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"Harimau sumatra menurut IUCN merupakan hewan dengan status terancam punah (Critically endangered), sehingga untuk mencegah dari kepunahan, dibutuhkan peningkatan populasi. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengamati dan menganalisis perilaku sosial dari harimau sumatra jantan dan betina yang mengarah pada perilaku reproduksi. Pengambilan data diambil menggunakan metode focal sampling dan ad libitum. Dilakukan selama tiga jam per hari dan interval lima menit dengan ulangan 18 hari, mulai dari April hingga Mei 2023. Subjek penelitan adalah harimau sumatra jantan dan betina di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan melihat perilaku sosial yang mengarah ke perilaku reproduksi pada harimau sumatra. Pengamatan dilakukan pada kandang tidur dengan adanya pemisah antara harimau sumatra jantan dan betina. Hasil yang di dapat dari penelitian ini adalah adanya perbedaan perilaku sosial pada kedua harimau sumatra. Perbedaan perilaku meliputi interaksi jantan mendekati betina (11,61±7,32), betina mendekati jantan (1±0), vokalisasi (102,6±35,59), menggeram (136,72±84,16), dan sifat agresif (27,08±20,78). Terdapat korelasi suhu dan kelembaban terhadap salah satu perilaku sosial harimau sumatra betina (Sig. (2-tailed) < 0,05) yaitu perilaku interaksi betina terhadap jantan (Sig. (2-tailed) = 0,044). Harimau sumatra jantan dan betina menunjukkan perilaku sosial seperti, adanya interaksi, vokalisasi, dan agresivitas, namun tidak di dapat perilaku sosial yang mengarah kepada perilaku reproduksi.

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IUCN has declared that Sumatran tiger has a status of critically endanger species and so to prevent it from extinction the raise of population is needed. This study aims to observed and analyze the social behavior of male and female sumatran tiger. This study also aims to observe if the social behavior will lead to reproductive behavior. The observation method use in this study is focal sampling, with addition of adlibitum. Data was collected by observing the social behavior that lead to reproductive behavior of sumatran tiger for 3 hours and five minute interval per day with 18 repetitions, starting from April to May 2023. The research subject were male sumatran tiger and female sumatran tiger in Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Observation were carried out in sleeping cages with a separation between male and female tiger. The result of this study were that there are differences of social behavior between male and female tiger including, male approach it’s conspecies (11,61±7,32), female approach it’s conspecies (1±0), vocalization (102,6±35,59, growling (136,72±84,16), and aggressive behavior (27,08±20,78). There is a correlation between temperature and humidity on one of the female sumatran tiger’s social behavior (Sig. (2-tailed) < 0,05) on female approach it’s conspecies (Sig. (2- tailed) = 0,044). Both male and female sumatran tiger shown social behavior including, interaction between each other, vocalization, and aggressive behavior but no social behavior that lead to reproductive behavior."

"Aktivitas pengunjung dapat memberikan dampak pada perilaku satwa di kebun binatang. Telah dilakukan penelitian pengaruh aktivitas pengunjung terhadap perilaku diurnal harimau sumatra (Panthera tigris sumatrae, Pocock 1929) hasil pertukaran di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi perilaku adaptasi harimau hasil pertukaran dikaitkan dengan aktivitas pengunjung. Fokus penelitian yaitu pada dua ekor harimau hasil pertukaran yang dibandingkan dengan dua ekor harimau TMR sebagai kontrol. Keempat harimau berjenis kelamin jantan dengan rentang usia yang tidak jauh berbeda. Penelitian dilakukan pada masa Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB) transisi DKI Jakarta, yaitu selama delapan pekan dari Juli sampai September 2020 mulai pukul 08.00—13.00 WIB. Metode yang digunakan ialah continuous focal sampling dan ad libitum dengan interval waktu 15 menit tanpa jeda. Perilaku yang diamati terbagi menjadi lima kategori, yaitu aktif, marking, lokomosi, istirahat, dan Abnormal Repetitive Behaviour (ARB). Kondisi pengunjung dibagi menjadi tiga kategori, yaitu aktivitas, kepadatan, dan kebisingan. Terdapat perbedaan kondisi pengunjung yang terjadi pada tiga kategori kondisi hari berbeda, yaitu hari libur kebun binatang, hari kerja, dan akhir pekan. Hasil pengamatan menggunakan uji t independen dengan α = 0,050 menunjukkan tidak adanya perbedaan yang signifikan antara harimau baru dan harimau lama pada perilaku aktif dan istirahat di ketiga kategori kondisi hari. Hal tersebut diasumsikan bahwa perilaku aktif dan istirahat harimau baru telah teradaptasi dengan lingkungan kandang TMR. Perbedaan yang signifikan muncul pada perilaku ARB saat hari libur kebun binatang, perilaku marking dan lokomosi saat hari kerja, dan perilaku marking, lokomosi, dan ARB saat akhir pekan. Perbedaan tersebut muncul karena adanya perbedaan kondisi kandang dan kemunculan kondisi pengunjung yang berbeda pada setiap kandang.

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Visitor’s activities can have an impact on animal’s behaviour in the zoo. Research about the effects of zoo visitors on the diurnal behaviour of exchanged Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae, Pocock 1929) program at Taman Margasatwa Ragunan (TMR) has been studied. The aim of this research is to identify the behavioral adaptation of two exchanged Sumatran tigers related to the zoo visitors’ activity. The main subjects of this research are the two (2) exchanged Sumatran tigers compared with two (2) TMR’s tigers as the control. All of them are male tigers which short-age differences. The Research has been studied while the transition of Mass Social Distancing or Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB) in DKI Jakarta enforced and lasted for eight (8) weeks from July until September 2020 start from 08.00—13.00 WIB (Western Indonesian Time). Continous focal sampling and ad libitum methods with fifteen (15) minutes interval without pause was used for this research. The focused behaviours were divided into five (5) categories: active, marking, locomotion, resting, and Abnormal Repetitive Behaviour (ARB). The visitor’s conditions were divided into three (3) categories: activity, density, and intensity. There were three conditions that represented zoo visitors: the closed day zoo, the weekdays, and the weekend. Based on the independent samples t-test with α = 0,050, it was shown, there were no significant difference between the exchanged and the control tigers in their active and resting behaviour on all conditions. Because of these, it could be assumed that the active and resting behaviour of new tigers have been adapted with TMR’s captive environment. The significant difference occurred on ARB when the closed day zoo, marking and locomotion behaviour on the weekdays, and marking, locomotion, and ARB on the weekend. It was because the difference of captive condition and the presence of zoo visitors on each captive."

"Harimau sumatra merupakan salah satu spesies endemik Indonesia yang keberadaannya terancam punah (critically endangered) menurut IUCN sehingga diperlukan upaya konservasi. Konservasi harimau sumatra dilakukan Taman Margasatwa Ragunan (TMR) beserta IUCN melalui program GSMP (Global Species Management Plan) yang dilakukan secara collaborative breeding. Collaborative breeding dilakukan dengan memasangkan betina asal TMR dengan jantan hasil pertukaran dengan Medan Zoo untuk mencegah inbreeding. Pemasangan harimau harus melalui proses introduksi dan interaksi keduanya perlu diamati. Oleh karena itu, penelitian dilakukan terhadap pasangan harimau sumatra untuk menganalisis perilaku sosial yang terjadi antara harimau sumatra jantan dan betina yang mungkin mengarah ke perilaku reproduksi. Metode scan sampling dan ad libitum digunakan dalam penelitian selama tiga jam perhari dengan total pengulangan sebanyak 23 kali dari Januari hingga Maret 2024. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan mengamati perilaku sosial dan reproduksi harimau sumatra jantan dan betina di kandang dalam Zona Harimau 1 Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Hasil dari penelitian ini didominasi oleh perilaku sosial berupa perilaku saling mendekati (♀ 26,29%; ♂ 21,58%). Perilaku chuffing, head rubbing dan sniffing lebih sering dilakukan kedua harimau sumatra dibandingkan dengan perilaku growl dan aggression. Jantan dan betina juga melakukan perilaku reproduksi, yaitu flehmen, sedangkan mating call dan sniffing genitalia hanya dilakukan oleh jantan. Penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya perilaku sosial harimau sumatra yang mengarah pada perilaku reproduksi, yaitu perilaku chuffing, head rubbing, body rubbing, flehmen dan sniffing genitalia.

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The sumatran tiger is one of Indonesia's endemic species that is critically endangered according to the IUCN so that conservation efforts are needed. Sumatran tiger conservation is carried out by Ragunan Zoo (TMR) and IUCN through the GSMP (Global Species Management Plan) by doing collaborative breeding. Collaborative breeding is done by pairing female from TMR with male from Medan Zoo to prevent inbreeding. The pairing of tigers must go through an introduction process and their interactions need to be observed. Therefore, research was conducted on pairs of sumatran tigers to analyze the social behaviors that occurs between male and female sumatran tigers that may lead to reproductive behavior. Scan sampling and ad libitum methods were used in the study for three hours per day with a total of 23 repetitions from January to March 2024. Data were collected by observing the social and reproductive behavior of male and female sumatran tigers in sleeping cages, Tiger Zone 1 of Ragunan Zoo. The results of this study were dominated by social behavior in the form of approaching behavior (♀ 26,29%; ♂ 21,58%). Chuffing, head rubbing and sniffing behaviors were more often performed by both sumatran tigers compared to growl and aggression behaviors. Male and female sumatran tigers also perform reproductive behaviors, such as flehmen, while mating calls and genitalia sniffing are only done by male. This study shows the existence of social behavior of sumatran tigers that lead to reproductive behavior, such as chuffing, head rubbing, body rubbing, flehmen and sniffing genitalia."

"Sebagai harimau terakhir yang ada di Indonesia dan dengan banyaknya ancaman kepunahan yang dihadapi subspesies ini, upaya konservasi harimau sumatra memerlukan perhatian khusus. Salah satu strategi konservasi bagi spesies terancam punah adalah program penangkaran ex situ dan kebun binatang memiliki peran dan tanggungjawab penting dalam implementasinya. Kebijakan manajemen genetik harimau sumatra di penangkaran tersebut perlu ditinjau dengan metode molekuler agar efektivitasnya dapat dipantau dengan lebih baik. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan tujuan untuk mengamati kekerabatan harimau sumatra di Taman Safari Indonesia melalui pendekatan genetik, menggunakan empat belas lokus markah molekuler mikrosatelit dari sembilan individu anggota populasi harimau sumatra di Taman Safari Indonesia. Hasil yang diamati menunjukkan bahwa kekerabatan rata-rata antarindividu di dalam populasi ini lebih rendah dari biasa (r = -0,13), dan heterozigositasnya lebih tinggi dari ekspektasi sehingga koefisien inbreeding-nya bernilai negatif pula (Fis = -0.245). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak teramati adanya inbreeding, sehingga kesehatan genetik populasi ini dianggap baik. Namun, potensi dari terjadinya outbreeding depression belum dapat diamati karena metode yang digunakan ini ditujukan untuk mengamati terjadinya inbreeding yang umum dianggap sebagai ancaman utama dari populasi satwa di penangkaran. Pengamatan ini menunjukkan bahwa diperlukan adanya pendekatan manajemen genetik yang lebih komprehensif untuk menjaga keragaman dan kesehatan genetik harimau sumatra di Taman Safari Indonesia.

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As the last surviving tiger in Indonesia, considering the many threats to extinction this subspecies is facing, conservation efforts for sumatran tigers require great care. One effective conservation strategy for endangered species involves a captive breeding program and zoos have important roles and responsibilities in its implementation. Such a genetic management policy for a captive breeding facility requires an assessment through molecular means so that its efficacy can be monitored. This study is done with the aim to observe the relatedness of sumatran tigers in Taman Safari Indonesia using fourteen microsatellite loci markers from nine individuals among the Taman Safari Indonesia sumatran tiger population. The results show that the mean pairwise relatedness among the individuals in this population is lower than usual (r = -0,13), and the heterozygosity is also higher than expected which leads to a negative inbreeding coefficient value (Fis = -0,245). This reveals that no inbreeding has been observed, which likely indicates the genetic health of this population is not at risk. However, the risk of outbreeding depression could not be ruled out, because the method used is intended to observe the presence of inbreeding, which is the more commonly investigated threat to a population’s genetic health in captivity. These findings suggest that there needs to be a more comprehensive approach to the population’s genetic management to preserve the genetic diversity and health of sumatran tigers in Taman Safari Indonesia."

"Harimau sumatera di penangkaran dapat menunjukkan perubahan perilaku dalambentuk perilaku stereotipe. Kegiatan tindakan medis pun dapat menyebabkancedera saat handling dan stres pada satwa. Teknik enrichment (pengayaan) sudahdikenal mampu mengurangi perilaku stereotipe dan stres harimau di penangkaran.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengevaluasi teknik environmental enrichment, food enrichment dan social enrichment pada harimau sumatera di Rescue Centre Tambling Wildlife Nature Conservation (Tambling), (2) mengevaluasi hubungan perilaku stereotipe dengan stres fisiologis harimau sumatera melalui rasio neutrofil per limfosit (Rasio N/L). Obyek penelitian ini ialah 4 ekor harimau sumatera (1 betina dan 3 jantan) di Rescue Centre Tambling. Kayu untuk environmentalenrichment, daging ayam segar untuk food enrichment dan positive reinforcementconditioning (PRC) untuk social enrichment harimau digunakan pada penelitian ini.Pengamatan perilaku harimau dilakukan selama 2 bulan (baseline) dan 2 bulan(post-enrichment) dengan metode focal animal sampling dalam radius <10 m.Koleksi sampel darah dilakukan 2 kali setelah pengamatan perilaku baseline danpost-enrichment. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan teknik social enrichment palingefektif (Z = -,0730, P = 0,465<0,05) dibandingkan environmental & foodenrichment. Pemeriksaan medis dan tindakan medis dapat lebih mudah dilakukandengan PRC. Hasil rasio N/L tidak berkorelasi dengan perilaku stereotipe harimausumatera (x2 = 3, P = 0,392 > 0,05). Hasil rasio N/L tersebut menandakan bahwaperilaku sterotipe harimau merupakan bentuk coping mechanism di RC Tambling.

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Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae, Pocock, 1929) shows behavioural change

such as stereotype behaviour in captivity as a wild carnivore. Handling wild animals

on medical procedures often cause stress and injury. Enrichment techniques are

well known for reducing tiger’s stereotype behaviour and stress. This research aims

to (1) evaluate suitable enrichment techniques (between food enrichment,

environmental enrichment and social enrichment) on Sumatran tiger and (2)

evaluate the correlation between stereotype behaviour and physiological stress

through neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (N/L Ratio). This research was conducted at

Tambling Wildlife Nature Conservation Rescue Centre and 4 tigers as subjects (1

female, 3 males). Novel wood as environmental enrichment, fresh chicken meat as

food enrichment and positive reinforcement conditioning (PRC) as social

enrichment were used on this research. Behavioural observations were conducted

with focal continuous animal sampling in two months as a baseline and two months

post-enrichment. The distance between observer and the subject was within 10

metres. Blood sample collections were conducted twice after the behavioural

observations. The N/L ratio was counted on the field to minimize the damage of the

sample during transportation to the laboratory. The result showed that social

enrichment is the most effective (Z = -,0730, P = 0,465<0,05) compared to food

enrichment and environmental enrichment. Medical check-up and procedure could

be more convenient using PRC on the tiger. N/L ratio indicated there was no

significant correlation between stereotype behaviour and physiological stress (x2=

3, P = 0,392 > 0,05). The four"

"Harimau sumatra (Panthera tigris sumatrae, Pocock 1929) adalah subspesies harimau dengan status konservasi kritis (Crtically Endangered) yang diakibatkan oleh perdagangan ilegal. Identifikasi molekular dengan menggunakan teknik Forensically Informative Nucleotide Sequencing (FINS) dibutuhkan. Penggunaan teknik FINS memanfaatkan daerah tertentu pada DNA mitokondria (mtDNA) sebagai markah, seperti Cytochrome b. Penelitian bertujuan untuk merancang primer spesifik harimau sumatra menggunakan gen Cyt b dan membandingkannya dengan penggunaan primer universal harimau (Panthera tigris) Tig117F/Tig231R dalam mendeteksi variasi haplotipe harimau sumatra. Studi ini perlu dilakukan untuk membantu proses identifikasi terkait informasi asal usul populasi sampel barang sitaan, sebagai langkah untuk mendukung upaya konservasi dan penegakan hukum atas kejahatan terhadap harimau sumatra melalui aplikasi forensik molekuler. Sebanyak 15 sampel dari asal lokasi yang berbeda diamplifikasi dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan primer yang dirancang dalam studi ini (Pts_Cytb) dan Tig. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa primer Pts_Cytb dapat digunakan untuk identifikasi harimau sumatra. Berdasarkan hasil rekonstruksi pohon filogenetik dan analisis haplotipe, primer Pts_Cytb dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi variasi haplotipe harimau sumatra. Sebanyak empat haplotipe ditemukan tersebar pada wilayah asal sampel. Jumlah sampel yang terbatas menyebabkan persebaran haplotipe harimau sumatra secara keseluruhan belum dapat digambarkan.

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Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae, Pocock 1929) is a subspecies of tiger with critical conservation status (Crtically Endangered) resulting from illegal trade. Molecular identification using Forensically Informative Nucleotide Sequencing (FINS) techniques is required. The use of the FINS technique utilizes certain regions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) as markers, such as Cytochrome b. The aim of this study was to design a specific primer for sumatran tigers using the Cyt b gene and to compare it with the use of a universal primer for tiger (Panthera tigris) Tig117F/Tig231R in detecting haplotype variations for sumatran tigers. This study needs to be carried out to assist the identification process regarding information on the origin of the population of confiscated samples, as a step to support conservation and law enforcement efforts for crimes against sumatran tigers through the application of molecular forensics. A total of 15 samples from different locations were amplified and analyzed using the primer designed in this study (Pts_Cytb) and Tig. The results of the analysis show that the Pts_Cytb primer can be used to identify the sumatran tiger. Based on the results of phylogenetic tree reconstruction and haplotype analysis, the Pts_Cytb primer can be used to detect sumatran tiger haplotype variations. A total of four haplotypes were found scattered in the area of origin of the samples. The limited number of samples meant that the overall distribution of Sumatran tiger haplotypes could not be described."

"Anoa dataran rendah kini berstatus terancam punah sehingga perlu dikonservasi secara ex-situ seperti di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan (TMR). Ditemukannya kasus perkawinan sedarah anoa di TMR mendorong mereka untuk terlibat dalam program collaborative captive breeding antarhabitat ex-situ di bawah pedoman Global Species Management Plan (GSMP) untuk meningkatkan keragaman genetik anoa. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis perilaku sosial dan reproduksi anoa jantan di TMR untuk mengevaluasi kesiapannya sebelum dipasangkan dengan anoa betina hasil pertukaran. Pengamatan terhadap satu ekor anoa jantan dewasa dilakukan selama 2 bulan (Januari—Maret 2024) dengan metode scan sampling dan ad libitum, mencakup 60 sampling point dari 38 hari pengamatan. Hasil menunjukkan variasi aktivitas harian dan kecenderungan berinteraksi secara sosial dan reproduktif oleh anoa jantan, ditandai dengan perilaku approaching, vocalization, dan sniffing (termasuk flehmen) meski terhalang pagar pemisah dengan anoa betina di kandang sebelahnya. Anoa jantan secara keseluruhan menunjukkan ketertarikan dan pendekatan aktif untuk berinteraksi sosial dan reproduksi, sehingga dapat mendukung potensi keberhasilan program breeding.

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The lowland anoa is an endangered species which requires ex-situ conservation efforts like those at Taman Margasatwa Ragunan (TMR). Inbreeding cases discovered at TMR prompted their participation in a collaborative captive breeding program guided by the Global Species Management Plan (GSMP) aimed at increasing the genetic diversity of anoa. This study focused on observing the social and reproductive behavior of a male anoa at TMR as part of evaluating his readiness to be paired with an exchange-bred female anoa. The observation of one adult male anoa was conducted for two months (January—March 2024) using scan sampling and ad libitum method, covering 60 sampling points from 38 observation days. The results revealed that male anoa engaged in various daily activities and exhibited a propensity for social and reproductive behaviors, such as approaching, vocalization, and sniffing (including flehmen), despite being separated by fences from a female anoa in the adjacent enclosure. The overall observations suggest that male anoa displayed interest and actively sought social and reproductive interactions, supporting the potential success of the breeding program."

"Pengelompokkan sosial dan kondisi lingkungan yang tercipta di kebun binatang dapat memengaruhi perilaku reproduksi gajah sumatra. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi dan menganalisis perilaku reproduksi tahap pre-copulatory sebagai perilaku diurnal pada gajah sumatra (Elephas maximus sumatranus, Temminck 1847) jantan adolescence di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Penelitian dilakukan selama masa Pemberlakuan Pembatasan Kegiatan Masyarakat (PPKM) level 3 di DKI Jakarta. Waktu pengamatan dimulai pukul 08.00—14.00 WIB dengan interval waktu 15 menit selama 60 hari. Metode pengamatan yang digunakan adalah continuous focal sampling dan ad libitum untuk mengamati perilaku pre-copulatory meliputi flehmen, agonistic, reaching over, drive, erection, dan attempt mount. Penelitian pula dilakukan untuk mengamati perilaku harian dan perilaku interaksi sosial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perilaku harian dan interaksi sosial tertinggi gajah sumatra jantan adolescence di TMR yaitu makan (55,26%) dan conspecific play (0,96%). Gajah sumatra jantan adolescence hanya menunjukkan perilaku flehmen kepada gajah betina yang dikandangkan bersama dengan persentase sebesar 0,114% (0,107%: alpha female; 0,007%: betina subordinat). Perilaku flehmen ditunjukkan oleh gajah jantan adolescence saat betina urinasi di hari ke-11 hingga 14. Peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa gajah sumatra jantan adolescence yang terdapat di TMR sudah melewati inisiasi pubertas dengan menunjukkan perilaku reproduksi pre-copulatory yaitu flehmen kepada gajah betina dewasa.

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Social groupings and environmental conditions in zoos can affect the reproductive behaviour of elephant. This study evaluated the pre-copulatory behaviour as diurnal pattern of adolescent male sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus, Temminck 1847) at Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Observations have been carried out sixty days during the implementation of the third level of community activity restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic in the DKI Jakarta province, starting from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m. with an interval of 15 minutes. Continuous focal sampling and ad libitum were employed as study methods to observe the pre-copulatory behaviour, including flehmen, agonistic, reaching over, drive, erection, and attempt mount. Furthermore, the researcher observed daily and social interaction behaviour. Daily behaviour and social interaction behaviour of adolescent male sumatran elephant in TMR dominated by feeding (55.26%) and conspecific play (0.96%). The results showed that adolescent male sumatran elephant only performed flehmen behaviour to female elephant, caged together with 0.114% (0.017%: alpha female; 0.007%: subordinate female). Flehmen’s behaviour was shown by an adolescent male sumatran elephant when a female elephant urinated on days 11—14. Thus, this study reports that adolescent male sumatran elephant passed the initial of puberty by showing flehmen as precopulatory behaviour to female elephant."

"Banteng jawa (Bos javanicus javanicus) merupakan spesies yang terancam punah akibat berbagai aktivitas manusia, sehingga perlu dilakukan konservasi secara ex-situ seperti di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Masalah baru, yaitu inbreeding, terjadi sehingga dilakukan pertukaran individu banteng jawa berdasarkan rekomendasi Global Species Management Plans (GSMP) untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perilaku reproduksi dan interaksi banteng jawa jantan dan betina yang dipasangkan melalui program GSMP. Subjek penelitian ini adalah satu individu banteng jawa jantan (J1) asal Taman Margasatwa Ragunan, yang dipasangkan dengan satu banteng jawa betina (B1) asal Taman Safari Prigen, serta satu banteng jawa betina (B2) asal Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Penelitian dilakukan selama dua bulan (Januari—Maret 2024) sebanyak 5 (lima) kali dalam sepekan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan merupakan scan sampling dan ad libitum dengan interval 5 (lima) menit tanpa jeda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase perilaku harian tertinggi pada J1 dan B1 merupakan perilaku makan, diikuti dengan perilaku istirahat dan lokomosi. Persentase perilaku sosial positif, seperti approaching dan allogrooming, antara J1 dengan B1 tinggi, tetapi agonistic action juga cukup tinggi. Perilaku sosial yang paling dominan teramati merupakan perilaku approaching yang dilakukan J1 terhadap B1. Perilaku reproduksi berupa sniffing genitalia, licking genitalia, dan flehmen dapat teramati. Persentase perilaku reproduksi antara J1 dengan B1 yang dipasangkan lebih rendah dibandingkan J1 dengan B2, sedangkan perilaku mounting hingga kopulasi tidak teramati.

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Javan banteng (Bos javanicus javanicus) is a species that is categorized endangered due to various human activities that lead to the need for ex-situ conservation, such as in Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Another problem that is inbreeding occurred, then the javan banteng were exchanged based on the recommendations of the Global Species Management Plans (GSMP) to solve this problem. This study aims to analyze the reproductive behavior and interactions of male and female javan banteng that was paired through the GSMP. The subject of this study was a male javan banteng (J1) from Taman Margasatwa Ragunan that was paired with a female javan banteng (B1) from Taman Safari Prigen, and a female javan banteng (B2) from Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. This study was conducted from January to March 2024 for 5 days a week. The research methods used were scan sampling and ad libitum with 5 minutes intervals without pause. The results showed that the highest percentage of daily behavior of J1 and B1 was eating behavior, followed by resting and locomotion behavior. Percentage of positive social behaviors, such as approaching and allogrooming between J1 and B1 was high, but the agonistic actions was also quite high. The most dominant social behavior observed was approaching behavior of J1 towards B1. Reproductive behaviors such as sniffing genitalia, licking genitalia, and flehmen were observed. Reproductive behaviors between J1 and B1, that was paired, are found lower than J1 and B2. Mounting and copulation behavior were not observed."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian terhadap perilaku pengasuhan anak pada keluarga Macaca hecki Matschie, 1901 di Pusat Primata Schmutzer, Taman Margasatwa Ragunan Jakarta. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengamati pengasuhan terhadap infant yang ditempatkan dalam satu kelompok dan ada atau tidaknya keterlibatan anggota keluarga lain dalam peran pengasuhan. Metode yang digunakan yaitu focal animal sampling dan ad libitum sampling dengan interval waktu 10 menit tanpa jeda selama 25 hari dengan total waktu 7500 menit. Pengamatan dilakukan selama lima hari dalam sepekan. Pengamatan perilaku pengasuhan dimulai pada pukul 09.00--15.00 WIB. Waktu pengamatan disesuaikan dengan Macaca hecki yang bersifat diurnal aktif pada pagi hingga sore hari dan disesuaikan dengan perizinan yang diberikan oleh pihak Taman Margasatwa Ragunan, Jakarta. Aktivitas pengasuhan yang diamati berupa perilaku menggendong, menelisik, mendekat, istirahat, bergerak, kontak tubuh, menyusui dan penolakan. Subjek pengamatan yaitu satu kelompok Macaca hecki yang terdiri dari induk jantan, induk betina, empat ekor anak dan satu infant. Pola pengasuhan yang terjadi menunjukan induk betina mendominasi dari seluruh perilaku harian aktivitas pengasuhan sebesar 92,99, diikuti oleh kakak ketiga 11, kakak keempat 4,5, kakak pertama 4,195, kakak kedua 3,56 serta induk jantan 0,09. Aktivitas perilaku pengasuhan yang mendominasi adalah aktivitas istirahat.

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Research has been toward parenting behavior of Macaca hecki Matcshie, 1901 family in Pusat Primata Schmutzer, Taman Margasatwa Ragunan Jakarta. Research conducted to observe parenting toward infant that placed in one group family and the presence or absence of other family members 39 involvement in parenting roles. The focal animal sampling and ad libitum sampling methods is used to record parenting behavior within 10 minute intervals without interlude of 25 days with a total time of 7500 minutes. Observations were made five days a week. Observation of parenting behavior begins at 09.00 15.00 WIB. The observation time is adjusted to diurnal Macaca hecki active in the morning to late afternoon and adjusted to the permission given by the Taman Margasatwa Ragunan, Jakarta. Parenting activities observed include carrying, allogrooming, approaching, resting, moving, body contact, breastfeeding and rejection. The subject of observation is one group family of Macaca hecki include male parent, female parent, four childerns and one infant. The pattern of parenting that occurs shows the female parent dominates from all the daily behavior of parenting activities by 92.99, followed by third sister 11, fourth brother 4.5, first brother 4.195, second sister 3.56 and male parent 0.09. Resting is the activities of parenting behavior that dominate."