Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Latar Belakang : Tingkat konsumsi susu formula bubuk di kalangan bayi masih tinggi sementara sosialisasi   petunjuk WHO terkait penyiapan, penyajian dan penyimpanan susu formula bubuk  formula masih sangat kurang. Susu formula bubuk walau diproduksi dengan teknologi termutakhir sekalipun,  masih belum terbebas dari kontaminasi bakteri E. Sakazakii. Kedua hal tersebut membuat morbiditas bayi terkait konsumsi susu formula bubuk akibat kontaminasi intrinsik maupun ekstrinsik seperti sepsis, enterokolitis dan meningitis tetap tidak bisa berkurang. Tujuan : Mengetahui derajat pengetahuan dan perilaku ibu dalam menyiapkan, menyajikan dan menyimpan susu formula bubuk dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya di  Kelurahan Pisangan Timur Kecamatan Pulogadung Jakarta Timur.Metode : Penelitian bersifat deskriptif potong lintang dengan pengumpulan data dilakukan secara survei dan observasi pada bulan Juli hingga Oktober 2012. Subyek penelitian adalah ibu yang memiliki anak berusia 0-12 bulan, tinggal di Kelurahan Pisangan Timur Kecamatan Pulogadung yang dipilih berdasarkan teknik purposive sampling. Data kemudian ditabulasi untuk mendapatkan derajat pengetahuan dan perilaku ibu tekait penyiapan, penyajian dan penyimpanan susu formula. Analisis statistik dilakukan untuk mencari faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dangan pengetahuan dan perilaku ibu terkait penyiapan, penyajian dan penyimpanan susu formula dengan cara uji kai kuardat (analisis bivariat) dan uji regresi logistik (analisis multivariat).Hasil : Dari 248 ibu yang mengikuti penelitian, pengetahuan kurang dalam menyiapkan, menyajikan dan menyimpan susu formula masing-masing didapati pada 68,1%, 26,2%, 87,5% ibu.  Perilaku buruk dalam menyiapkan, menyajikan dan menyimpan susu formula masing-masing didapati pada  69%, 60,9%, 84,3% ibu. Faktor yang mempengaruhi pengetahuan ibu dalam menyiapkan, menyajikan dan menyimpan susu formula adalah usia ibu, tingkat pendidikan, status ekonomi, status pekerjaan ibu.Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perilaku ibu terkait perilaku menyiapkan, menyajikan dan menyimpan susu formula adalah usia ibu, status pendidikan, status ekonomi dan sumber air minum.  Hubungan pengetahuan dengan perilaku ibu dalam menyiapkan, menyajikan dan menyimpan susu formula  berturut-turut adalah kuat (r= 0,68), sedang (r= 0,52) dan kuat (r= 0,73 )Simpulan : Masih rendahnya derajat pengetahuan dan perilaku ibu dalam penyiapan, penyajian dan penyimpanan susu formula di Kelurahan Pisangan Timur membutuhkan intervensi penyuluhan dan sosialisasi lebih gencar mengenai anjuran WHO terkait penyiapan, penyajian dan penyimpanan susu formula terutama pada ibu-ibu dari golongan berusia kurang dari 25 tahun, pendidikan rendah, ekonomi kurang, tidak bekerja dan mengkonsumsi bukan air mineral kemasan. Produsen susu formula harus memperbaiki lembar informasi terkait penyiapan penyajian dan penyimpanan susu formula yang tertera pada kemasann susu formula agar lebih jelas, lengkap dan mudah dimengerti oleh ibu.

---

Background: Until to day, the consumption rate of powdered infant formula is still high, neverthenless socialization of WHO’s guidance related to the preparation, serving and storage of powdered infant formula are very limited. Eventhought manufacturend by the latest technology, powder infant formula, cannot be free from E. Sakazakii contamination, hence the potential risk for infant morbidity caused by intrinsic or extrinsic contamination such as sepsis, enterocolitis and meningitis never been low . Objective: To know the degree of mother’s knowledge and behavior in preparing, serving and storing powdered infant formula and their related factors in Pisangan Timur Village, Pulogadung District, East Jakarta. Methods: The study was a crossectional-observation data survey which conducted fom July until October 2012. Subjects were mothers of children aged 0-12 months, living in Pisangan Timur Village, Pulogadung District which selected by purposive sampling technique. The data was then tabulated and calculated to meassure the degree of knowledge and maternal behavior about preparation, serving and storage of infant formul., Chi Square (bivariat) and logistic regression (multivariates) analysis was performed to elaborate factors that related to mother’s knowledge and behaviour in preparation, serving and storage of infant formula. Results: The study was conducted on 248 mothers. Lack of knowledge in preparing, serving and storing infant formula, was found in 68.1%, 26.2%, 87.5% mothers respectively. Unappropriate behavior regarding to WHO guidance in preparing, serving and storing infant formula was found in 69%, 60.9%, 84.3% mothers respectively. Factors related to maternal knowledge in preparing, serving and storing infant formula were the mother's age, education level, economic status, employment status. Factors related to maternal behavior in preparing, serving and storing infant formula were educational level, economic status and source of drinking water. The relationship between mothers’s knowledge to mother’s behavior in preparing, serving and storing infant formula respectively were strong (r= 0,68 ), moderate (r= 0,52 ) and strong (r= 0,73 ). Conclusion The lack of mother’s knowledge and inapproriate mother’s behavior in the preparation, serving and storage of infant formula in the Pisangan Timur Village requires intervention, counseling and socialization of WHO’s recommendation about preparation, serving and storage of infant formula more intensively, especially to the mothers that less than 25 years, low education level, low economic’s status , jobless and not consume bottled mineral water whoose giving their baby infant formula. Manufactures should changed and standardized their instruction so it can be easily understand by mother."

"Air Susu Ibu (ASI) merupakan makanan sempurna untuk bayi karena mempunyai komposisi gizi paling lengkap dan ideal untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangannya. Namun, tak jarang terdapat kasus dimana ibu harus menggantikan ASI dengan susu formula. Bayi membutuhkan kombinasi distribusi posisi asam lemak yang tepat dalam trigliserida agar lemak tersebut dapat dicerna secara optimal. Sayangnya, distribusi asam lemak pada trigliserida susu formula dapat menyebabkan konstipasi jika didigesti di dalam tubuh bayi. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini memberikan solusi atas permasalah tersebut yaitu dengan mensintesis lemak yang memiliki trigliserida dengan distribusi posisi asam lemak mirip dengan distribusi posisi asam lemak pada ASI yang dikenal dengan Human Milk Fat Substitute (HMFS). HMFS disintesis melalui interesterifikasi dengan substrat etil oleat yang berasal dari susu sapi dengan tripalmitin yang merupakan turunan dari minyak sawit. Interesterifikasi ini dikatalis dengan lipase selektif sn-1,3. Untuk alasan teknis dan ekonomi, lipase diimobilisasi melalui metode entrapment pada karbon aktif. Enzim loading yang dihasilkan adalah 92,64%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diketahui bahwa yield HMFS yang diperoleh dari reaksi yang dikatalis oleh lipase terimobilisasi memiliki hubungan positif terhadap kenaikan temperatur dan waktu reaksi. Sedangkan, untuk HMFS yang dihasilkan oleh reaksi yang dikatalis oleh lipase bebas memiliki hubungan yang berkebalikan. Sementara itu, yield HMFS yang dihasilkan dari reaksi yang dikatalis oleh lipase terimobilisasi maupun lipase bebas, memiliki hubungan positif dengan kenaikan rasio mol substrat.

---

Breast milk is the perfect food for babies because they have the most complete nutritional composition and ideal for the growth and development. However, there are cases when mothers have to replace breast milk with formula. Babies need an exact combination of fatty acid distribution of the triglycerides in milk fat so can be digested optimally. Unfortunately, the distribution of fatty acids on the triglyceride milk formula can cause constipation if digested in babies? small intestines. Therefore, this study provides a solution to this problem. The solution is to synthesize triglycerides with fatty acids position distribution similar to the distribution of fatty acid in human milk, known as the Human Milk Fat Substitute (HMFS). HMFS synthesized through selective interesterification of ethyl oleate derived from cow's milk with tripalmitate rom palm oil. This selective interesterification catalyzed by lipase sn-1, 3. For technical and economic reasons, lipase immobilized by entrapment method on activated carbon. The resulting enzyme loading was 92.64%.

Based on this research, it is known that HMFS yield obtained from the reaction catalyzed by immobilized lipase has a positive relationship to the increase of temperature and reaction time. Meanwhile, for HMFS resulted by reaction catalyzed by free lipase had the negative relationship. Besides, HMFS yield resulted from reaction catalyzed by immobilized lipase and free lipase, have a positive relationship with increase in mole ratio of substrates."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas mengenai analisis yuridis pemberian dan promosi susuformula pada bayi baru lahir di rumah sakit. Permasalahan dalam skripsi iniadalah bagaimana pelaksanaan informed consent dalam hal pemberian susuformula pada bayi baru lahir oleh dokter dan perawat di rumah sakit danbagaimana tanggung jawab dokter dan perawat dalam promosi susu formuladilihat dari segi etik dan hukum. Dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakanmetode penelitian kepustakaan yang bersifat yuridis-normatif dan tipe penelitianbersifat deskriptif. Kesimpulan atas permasalahan tersebut adalah bahwa setiaptindakan medis khususnya pemberian susu formula harus menggunakan informedconsent dan adanya tanggung jawab dokter dan perawat dari segi etik dan hukumatas promosi susu formula pada bayi baru lahir di rumah sakit. Sehingga perlunyapenegakan oleh pemerintah khususnya kementerian kesehatan untuk memberikansanksi pada dokter dan perawat yang terbukti melakukan promosi susu formulapada bayi baru lahir di rumah sakit. Kementerian kesehatan perlu menegakan danmengefisienkan waktu dalam proses pemberian sanksi terhadap dokter danperawat dari teguran lisan hingga pencabutan izin praktik perawat.

---

ABSTRACTThis article discusses the juridical analysis of the provision and promotion ofinfant formula on new born baby in hospital. The problem examined in thisarticle is about how the informed consent, in the case of formula feeding innew born by doctor and nurse in the hospital, is implemented, and how thedoctor?s and nurse?s responsibility in promoting infant formula is conductedin terms of ethics and law. In this study, the author uses juridical-normativelibrary research methods and descriptive type of research. The conclusion onthe matter is that every medical act, particularly formula feeding, must useinformed consent, and the presence of doctor?s and nurse?s responsibility interms of ethics and law on infant formula promotion on new born in thehospital. Thus, there is the need for law enforcement by government,especially the Ministry of Health, to give sanction on doctors and nurses whoare convicted in doing infant formula promotion on new born in hospital. TheMinistry of Health needs to enforce and optimize the time in the process ofgiving sanction towards doctors and nurses from verbal warning to practicelicense revocation."

"This randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial aimed to compare the efficacy of daily iron supplementation and multi-micronutrient supplementation both daily and weekly basis on increasing iron status among 284 apparently healthy Indonesian infants aged 6-12 mo. Infants were randomly assigned to receive either daily 1 RDA multi micronutrient supplement (n = 72), weekly 2 RDA multi micronutrient supplement (n = 70), daily ferrous sulphate 10 mg (n = 72), or placebo (n = 70) for wk. Blood hemoglobin, plasma ferritin, plasma zinc, and plasma C-reactive protein concentrations were measured prior to intervention and after 23 wk of supplementation. At baseline, 58.1% of subjects were anemic, 28.2% were iron deficient, and 11.2% were zinc deficient. After 23 wk of supplementation, both daily 1 RDA multi micronutrient and iron supplemented groups had significantly increased blood hemoglobin and plasma ferritin concentration, furthermore reducing the percentage of anemia and iron deficiency. However, the changes of hemoglobin were not significantly different among the treatment groups. Changes of hemoglobin were significantly higher in daily 1 RDA multi micronutrient group than in placebo group when initial blood hemoglobin was low. The change of plasma ferritin concentration in both daily 1 RDA multi micronutrient and iron groups was significantly higher than in other groups. Hemoglobin and ferritin concentrations of weekly 2 RDA multi micronutrient group were not significantly increase, but there were significantly increased in the subjects with low concentration of blood hemoglobin or plasma ferritin. Proportion of infants with zinc deficiency was increased significantly in iron group Daily I RDA multi micronutrient and daily iron supplementation are efficacious in improving the concentration of blood hemoglobin and plasma ferritin and reducing the percentage of infants with anemia and iron deficiency of Indonesian infants aged 6-12 months in a rural community. However, there was an increasing proportion of infants with zinc deficiency in daily iron supplementation. The efficacy of daily 1 RDA multi micronutrient supplementation was higher among the children with blood hemoglobin < 110 g/L Efficacy of weekly 2 RDA multi micronutrient supplementation on the concentration of blood hemoglobin and plasma ferritin of all subjects was not found, but it affected in children with low concentration of blood hemoglobin or plasma ferritin."

"Laporan magang ini menganalisis pengendalian internal pada siklus pengeluaran perusahaan PT ZXC yang bergerak di bidang penjualan susu formula bayi. Penjualan susu formula bayi tidak dapat diperjualbelikan secara bebas karena terdapat peraturan-peraturan dari para pemangku kepentingan. Aktivitas bisnis yang tidak taat peraturan akan membebani pengeluaran perusahaan. Cakupan analisis berfokus pada siklus pembayaran jasa medis dan reimbursement pegawai menggunakan COSO Framework 2013, berikut solusi perbaikan kekurangan yang ada sesuai dengan cakupan kerja penulis saat melakukan program magang. Hasil analisis menunjukkan hampir semua komponen COSO Framework 2013 terpenuhi kecuali beberapa prinsip dari komponen COSO Framework 2013 yang kurang teraplikasikan.

---

This internship report analyzes internal controls in company namely PT ZXC rsquo s payment cycle company engaged in the sale of infant formula product. The sales can not be traded freely as there are regulations of the stakeholders. Non compliance business activities will burden corporate spending. Analysis focus on the payment cycle of medical services and reimbursement of employees using the COSO Framework 2013, following solutions of existing deficiencies in accordance with the author 39 s scope of work while doing the internship program. The analysis results show that almost all COSO Framework 2013 components are met except for some of principles that are less implemented."

"Fungsi paru bayi pada usia awal kehidupan dapat memprediksi penyakit pernapasan dan perkembangan fungsi paru di kemudian hari. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui karakteristik fungsi paru pada bayi di Indonesia dan membandingkannya dengan populasi di negara barat. Penelitian potong lintang dilaksanakan di RS Budi Kemuliaan, Jakarta. Dengan menggunakan automated single occlusion technique, peneliti mengukur fungsi paru pada 124 bayi. Data komplians (Crs) dan resistensi (Rrs) total dari sistem pernapasan kemudian dibandingkan dengan data dari studi WHISTLER di Belanda. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa selain faktor usia, berat badan, dan panjang badan, polusi udara juga merupakan faktor determinan penting pada fungsi paru bayi di Indonesia.

---

Infant lung function in early life can predict respiratory disease and later lung development. We aimed to understand the characteristics of lung function in Indonesian healthy infant and to compare these with a Western population. We performed a cross-sectional study in Budi Kemuliaan Hospital in Jakarta. Using the automated single occlusion technique we measured lung function in 124 infants. The data of compliance (Crs) and resistance (Rrs) of the respiratory system were compared with data from the WHISTLER study in Neatherlands. Our results suggest that besides age, weight and height, air pollution is an important determinant of infant lung function in Indonesian children."

"Indonesia menghadapi tantangan besar dalam buruknya praktik Pemberian Makan pada Bayi dan Anak PMBA . Salah satu intervensi yang telah dilakukan oleh pemerintah adalah program pelatihan PMBA bagi kader posyandu yang diselenggarakan oleh MCA-I pada tahun 2016. Penelitian ini tidak memberikan pelatihan dan hanya bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi dampak pelatihan PMBA dengan membandingkan pengetahuan dan praktik ibu terkait pemberian makan pada bayi dan anak yang tinggal di daerah yang sudah mendapatkan pelatihan PMBA dan daerah yang belum mendapatkan pelatihan PMBA. Desain penelitian ini adalah cross sectional dengan menggunakan metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan dengan mewawancarai pengasuh yang mempunyai balita berumur 0-23 bulan di kedua wilayah. Informasi tentang implementasi pelatihan PMBA di lapangan di dapatkan dengan mewawancarai kader posyandu, staff puskesmas, staff dinas kesehatan dan staff MCA-I. Data untuk kuantitatif dianalisis menggunakan chi-square test dan analisis multivariate. Kemudian data kualitatif dianalisis menggunakan koding dan identifikasi tema dari transkrip verbatim menggunakan software Dedoose. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengasuh yang tinggal di daerah tempat dilakukannya pelatihan PMBA mempunyai pengetahuan yang lebih baik daripada pengasuh yang tinggal di daerah non-pelatihan PMBA. Terdapat perbedaan pengetahuan pengasuh di daerah pelatihan PMBA dan non-pelatihan PMBA p.

---

Indonesia was facing big challenge of having high of poor in Infant and Young Child feeding IYCF practices. One of intervention has been done by government was IYCF training program in posyandu cadres that was organized by MCA I in 2016. This study did not conduct the training and only aimed to evaluate impact of IYCF training program by comparing IYCF knowledge and practice of caregivers living in IYCF training program and non IYCF training program.

Cross sectional study was conducted using qualitative and quantitative approach mixed methods . Data were collected through interview with caregivers who have children 0 23 months both in IYCF training area and non IYCF training area. In depth interviews were conducted with key informants i.e. posyandu cadres, puskesmas staff, district health office staff, and MCA I staff to understand the implementation of IYCF training program. Data analysis for quantitative data was done with statistical test using chi square test and multivariate analysis. Thus, data analysis for qualitative data was done through coding and identifying themes from verbatim transcripts using Dedoose software.

The study shown that caregivers in IYCF training area have better knowledge than caregivers in non IYCF training area. There was significant different in caregivers rsquo knowledge in IYCF training area and non IYCF training area p."

"Status gizi merupakan salah satu aspek penting kesehatan dan kesejahteraan seseorang. Sayangnya, di Indonesia, status gizi terutama pada anak masih banyak memiliki masalah. Secara umum, status gizi memiliki hubungan dengan faktor internal, misalnya usia, kondisi fisik, dan infeksi; dan faktor eksternal seperti faktor-faktor sosiodemografi. Selain faktor-faktor di atas, status gizi juga berhubungan dengan perkembangan anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari hubungan status gizi dengan faktor-faktor sosiodemografi, yaitu usia, pekerjaan orang tua, pendidikan orang tua, status ekonomi, dan besar keluarga, juga dengan perkembangan anak usia 6 sampai 60 bulan di Posyandu Kelurahan Kampung Melayu, Jakarta Timur. Setelah pengambilan data berupa pengukuran status antropometri dan pengisian kuesioner, hasil analisis bivariat menunjukkan p-value > 0,05 yang menunjukkan tidak adanya hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik antara status gizi dengan faktor-faktor sosiodemografi dan perkembangan anak.

---

Nutritional status is one of the most important aspects of one?s health and welfare. Unfortunately, nutritional status especially among Indonesian children still faces many problems. In general, nutritional status is related to internal factors, such as age, physical condition, and infection; and external factors such as sociodemographic factors. Other than factors stated above, nutritional status is also closely related to children's development.

This research aims to seek for the relation between nutritional status with sociodemographic factors namely age, parents occupation, parents educational background, economic status, and family structures, also with development status on children aged 6 to 60 months old at Posyandu Kampung Melayu, East Jakarta. Data is taken through antropometry measurement and questionnaire filling, and then analyzed in bivariate which shows results of p-value > 0,05. This means that there is no statistically relevant relation between nutritional status with sociodemographic factors and children's developement."

"Kelompok umur yang rentan terhadap kekurangan gizi adalah kelompok bayi dan balita. Karena status gizi yang baik sangat diperlukan untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangan saat bayi dan balita, maka sangat penting untuk mengetahui status gizi dimulai sejak bayi. Status gizi menunjukkan seberapa besar kebutuhan fisiologis individu tersebut telah terpenuhi. Status gizi dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sebaran status gizi bayi usia 1,5-8 bulan di Jakarta Pusat dan hubungannya dengan jenis kelamin bayi, pendidikan terakhir ibu, pekerjaan ibu, penghasilan ibu, usia ibu saat melahirkan, morbiditas diare dan Infeksi Saluran Napas Atas (ISPA), dan pemberian Air Susu Ibu (ASI). Juga diketahuinya sebaran ibu bayi.Penelitian menggunakan studi crosssectional dan dilakukan pada 92 responden yang memiliki bayi usia 1,5 hingga 8 bulan di Jakarta Pusat. Data didapatkan berupa status gizi bayi, jenis kelamin bayi, usia ibu saat melahirkan, tingkat pendidikan ibu, penghasilan ibu, morbiditas diare dan ISPA, dan pemberian ASI yang akan diteliti hubungannya dengan status gizi bayi yang diuji dengan uji Chi-Square (p<0,05).Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan status gizi non-wasted sebesar 94,6%, sedang sebesar 5,4%. Persentase hasil yang didapatkan masing-masing ialah jenis kelamin bayi laki-laki 46,7%, dan perempuan 53,3%, pemberian ASI eksklusif sebesar 33,7%, ibu bekerja 18,5%, diare dan ISPA bayi dalam kurun waktu 2 minggu terakhir masing-masing 10,9% dan 70,7% tingkat pendidikan ibu rendah 33,7%, sedang 50,0%, dan tinggi 16,3%, tingkat penghasilan keluarga sedang 27,2% dan tinggi 72.8. Semua variabel tersebut tidak memiliki hubungan yang bermakna dengan status gizi bayi.

---

Age Group that is most vulnerable to malnutrition condition is infant and chidlren under five years. A Good nutritional status is necessary for growth and development in infant and children under five years, so it is important to know the nutritional status since early childhood. Nutritional status of someone shows how big the individual physiological needs have been met. Nutritional status is influenced by various factors.This study is intended for the purpose of knowing the nutritional status of infants aged 1.5 to 8 months in Central Jakarta and the relationship with the infant's sex, maternal last education, working mother, family income, maternal age at birth, morbidity of diarrhea and Upper Respiratory Tract infection (URTI), and breast milk.This research is conducted using crosssectional study with 92 respondents who have a baby aged 1.5 to 8 months in Central Jakarta. Data obtained includes the nutritional status of the baby, the infant's sex, maternal?s education, working mother, maternal age at birth, maternal education level, family income, morbidity of diarrhea and Upper Respiratory Tract infection (URTI), and breast milk will be related to the nutritional status of infants tested with the Chi-Square test (p <0.05).Results obtained from research are non-wasted nutritiona status of 94.6% and high of 5.4%. The percentage of each result accomplished by baby?s sex: boy is 46.7% and girl is 53.3%, the provision of exclusive breastfeeding is 33.7%, 18.5% from working mother, diarrhea and URTI in infants during the last two weeks respectively is 10.9% and70.7%, lower maternal education level is 33.7%, moderate 50.0%, 16.3% and higher, moderate level of family income is 27.2% and 72.8 high. All these variables have no meaningful relationship with the nutritional status of infants."