Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"This article explores the relationship between socioeconomic status and support for the opposition by examining six legislative elections in the democratic transition period between 1980 and 1995. We demonstrate how political economic environment, framed by the constitutional, economic, and cross-strait policies of the main parties, influences voters’ vote choice. Before the launching of democratic reforms in 1986, individuals of a higher socioeconomic status tend to embrace democratic values but fail to translate into concrete electoral support for the opposition camp due to the concerns about the potential shocks to the stability of the political economic system. It is only after the onset of democratic reforms that this group begins to reveal their support for the opposition camp. In contrast, the relationship between occupations and vote choices was largely stable in the decade of the 1980s. Both petty bourgeois and blue-collar labor were consistently in favor of the opposition party. With the democratic reforms come to an end and the convergence of the two main parties’ policies, the significant relationship between socioeconomic status and voting choice vanished in the 1992 and 1995 elections."

"Tesis ini ingin menelaah mengapa transisi demokrasi di Indonesia berhasil sedangkan di Mesir gagal padahal kedua negara ini memiliki kesamaan fitur politik dan pengalaman sejarah. Dalam upaya menjawab pertanyaan ini, penulis menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif, teori transisi demokrasi, Islam dan negara serta Islam dan demokrasi. Tesis ini menemukan bahwa terdapat peran yang berbeda yang dimainkan oleh aktor politk Islam di Indonesia dan Mesir. Di Indonesia aktor politik Islam memiliki inisiatif dan terlibat langsung dalam proses pembangunan tatanan politik demokratis. Selain itu aktor politik Islam juga memiliki konsensus bersama dengan aktor politik lain dalam penyelesaian konflik ketika terjadi perselisihan politis antar aktor. Di Mesir aktor politik Islam tidak memiliki inisiaf dan inisiatif pembangunan tatanan demokratis datang dari militer. Selain itu di Mesir juga tidak ada civilian consensus yang terbangun oleh sesama aktor politik pro-perubahan.

---

This thesis wants to examine why the democratic transition in Indonesia was successful while in Egypt it failed even though these two countries have a number of similarities in political features and historical experiences. In this effort, the author uses qualitative research methods, the theory of democratic transition, Islam and the state and Islam and democracy. This thesis finds that there are different roles played by Islamic political actors in Indonesia and Egypt. In Indonesia, Islamic political actors have the initiative and are directly involved in the process of building a democratic political order. In addition, Islamic political actors also have a consensus with other political actors in resolving conflicts when there is a political dispute between actors. In Egypt, Islamic political actors do not have the initiative and the initiative to build a democratic order comes from the military. In addition, in Egypt, there is no civilian consensus that has been built by fellow pro-change political actors."

"Kepengurusan PB HMI periode 1997-1999 merupakan periode dimana Indonesia mengalami transisi demokrasi. Oleh karena itu penelitian difokuskan pada bagaimana kepemimpinan transformasional Ketua Umum PB HMI periode 1997-1999 dalam menghadapi transisi demokrasi era reformasi 1998. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penerapan gaya kepemimpinan transformasional yang dilakukan Ketua Umum PB HMI Periode 1997-1999 dalam menghadapi transisi demokrasi.Secara umum penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan analisis deskriptif. Hasil dari penelitian ini menemukan bahwa dari empat aspek gaya kepemimpinan transformasional idealized influence, idividual concideration, inspirational motivation, dan intelectual stimulation yang diterapkan, Ketua Umum PB HMI lebih mengedepankan aspek intlectual stimulation dalam kepemipinannya. Aspek ini yang berimplikasi pada pola gerakan dari PB HMI dalam merespon transisi demokrasi di Indonesia.

---

The management of PB HMI in the period 1997-1999 was the period in which Indonesia experienced a democratic transition. Therefore the research is focused on how transformational leadership of the PB HMI chairman 1997-1999 in the face of the 1998 reform era democratic transition. This study aims to analyze the application of transformational leadership style carried out by PB HMI general chairman from 1997-1999 in the face of democratic transition. In general, this study used a qualitative method with a descriptive analysis approach. The results of this study found that from the four aspects of transformational leadership style idealized influence, idividual concideration, inspirational motivation, and intellectual stimulation applied, the General Chairperson of the PB HMI prioritized aspects of intellectual stimulation in his leadership. This aspect has implications for the pattern of movement of PB HMI in responding to the democratic transition in Indonesia."

"Indonesia merupakan negara yang berfokus terhadap percepatan sektor pendidikan dalam gagasan cita-cita nya menjadi negara maju. Salah satu cara mencapai percepatan tersebut adalah dengan meningkatkan angka partisipasi pendidikan tinggi. Studi ini berupaya mengetahui perubahan pengaruh Kondisi Sosial Ekonomi dan Latar Belakang Keluarga yang memengaruhi peluang partisipasi perguruan tinggi di Indonesia setelah adanya pandemi Covid-19. Dengan model Ordinary Least Square (OLS) menggunakan data SUSENAS, ditemukan adanya perubahan pengaruh kondisi sosial ekonomi dan latar belakang keluarga terhadap angka partisipasi perguruan tinggi setelah adanya Pandemi Covid-19.

---

Indonesia is a country that focuses on accelerating the education sector with the idea of becoming a developed country. One way to achieve this acceleration is to increase the enrollment rate in tertiary education. This study seeks to discover the changes in the influence of Socioeconomic Conditions and Family Background that have affected opportunities for tertiary participation in Indonesia after the Covid-19 pandemic. With the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) model using SUSENAS data, it was found that there was a change in the effect of socioeconomic conditions and family background on tertiary enrollment rates after the Covid-19 Pandemic."

"Saat ini, pandemi COVID-19 telah mengganggu kondisi sosial ekonomi. Hampir 15% penduduk usia produktif terdampak, pengangguran meningkat sampai 7%, dan penduduk miskin bertambah hingga 2,4 juta per Maret 2021. Kemudian, infeksi COVID-19 yang cepat juga mendorong rumah tangga mengubah pola belanjanya. Rumah tangga dengan tingkat sosial ekonomi tinggi cenderung belanja lebih tinggi untuk kesehatan karena mereka memiliki kepedulian yang baik untuk melindungi anggota keluarganya dari penyakit, sebaliknya pada rumah tangga dengan status ekonomi rendah. Ketimpangan belanja kesehatan berpotensi melebar selama pandemi COVID-19 dan meluasnya transmisi penyakit menyebabkan eksternalitas negatif bagi masyarakat. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi tingkat ketimpangan belanja kesehatan pada sebelum dan masa pandemi COVID-19 serta dekomposisi ketimpangannya berdasarkan tingkat sosial ekonomi.Berbagai sumber data dari Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional Maret 2019 dan 2021, Survei Potensi Desa, dan data surveilans COVID-19 digunakan untuk menangkap ketimpangan belanja kesehatan dan faktor yang berkontribusi. Pertama, tingkat ketimpangan diukur dengan menggunakan kurva dan indeks konsentrasi. Kemudian, faktor yang berkontribusi pada ketimpangan akan dianalisis menggunakan Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regresi dan Oaxaca Decomposition.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ketimpangan belanja kesehatan meningkat pada masa pandemi COVID-19. Seluruh variabel independen pada model memiliki hubungan yang signifikan pada belanja kesehatan dan berkontribusi pada ketimpangan. Namun, variabel independen yang terhimpun pada explained component hanya dapat menjelaskan 10-20% ketimpangan belanja kesehatan sebelum dan pada masa pandemi COVID-19. Untuk mengurangi ketimpangan, penguatan pelayanan kesehatan primer (dalam hal ini puskesmas) sebagai gatekeeper dan peningkatan cakupan kepesertaan JKN adalah aspek esensial untuk mengurangi ketimpangan kesehatan berdasarkan tingkat sosial ekonomi.

---

Currently, the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the socioeconomic situation. Over 15% of people in the productive age group are affected, the unemployment rate rises to 7%, and the number of poor people rises to over 2,4 million by March 2021. Furthermore, the rapid infection of COVID-19 also drives the household expenditure pattern. High socioeconomic level households tend to spend more on health services due to good awareness to protect against illness, otherwise in households with low socioeconomic. The health expenditure inequality potentially widens during the COVID-19 pandemic and the transmission of the disease will spill over to the society. This study will capture the inequality level of household expenditure on health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and the difference decomposition by socioeconomic degree.

The multisource data from the National Social Economics Survey March 2019 and 2021, Village Potential Survey, and COVID-19 surveillance data are employed to capture the health expenditure inequality and its explanatory factors. Firstly, the concentration curve and index are utilized to measure inequality. The contributory factors of inequality will be analyzed by using OLS regression and Oaxaca Decomposition.

The results reveal that health expenditure inequality at rises during the pandemic COVID-19. All covariates in the model have statistically significant to the health expenditure and contribute to inequality. However, an explained component could only exhibit 10-20% of out-of-pocket inequality. Strengthening the primary health care function as a gatekeeper and improving social health insurance coverage are fundamental to reduce health inequality between different socioeconomic levels"

"This study compares each Korean administration'purposes of public relations, the communication flow of government PR,press policies and relationship between the press and the government, in oreder to examine characteristic and changes in the KOrean governments' approaches to governmnet PR....."

"This paper discusses the situation and issues concerning the distinctively Japanese school graduates employment system that has underpinned the stable transition of high school graduated from education to work in Japanese society using data from an interview survey conducted by the Japanese Instute for Labour Policy and Training (JILPT) in 2007 and the Japan Education Longitudinal study (JELS), and focuses in particular on vocational counseling for hogh school graduates...."

"COVID-19 pandemic has substantially altered socioeconomic conditions. Whereas the decline in living standards for a majority of population is reported, little is known about how COVID-19 affects people’s lives and social discrepancies in emerging economies. To this end, we empirically analyze the 2020 Indonesian Labor Force Survey data, finding that COVID-19 has given idiosyncratic risks and impacts to people by gender, age, education, regions, and occupations. We find that income and job loss are the most prominent among males, younger and less educated people, as well as among self-employed and part-time non-agricultural workers. These tendencies are not pronounced for people enjoying high income and mobility but tend to be evident when they have urban residency and the existence of dependents. We, therefore, conclude that in the absence of special governmental subsidies targeting these disadvantaged groups, social discrepancies of income and employment are expected to widen even further.

---

Pandemi COVID-19 telah secara substansial mengubah kondisi sosial ekonomi. Sementara penurunan standar hidup untuk sebagian besar populasi, sedikit yang diketahui tentang bagaimana COVID-19 memengaruhi kehidupan masyarakat dan kesenjangan sosial di negara berkembang. Penelitian ini menganalisis secara empiris data Survei Angkatan Kerja Indonesia 2020 (SAKERNAS) dan menemukan bahwa COVID-19 telah memberikan risiko dan dampak yang berbeda kepada orang-orang berdasarkan jenis kelamin, usia, pendidikan, wilayah, dan pekerjaan. Dalam penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa laki-laki, pekerja usia muda dan kurang berpendidikan, serta sektor informal lebih beresiko mengalami penurunan pendapatan dan kehilangan pekerjaan. Kecenderungan-kecenderungan ini tidak terlihat pada orang-orang yang memiliki mobilitas tinggi, tetapi cenderung terlihat ketika mereka memiliki tempat tinggal perkotaan dan adanya tanggungan keluarga. Oleh karena itu, kami menyimpulkan bahwa dengan tidak adanya subsidi khusus pemerintah yang menargetkan kelompok-kelompok yang kurang beruntung ini, kesenjangan sosial pendapatan dan pekerjaan diperkirakan akan semakin melebar."