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"This paper examines the relationship between the degree of economic openness and real disposable personal income on inflation in Indonesia for a twenty-one-year period (2000Q1–2021Q3). The Simultaneous Equation Model (SEM) technique and the TSLS–Two Stage Least Squares (TSNLS and ARMA) method and long-term dependence for quarterly data from March 2001 (2001Q1) to September 2021 (2021Q3) were used to analyse and test the data. The study shows that the variables degree of openness of the economy (lopen) and real disposable personal income (ldpi) had a significant effect on inflation (linf) with a significance level of 5%. Interestingly, the estimates tend to show an appropriate sign and magnitude of the economic coefficient significance. The study has some implications. It explains the openness of the Indonesian economy and the real disposable personal income of the Indonesian population to recent inflation. Additionally, choosing appropriate policy actions to increase the competitiveness of Indonesia's export products both competitively and comparatively are discussed. If the permanent disposable income of people in Indonesia increases, the consumption demand for certain goods and services will also increase. When the demand for an item is high, the raw materials to be used also become scarce and this can cause inflation. In the context of fiscal stabilization, the Government is expected to be able to provide permanent non-cash subsidies that can help people generate permanent income independently and sustainably so that it has an impact on smoothing their consumption path over time."

"Sebagai negara dengan perekonomian yang berada di ranking keenam belas di dunia pada tahun 2018, kerjasama perdagangan internasional merupakan hal penting bagi Indonesia. Kerjasama perdagangan internasional pada awalnya hanya difokuskan pada negara-negara yang menjadi mitra dagang utama saja, baik dalam skala global maupun regional seperti ASEAN. Pada perkembangannya, Indonesia juga membuka diri dengan menjalin kerjasama perdagangan bebas atau Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) dengan negara lain di luar kawasan yaitu Chile yang terletak di kawasan Amerika Latin. Akan tetapi jika ditinjau dari perdagangan internasional, nilai perdagangan antara Indonesia dan Chile tidak signifikan dibanding dengan negara lainnya yang berada di kawasan tersebut seperti Brazil dan Argentina. Hal ini menimbulkan pertanyaan, mengapa Indonesia justru menjalin kerjasama perdagangan bebas dengan Chile dalam skema Indonesia-Chile Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IC-CEPA)? Melalui pendekatan kualitatif (studi literatur dan wawancara) dengan menggunakan teori pemilihan Mitra FTA oleh Solis dan Katada (2008), penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis motif keterlibatan Indonesia dalam IC-CEPA. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia memiliki tiga motif atas keterlibatannya dalam IC-CEPA. Pertama, motif ekonomi, yakni untuk mendapatkan akses pasar bagi produk manufaktur khususnya produk unggulan alas kaki dan menghindari adanya trade diversion. Kedua, motif politik yaitu untuk meningkatkan status Indonesia melalui upaya menjadi trade hub bagi kawasan Amerika Latin di Asia Tengara. Ketiga, motif leverage yakni untuk meningkatkan kapasitas Indonesia di sektor pertanian mengingat Chile merupakan salah satu negara memiliki sistem pengelolaan sektor pertanian yang terbaik di dunia.

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As a country with sixteenth economic ranking in the world (2018), international trade is important for Indonesia. The cooperation is initially focused on countries which become the main trading partners, both on a global and regional scale such as ASEAN. On its development, Indonesia also opened up by establishing a Free Trade Cooperation (FTA) or Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) with other countries outside the region such as Chile in which it's located in Latin America. However, in terms of international trade, the total value of trade between Indonesia and Chile is small and unlike the trading with other countries in the same region. This matter then raises question, why Indonesia establish free trade cooperation with Chile in the Indonesia-Chile Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IC-CEPA) scheme? Through a qualitative approach (literature study and interview) using the theory of FTA partner selection by Solis and Katada (2008), this study aims to analyze the Indonesian motives behind its involvement and its decision to sign the IC-CEPA cooperation with Chile. The results of this study find that Indonesia has three motives for its involvement in IC-CEPA. First, economic motives, those are the need to export its manufactured products, particularly footwear and to avoid trade diversion. Second, political motive, that is to improve Indonesia's status through its efforts by becoming a trade hub for the Latin America countries in Southeast Asian regions. Third, leverage motive, that is to build Indonesia's capacity in the agricultural sector, considering that Chile is one of the countries with the best agricultural sector management system in the world."

"This study aims to analyse the effect of trade openness, wages, inflation, economic growth, and population toward unemployment in the D-8 Organization of Islamic Cooperation countries over the period, 1991 to 2020. The quantitative approach uses techniques analysis of panel data regression. The study result shows a significant simultaneous effect of trade openness, wages, inflation, economic growth, and population on unemployment of D-8 OIC member countries. While partially, trade openness has a significant positive effect on unemployment, wages, economic growth, and inflation have a significant negative relationship with unemployment. The population has a significant positive effect on unemployment. Overall, the result implies that each OIC member country should promote an effective and strategic plan to enhance the demand for labour and employment. Furthermore, professional courses and vocational training should be initiated to fulfil the growing demand for skilled labour."

"Riset ini menginvestigasi hubungan antara perkembangan sektor keuangan dengan tingkat inflasi di Indonesia pada tahun 1980 sampai 2016. Riset ini menggunakan autoregressive distributed (ARDL)bound test untuk melihat hubungan jangka panjang dan tes Wald untuk melihat kausalitas Granger pada jangka pendek dan panjang. Untuk mengukur perkembangan sektor keuangan, penulis menggunakan rasio dari kredit ke sektor swasta terhadap PDB, rasio dari persediaan uang M2 terhadap PDB, serta Financial Development Index. Hasil empiris menemukan bahwa terdapat hubungan jangka panjang antara perkembangan sektor keuangan dengan tingkat inflasi. Selain itu, ditemukan juga bahwa kedua variabel tersebut saling mempengaruhi nilai masa depan satu sama lain, namun melalui saluran yang berbeda. Tingkat inflasi mempengaruhi perkembangan sektor keuangan secara negative, sedangkan perkembangan sektor keuangan mempengaruhi tingkat inflasi secara positif.

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This research examines the relationship between financial development and inflation in Indonesia during the period of 1980 to 2016. In order to do that, it uses autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound test to investigate the existence of long-run cointegration and Wald test to examine both short- and long-run Granger causality. Three different proxies are used to measure financial development; credit to private sector as a percentage of GDP, broad money (M2) as a percentage as GDP, and Financial Development Index. It is found, from empirical results, that long-run cointegration exists between financial development and inflation. It is also found that past value of both variables causes the future value of each other, but through different channels. Lastly, while inflation affects financial development negatively, financial development affects inflation positively."

"Tesis ini meneliti hubungan antara tingkat perkembangan pasar saham suatu negara, dan juga liberalisasi ekonomi negara terhadap keputusan perusahaan dalam menetapkan struktur modalnya. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan terlebih dahulu menetapkan sampel, yaitu perusahaan-perusahaan yang berada di bursa negara-negara ASEAN seperti Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapura, Thailand, dan Vietnam pada tahun 1999 sampai 2013, kemudian data-data yang dibutuhkan dicari dan dipilah sesuai sampel yang telah ditetapkan. Hubungan antara ketiga variabel tersebut, kemudian dicari dengan menggunakan fixed effect regression. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya pengaruh signifikan dari liberalisasi ekonomi, dan juga perkembangan pasar ekuitas terhadap struktur modal perusahaan.

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The thesis analyzes the relationship between the equity meter development of a country, and also it?s degree of economic freedom to the company?s capital structure decision. The research is done by setting the samples for the research first, which is companies in the stock markets of ASEAN countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapura, Thailand, and Vietnam from 1999 to 2013, then the datas are extracted and filtered accordingly based on the sampling. The research uses fixed effect regression to analyze the relationship between the three variables. The research found, that there is significant relationship between equity market development, economic freedom and firm?s capital structure choice."

"Pengalaman negara-negara berkembang, termasuk Indonesia, dalam mempertinggi kesejahteraannya sering dihadapkan pada pilihan yang sulit, yaitu trade off antara keseimbangan internal dan eksternal. Karena itu perlu dipikirkan suatu kebijaksanaan meuju kombinasi yang serasi antara pertumbuhan output, inflasi dan defisit transaksi berjalan. Pemanfaatan instrumen fiskal dalam program stabilisasi di Indonesia menjadi tema studi ini. Disamping itu, akan diuji bahwa peningkatan pengeluaran pemerintah berpengaruh lunak terhadap output riil tetapi berpengaruh kuat terhadap neraca pembayaran dan inflasi. Untuk mencapai maksud-maksud itu digunakan pendekatan ekonometri, yaitu memanfaatkan model simultan yang pernah digunakan Richard Agenor dalam mempelajari perekonomian Haiti. Hodel itu tersusun atas sembilan persamaan, lima diantaranya persamaan tingkah laku dan sisanya identitas. Studi ini memakai data time series periode 1970 - 1991, secara tahunan. Sumber datanya antara lain Biro Pusat Statistik, Bank Indonesia, dan Departemen Keuangan. Beberapa temuan dari studi ini antara lain : Sumber penerimaan pemerintah punya implikasi penting dalam mengendalikan fluktuasi permintaan dalam negeri, Makin kecil sumber dari dalam negeri, Makin sulit mengendalikan fluktuasi permintaan lewat sistem perpajakan. Pengeluaran rutin dan pembangunan punya peran yang sama dalam pembentukan permintaan agregat, tetapi pengeluaran rutin berpengaruh dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi jangka yang pendek semen tara pengeluaran pembangunan berpengaruh dalam pertumbuhan jangka panjang."

"[Pengaruh berlimpahnya sumber daya alam terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomitelah lama dipelajari dalam berbagai studi, di mana sebagian besar hasil dari studistuditersebut menunjukan bahwa kelimpahan ini mempengaruhi secara negatifterhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Sebagian besar studi tersebut dilakukan padatingkat lintas negara. Tesis ini mencoba mencari tahu dampak dari kelimpahansumber daya alam tersebut terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi pada tingkat lokalIndonesia. Dengan menggunakan data tingkat provinsi dari tahun 2004 sampai2013 dan metode analisa data panel, tesis ini menemukan bahwa berlimpahnyasumber daya alam memiliki pengaruh negatif yang siknifikan terhadappertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia. Tesis ini juga mendapati bahwa pendapatan,inflasi, dan kriminal berpotensi menjadi saluran transmisi, di mana sumber dayaalam di Indonesia cenderung meningkatkan pendapatan, namun menurunkaninflasi dan kriminal.;The effect of natural resource abundance on economic growth has long been discussed in many studies and most of them show that resource abundance negatively affects growth However most of these studies are conducted at a cross country level This paper tries to find out the impact of resource abundance on economic growth at a local level of Indonesia By employing data at provincial level from 2004 until 2013 and using panel data analysis this paper finds that in average natural resource abundance has a significant negative impact on economic growth in Indonesia This paper also discovers that income inflation and crime are the possible transmission channels where natural resource of mining in Indonesia tends to increase income but lower inflation and crime daya alam di Indonesia cenderung meningkatkan pendapatan namun menurunkan inflasi dan kriminal , The effect of natural resource abundance on economic growth has long been discussed in many studies and most of them show that resource abundance negatively affects growth However most of these studies are conducted at a cross country level This paper tries to find out the impact of resource abundance on economic growth at a local level of Indonesia By employing data at provincial level from 2004 until 2013 and using panel data analysis this paper finds that in average natural resource abundance has a significant negative impact on economic growth in Indonesia This paper also discovers that income inflation and crime are the possible transmission channels where natural resource of mining in Indonesia tends to increase income but lower inflation and crime daya alam di Indonesia cenderung meningkatkan pendapatan namun menurunkan inflasi dan kriminal ]"

"ABSTRAKRomer (1993) bahwa terdapat hubungan yang negatif antara keterbukaanperdagangan dengan inflasi. Untuk melihat konsistensi dari hubungan tersebut,nilai exchange rate pass-through (ERPT) yang telah diestimasi diikutsertakansebagai salah satu determinan penting untuk menjelaskan inflasi. Penelitian inimenggunakan data panel kuartalan yang bersifat unbalanced dari 6 (enam) negaraAsia terpilih pada kurun waktu 1994 sampai dengan 2013. Hasil regresi penelitianini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang negatif antara keterbukaanperdagangan dengan inflasi, tetapi hasil ini menjadi tidak signifikan ketika ERPTdimasukkan ke dalam persamaan regresi yang sama dengan keterbukaanperdagangan. Sementara itu, nilai ERPT selalu bersifat positif dan signifikandalam menjelaskan inflasi di setiap model regresi yang digunakan. Hasil empirisini membuktikan bahwa hipotesis Romer ditolak di negara-negara Asia danpergerakan nilai tukar terhadap harga impor bersifat penting untuk menjelaskankenaikan inflasi pada kawasan ini.

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ABSTRACTThis research tests the hypothesis first cited by Romer (1993) that there exists anegative relationship between trade openness and inflation. To verify theconsistency of the relationship sign, estimated values of exchange rate passthrough(ERPT) to import prices are taken into account as an importantdeterminant of inflation. This research examines the answer by employingunbalanced quarterly panel data in 6 (six) selected Asian countries under theperiod of 1994 to 2013. The result indicates that there exists a negativerelationship between trade openness and inflation; however, it becomes notsignificant when ERPT values are included in the same regression equation withtrade openness. On the other hand, ERPT is always positive and significant toexplain inflation in every regression model employed. The empirical resultconfirms the rejection of Romer?s hypothesis in Asian countries and thereforehighlights the importance of exchange rate movements towards import prices as afactor that brings inflationary effect within this region."

"The inflation - growth relationship for the inflation targeters is estimated for the period 2001 - 2006. The results show that inflation is negatively correlated with economic growth, while the indicators for aggregate demand and supply are positively correlated with economic growth...."

"[This book studies unemployment and inflation in economic crises, first considering the scenario of a demand shock in Europe. In that case, monetary and fiscal interaction would cause widespread oscillations in European unemployment and European inflation. And what is more, there would be equally far-reaching fluctuations in the European money supply and European government purchases. These monetary and fiscal interactions would have no effects on the American economy. Second, it examines the scenario of a supply shock in Europe, in which monetary and fiscal interactions would have no effects on European unemployment or European inflation, there would also be an explosion of European government purchases and an implosion of the European money supply. Monetary and fiscal interactions would produce uniform oscillations in American unemployment and American inflation. Lastly, also see an implosion of both the American money supply and American government purchases., This book studies unemployment and inflation in economic crises, first considering the scenario of a demand shock in Europe. In that case, monetary and fiscal interaction would cause widespread oscillations in European unemployment and European inflation. And what is more, there would be equally far-reaching fluctuations in the European money supply and European government purchases. These monetary and fiscal interactions would have no effects on the American economy. Second, it examines the scenario of a supply shock in Europe, in which monetary and fiscal interactions would have no effects on European unemployment or European inflation, there would also be an explosion of European government purchases and an implosion of the European money supply. Monetary and fiscal interactions would produce uniform oscillations in American unemployment and American inflation. Lastly, also see an implosion of both the American money supply and American government purchases.]"