basically, the methods that are used in this study is through meta descriptive analysis to determine the exposure of the coral reefs, spatial descriptive analysis to relate between climate change and coral reef conditions. The results showed that the degradation conditions of coral reefs from 2002 to 2013 have decreased, but the condition of the degraded coral reefs has increased by 2017. Based on the analysis of the conditions of the exposure and coral reefs show that, there is a correlation between the two. The analysis El Nino, and La Nina conditions can indicate that there is a connection with the condition of the coral reefs. "

"Terumbu karang sangat rentan terhadap perubahan kondisi lingkungan yang terjadi di sekitarnya, khususnya aktivitas manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh aktivitas manusia terhadap terumbu karang di Kawasan Konservasi Taman Wisata Perairan Gili Matra, Lombok. Untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian, variabel yang digunakan adalah jarak dari berbagai faktor aktivitas manusia, yaitu: lokasi penangkapan ikan berizin, wilayah penangkapan ikan ilegal, wilayah snorkeling, wilayah penanaman biorock, wilayah permukiman dan lokasi dermaga, serta lokasi tempat pembuangan sementara (TPS). Jarak dari setiap variabel terhadap terumbu karang kemudian dihitung dan dilihat berapa besar pengaruhnya. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menganalisis citra Landsat dan ASTER yang telah diperoleh pada tahun 2002, 2008, dan 2015 untuk melihat perubahan kondisi terumbu karang dengan menggunakan metode Lyzenga. Selain itu, survei lapang yang terdiri dari wawancara, mental map dan observasi juga dilakukan untuk melihat konektivitas dari setiap variabel terhadap perubahan kondisi terumbu karang. Analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis keruangan secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terumbu karang hidup tersebar di setiap sekeliling pulau, dengan bagian terluas terdapat pada bagian utara Gili Air dan barat laut Gili Trawangan; sedangkan terumbu karang mati tersebar luas di sekeliling setiap pulau dengan luas yang lebih besar. Dari semua variabel, lokasi TPS merupakan satu-satunya faktor yang tidak mempengaruhi kondisi terumbu karang di kawasan ini.

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Coral reef is highly susceptible to the environmental condition change of its surroundings, especially to human activities. This research aims to find the impact of human activities on the coral reef in Gili Matra Aquatic Tourism Park Conservation Region, Lombok. In order to achieve the research objectives, the variabels used are the distances from a variety of human activities factors, which are: licensed fishing locations, illegal fishing areas, snorkeling areas, biorock planting areas, residential areas and dock locations, as well as the temporary disposal sites. The distances from each variabels to the coral reef are then calculated and observed how big the influence is.

This research is conducted by analyzing Landsat and ASTER images that are obtained in 2002, 2008 and 2015 to see the coral reef?s condition change by using the Lyzenga method. Furthermore, field survey that is consisting of interviews, mental maps and observations are also conducted to see the connectivity from each variabels towards the coral reef's condition change. The analysis method used in this research is spatial analysis that is conducted descriptively.

The results show the live coral reefs are spread around each island, with the widest parts are located on northern part of Gili Air and northwestern part of Gili Trawangan; while the dead coral reefs are spread evenly around each island in a larger area. From all variabels, temporary disposal sites is the only factor that doesn't give an impact on coral reef's condition in this region."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai pengaturan perlindungan terumbu karang dalam hukum internasional. Metode penelitian dalam skripsi ini adalah penelitian yuridis normatif. Pembahasan dalam skripsi ini membahas mengenai kondisi terumbu karang di dunia dan pengaturan perlindungan terumbu karang menurut konvensikonvensi internasional. Akan dibahas pula mengenai empat kerjasama regional yang dibentuk oleh negara-negara yang peduli terhadap eksistensi terumbu karang. Pada akhir pembahasan, akan diulas mengenai perlindungan terumbu karang di Indonesia dan keikutsertaan Indonesia pada CTI-CFF dalam rangka melindungi terumbu karang di wilayah Indonesia. Pada akhir skripsi ini, terdapat tiga simpulan dan tiga saran yang berkaitan dengan perlindungan terhadap terumbu karang.

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This thesis discusses the protection of coral reefs in the regulation of international law. The research method in this thesis is a normative juridical study. The discussion in this thesis to discuss the condition of the world's coral reefs and coral reef protection regulation according to international conventions. Will be also discusses four regional cooperation formed by the countries concerned with the existence of coral reefs. At the end of the discussion, review the protection of coral reefs in Indonesia and Indonesia's participation in the CTI-CFF in order to protect the coral reefs in areas of Indonesia. At the end of this thesis, there are three conclusions and three suggestions relating to the protection of coral reefs."

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ABSTRACTCoral reef cover has been conducted observations using the Line Intercept Transect (LIT), and methods of Under water Fish Visual Census (UVC) to determine the type of fish Observation of the condition of coral reefs and reef fish is done in shallow water which is 3-6 depth in ten-point observation station. Based on direct observtion, the general condition of coral reef in Wangi-wangi Island is classied into the category from moderate to good. The average peresentage of live coral cover (life form) at the base station to station 10 is 64,61%. Water temperature ranged from 25 until 29oC, Salinity 34-36?, Brightness reaces the bottom; diversity index (H?) ranged from 3,2 to 3,6. Uniformity index (E) at te bottom waters ranged from 0,83 to 0,91. Dominance Index (C) ranged from 0,09 to 0,14. Reef fish diversity index ranged from 2,96 to 3,97, Uniformity index (E) reef fish ranged from 0,55 to 0,97. Valve dominance index (C) ranged from 0,04 to 0,17. Based on the valve of scoring on te whole category, all of the observation stations are include in category S1 which is suitable for beach tourism or nautical tourism like diving or snorkling.;Coral reef cover has been conducted observations using the Line Intercept Transect (LIT), and methods of Under water Fish Visual Census (UVC) to determine the type of fish Observation of the condition of coral reefs and reef fish is done in shallow water which is 3-6 depth in ten-point observation station. Based on direct observtion, the general condition of coral reef in Wangi-wangi Island is classied into the category from moderate to good. The average peresentage of live coral cover (life form) at the base station to station 10 is 64,61%. Water temperature ranged from 25 until 29oC, Salinity 34-36?, Brightness reaces the bottom; diversity index (H?) ranged from 3,2 to 3,6. Uniformity index (E) at te bottom waters ranged from 0,83 to 0,91. Dominance Index (C) ranged from 0,09 to 0,14. Reef fish diversity index ranged from 2,96 to 3,97, Uniformity index (E) reef fish ranged from 0,55 to 0,97. Valve dominance index (C) ranged from 0,04 to 0,17. Based on the valve of scoring on te whole category, all of the observation stations are include in category S1 which is suitable for beach tourism or nautical tourism like diving or snorkling., Coral reef cover has been conducted observations using the Line Intercept Transect (LIT), and methods of Under water Fish Visual Census (UVC) to determine the type of fish Observation of the condition of coral reefs and reef fish is done in shallow water which is 3-6 depth in ten-point observation station. Based on direct observtion, the general condition of coral reef in Wangi-wangi Island is classied into the category from moderate to good. The average peresentage of live coral cover (life form) at the base station to station 10 is 64,61%. Water temperature ranged from 25 until 29oC, Salinity 34-36?, Brightness reaces the bottom; diversity index (H?) ranged from 3,2 to 3,6. Uniformity index (E) at te bottom waters ranged from 0,83 to 0,91. Dominance Index (C) ranged from 0,09 to 0,14. Reef fish diversity index ranged from 2,96 to 3,97, Uniformity index (E) reef fish ranged from 0,55 to 0,97. Valve dominance index (C) ranged from 0,04 to 0,17. Based on the valve of scoring on te whole category, all of the observation stations are include in category S1 which is suitable for beach tourism or nautical tourism like diving or snorkling.]"

"Keberadaan ekosistem terumbu karang berperan penting secara ekologis karena menjadi sumber kehidupan bagi berbagai biota laut. Penurunan kualitas ekosistem terumbu karang di Indonesia, disebabkan oleh aktivitas manusia dan pengaruh alam. Penelitian dilakukan di empat stasiun Pulau Pramuka, Kepulauan Seribu (Utara, Timur, Selatan, dan Barat). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kondisi kesehatan terumbu karang dengan mengetahui persentase tutupan dan warna terumbu karang, mengidentifikasi bentuk koloni terumbu karang, serta menganalisis dominansi, keanekaragaman dan keseragaman karang. Metode yang digunakan yaitu metode Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) dan dianalisis menggunakan software CPCe (Coral Point Count with Excel extension), lalu metode CoralWatch (CW) dengan Coral Health Chart, serta perhitungan indeks dominansi (Simpson), keanekaragaman (Shannon-Wiener), dan keseragaman (E). Analisis CPCe menunjukkan bahwa tutupan persentase terumbu karang berada pada kategori sedang (30,87-42,20%). Analisis CoralWatch menunjukkan Stasiun 1, 2, dan 4 mayoritas terumbu karangnya mengalami stres dengan persentase karang sehat masing-masing sebesar 29,36%, 9,23%, dan 15,22%, sedangkan Stasiun 3 memiliki proporsi karang sehat lebih tinggi (35.65%).  Ditemukan 10 bentuk koloni karang, Coral Massive mendominasi di Stasiun 1 (50), Stasiun 2 (69), dan Stasiun 3 (19). Stasiun 4 di dominasi oleh Coral Foliose (34). Hasil analisis indeks biodiversitas terumbu karang berada pada kategori dominansi rendah (0,25), keanekaragaman sedang (2,47), dan keseragaman rendah (0,36).

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The existence of coral reef ecosystems plays an important role ecologically because it is a source of life for various marine biota. The quality of coral reef ecosystems in Indonesia can decline, due to human activities and natural influences. The research was conducted at four stations on Pramuka Island, Seribu Islands (North, East, South and West). This research aims to analyze the health condition of coral reefs by knowing the percentage of coral cover and color, identifying the shape of coral reef lifeform, and analyzing coral dominance, diversity and uniformity. The method used is method Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) and analyzed using CPCe software (Coral Point Count with Excel extension), method CoralWatch (CW) with Coral Health Chart, as well as calculation of dominance (Simpson), diversity (Shannon-Wiener) and uniformity (E) indices. CPCe analysis shows that the percentage cover of coral reefs is in the medium category (30.87-42.20%). CoralWatch analysis shows that Stations 1, 2, and 4 have the majority of coral reefs experiencing stress with healthy coral percentages of 29.36%, 9.23%, and 15.22%, respectively, while Station 3 has a higher proportion of healthy corals (35.65%). About 10 lifeform were found, Coral Massive are dominating at Station 1 (50), Station 2 (69), and Station 3 (19). Station 4 is dominated by Coral Foliose (34). The results of the coral reef biodiversity index analysis are in the categories of low dominance (0,25), medium diversity (2.47), and low uniformity (0.36)."