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"Regionalisme merupakan satu dari banyak konsep yang sangat identik dengan studi Ilmu Hubungan Internasional. Kajian mengenai regionalisme sendiri telah mengalami proliferasi sejak berakhirnya Perang Dunia 2, dimulai dari upaya negara-negara Eropa untuk mencegah terjadinya konflik antar negara dalam skala besar pada masa yang akan datang, pembuatan kebijakan top-down dari negara menghasilkan institusi-institusi internasional yang berfungsi untuk memfasilitasi dialog dan kerja sama antar negara dalam konteks wilayah-wilayah tertentu. Seiring berjalannya waktu, fenomena regionalisme ini mulai muncul pada sejumlah wilayah-wilayah di dunia, tak terkecuali wilayah-wilayah yang memiliki latar belakang pasca-kolonial seperti Afrika Timur, Asia Tenggara, dan wilayah yang menjadi fokus literatur penulis kali ini, yakni Asia Selatan. Berdasarkan gambaran tersebut, literatur ini bertujuan untuk meninjau literatur-literatur akademik terdahulu dalam yang membahas mengenai fenomena regionalisme di wilayah Asia Selatan. Jenis-jenis literatur yang digunakanpun beragam, dari mulai artikel jurnal hingga bab-bab dalam buku akademik. Secara garis besar, tulisan ini adalah tinjauan literatur akademik yang mengaplikasikan metode pengorganisasian taksonomi yang menyertakan 46 literatur akademik yang terakreditasi dan dikelompokkan menjadi empat tema besar, yakni: (1) Orientasi Regionalisme Asia Selatan, (2) Peran Aktor Regionalisme Asia Selatan, (3) Manifestasi Regionalisme Asia Selatan, dan (4) Reorientasi Regionalisme Asia Selatan. Penulis menemukan bahwa pembentukan regionalisme Asia Selatan kontemporer memiliki asal muasal pada era pra-kolonial, melalui penanaman sejumlah institusi pemerintahan yang dilakukan oleh otoritas kekuasaan lokal pada kala itu. Namun dewasa ini, regionalisme Asia Selatan lebih identik dengan kata-kata seperti “perpecahan”, “persengketaan”, dan minimnya kerja sama antar negara-negara anggotanya secara umum. Situasi ini berdasar kepada tingginya peran aktor negara dalam mengarahkan kebijakan luar negeri di kawasan, yang disertakan dengan tingginya rasa ketidakpercayaan antara dua aktor negara paling dominan di kawasan, yakni India dan Pakistan. Pada akhirnya, tingginya dominasi dan rendahnya tingkat kepercayaan antara kedua negara ini telah menghambat regionalisme Asia Selatan selama lebih dari 7 dekade, terlepas dari keberadaan SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) sebagai institusi regional selama 4 dekade terakhir.

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Regionalism is one of many concepts closely associated with the study of International Relations. The study of regionalism itself has proliferated since the end of World War II, starting with the efforts of European countries to prevent large-scale conflicts among nations in the future. This resulted in a top-down policy-making of states which bring about the creation of international institutions to facilitate dialogue and cooperation among countries in specific regional contexts. Over time, this phenomenon of regionalism began to appear in various regions worldwide, including post-colonial regions like East Africa, Southeast Asia, and the focus of this literature, South Asia. Based on this overview, this literature aims to review earlier academic works that discuss the phenomenon of regionalism in the South Asian region. Various types of literature are used, ranging from journal articles to chapters in academic books. Broadly speaking, this writing is an academic literature review that applies the taxonomy organizing method, including 46 accredited academic literatures which is categorized into four major themes: (1) The Orientation of South Asian Regionalism, (2) The Role of Actors in South Asian Regionalism, (3) South Asian Regionalism’s Manifestations, and (4) The Reorientation of South Asian Regionalism. The author’s findings found out that the formation of contemporary South Asian regionalism has its origins in the pre-colonial era through the establishment of various governance institutions by local authorities at that time. However, today, South Asian regionalism is more-often-thannot, synonymous with words such as “division”, “disputes”, and an overall lack of cooperation among its member countries. This situation is based on the significant role of state actors in directing national foreign policies in the region, accompanied by a high level of distrust between the two most dominant state actors in the region, namely India and Pakistan. Ultimately, the high dominance and the accompanying low level of trust between these two countries have hindered South Asian regionalism for more than seven decades, despite the existence of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) as a regional institution for the last four decades."

"Regionalisme merupakan konsep yang sering ditemukan dalam studi ilmu hubungan internasional. Konsep ini berkaitan erat dengan kerja sama sejumlah negara guna mencapai sebuah tingkat kedekatan sebagai suatu kawasan. Asia Timur merupakan salah satu kawasan yang tengah melangsungkan proses regionalisme semenjak tahun 1990-an. Tulisan ini merupakan tinjauan literatur yang bertujuan untuk memetakan literatur- literatur akademik mengenai regionalisme Asia Timur. Pemetaan mencakupi 31 literatur yang dikelompokkan ke dalam tiga tema dengan menggunakan metode taksonomi. Ketiga tema tersebut, antara lain: (1) karakteristik regionalisme Asia Timur; (2) upaya membangun regionalisme Asia Timur; dan (3) perkembangan regionalisme Asia Timur. Setelah melakukan pembacaan terhadap literatur yang dikumpulkan, tulisan ini mengidentifikasi konsensus, perdebatan, dan kesenjangan yang ada di dalam literatur akademik terkait topik regionalisme Asia Timur. Berdasarkan temuan di dalam tinjauan literatur ini, regionalisme Asia Timur tidak akan mengalami peningkatan ke depannya sebagaimana para akademisi memiliki skeptisisme terhadap perkembangan proses regionalisme. Pada bagian akhir dari tulisan ini, penulis memberikan rekomendasi terhadap penelitian selanjutnya terkait dengan topik regionalisme Asia Timur.

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Regionalism is a concept that appears frequently in the study of international relations. This concept is strongly related to the cooperation of several nations in order to reach a degree of regional connectedness. East Asia is one of the regions that has been undergoing a regionalism process since the 1990s. The purpose of this paper is to map academic literature on East Asian regionalism. The mapping covers 31 literatures that are classified into three themes based on taxonomic method. The three themes are: (1) the characteristics of East Asian regionalism; (2) efforts to build East Asian regionalism; and (3) the development of East Asian regionalism. After reading the collected literatures, this paper identifies the consensus, debates, and gaps on the topic of East Asian regionalism. According to the findings of this literature review, East Asian regionalism will not flourish in the future as the scholars are skeptical of the development on the regionalism process. At the end of the paper, the author provide recommendations for further study on the topic of East Asian regionalism."

"ABSTRAKKawasan Asia Tenggara merupakan salah satu kawasan penting dalam mengkaji perdebatan dan perkembangan konsep regionalisme. Pada kawasan Asia Tenggara, isu yang paling sering dibahas ialah mengenai regionalisme ekonomi. Negara-negara anggota kawasan Asia Tenggara berusaha melakukan integrasi ekonomi guna meningkatkan kondisi pertumbuhan ekonomi masing-masing negara. Namun demikian, berdasarkan kajian empiris terdapat ragam pandangan dalam menelaah dinamika perkembangan regionalisme ekonomi di Asia Tenggara. Oleh karena itu, tinjauan pustaka ini akan memetakan persebaran pandangan dari dinamika perkembangan regionalisme ekonomi di Asia Tenggara dengan menggunakan tiga pandangan utama Ilmu Hubungan Internasional. Pandangan pesimis muncul dari pendekatan realisme bahwa terdapat hambatan-hambatan berupa pengaruh negara ekstra-kawasan, kebijakan proteksionisme dan kebijakan bilateralisme. Sedangkan pandangan optimis berasal dari pendekatan liberalisme, yakni pengaruh kelompok pro-liberalisasi, karakteristik dari open regionalism, pandangan ekonomi neoklasik, dan penguatan elemen institusi. Kemudian, perspektif strukturalisme ekonomi melihat bahwa model neoliberalisme yang berjalan perlu diganti dengan model ekonomi lainnya. Selain itu, tinjauan pustaka ini menemukan enam kesenjangan literatur dalam kajian regionalisme ekonomi Asia Tenggara, yakni kesenjangan literatur dari perspektif realisme, liberalisme, dan strukturalisme ekonomi, tren pembahasan literatur per periode, ketiadaan kajian konstruktivisme, dan rendahnya pembahasan kajian ASEAN Post 2015. Berdasarkan hasil tinjauan pustaka ini, terbuka kajian penelitian lanjutan yang dapat dikaji dari aspek praktis, politik-ekonomi, ataupun akademis, beragam penelitian baru seperti penggunaan pendekatan konstruktivisme.

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ABSTRACTSoutheast Asia is one of the regions that worth to consider as a subject to analyzethe debate of development of regionalism concept. In Southeast Asia, theprominence issue is the economic regionalism. All member countries in the regionhave tried to build economic integration to increase their economic growth.However, based on empirical studies, there are many perspectives have been usedto analyze the dynamics of economic regionalism. Therefore, this literature reviewis focused to mapping the perspectives on the dynamics of development ofeconomic regionalism in Southeast Asia using three main perspectives ofInternational Relations. Literature from realism perspective has seen the skepticalpoint with themes like the influence of extra region countries, protectionismpolicy, and bilateralism policy. Meanwhile liberalism perspective has seen thateconomic regionalism in Southeast Asia has the positive point of views such aspro liberalization group, characteristic of open regionalism Southeast Asia,neoclassical economic perspective, and enhancement of institution. Whereas,economic structuralism argued economic regionalism in Southeast Asia need toshift from using neoliberalism to another model of economic development.Besides that, this literature review found six literature gap of economicregionalism in Southeast Asia, i.e. literature gap from three main perspectives,realism, liberalism and economic structuralism the debate of economicregionalism based on periods the absence of constructivism analyses and theshortage study about ASEAN Post 2015. The result of the literature review isshown that there are many studies still need to be done, in a practical aspect ofpolitical economy or academic aspect, new research that using constructivismperspective as tool of analyses."

"Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk memahami pandangan akademis terkait kondisi dan perkembangan regionalisme keamanan di Asia Tengah pasca-Perang Dingin. Literatur-literatur yang ditinjau terorganisasi dalam lima periodisasi, yakni 1991-1997, 1997-2001, 2001-2004, 2004-2011, dan 2011-2016. Sejak berakhirnya Perang Dingin, negara-negara internal kawasan harus mengelola keamanan regional secara mandiri. Regionalisme keamanan dianggap sebagai solusi yang memungkinkan atas isu-isu keamanan di kawasan tersebut. Meski demikian, para cendekiawan menganggap perkembangan regionalisme keamanan di Asia Tengah terhambat bahkan hingga saat ini. Penyebabnya berasal dari negara-negara internal dan eksternal kawasan. Di satu sisi, negara-negara internal memprioritaskan hubungan bilateral dan pemenuhan kepentingan domestik daripada integrasi regional. Di sisi lain, kuatnya kepentingan dan pengaruh aktor-aktor eksternal mdash;mulai dari Rusia, Tiongkok, Amerika Serikat, hingga beberapa organisasi multilateral mdash;semakin menghalangi penguatan regionalisme keamanan. Potensi persaingan antarnegara eksternal juga menambah kerumitan karena negara-negara internal masih akan memihak pada Rusia demi menjaga status quo kawasan dan keamanan masing-masing. Akibatnya, regionalisme keamanan cenderung semakin tersisihkan dari agenda keamanan kawasan.

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This paper aims to understand the academic views regarding the condition and development of security regionalism in the post Cold War Central Asia. The reviewed literature is organized into five periodizations, which are 1991 1997, 1997 2001, 2001 2004, 2004 2011, and 2011 2016. Since the end of the Cold War, the region rsquo s internal states have to manage their regional security independently. Security regionalism was seen as a possible solution for the security issues in the region. However, scholars have perceived that the development of security regionalism in Central Asia is hindered even until now. The causes were rooted from the internal and external states. On one hand, internal states have been prioritizing on bilateral relations and the fulfillment of domestic interests instead of regional integration. On the other hand, strong influence and interests of external actors mdash namely Russia, China, United States, and some multilateral organizations mdash further impede the reinforcement of security regionalism. The likelihood of rivalries between external states also heightens the complexity because internal states will still side with Russia in order to maintain the region rsquo s status quo and their own security. As a consequence, the security regionalism gets even more sidelined from the region rsquo s security agenda."

""The Routledge handbook of Asian regionalism is a definitive introduction to, and analysis of, the development of regionalism in Asia, including coverage of East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia. The contributors engage in a comprehensive exploration of what is arguably the most dynamic and important region in the world. Significantly, this volume addresses the multiple manifestations of regionalism in Asia and is consequently organised thematically under the headings of: - conceptualizing the region - economic issues - political issues - strategic issues - regional organizations. As such, the handbook presents some of the key elements of the competing interpretations of this important and highly contested topic, giving the reader a chance to evaluate not just where Asian regionalism is going but also how the scholarship on Asian regionalism is analysing these trends and events."--Publisher's description."

"Fenomena regionalisme ekonomi yang berlangsung di kawasan Asia-Pasifik pasca berakhirnya Perang Dingin memiliki karakteristik yang unik dan berbeda dibandingkan dengan regionalisme ekonomi yang terjadi di kawasan lainnya. Karakteristik utama dari regionalisme ekonomi di kawasan Asia-Pasifik adalah prinsip open regionalism. Pemahaman lebih lanjut mengenai fenomena regionalisme ekonomi di kawasan Asia-Pasifik dan prinsip open regionalism dapat ditelaah melalui eksistensi Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). APEC merupakan pelopor kerangka kerja sama ekonomi regional antarnegara di kawasan Asia-Pasifik yang berfokus pada agenda liberalisasi perekonomian regional. Penulisan tinjauan literatur ini bertujuan untuk meneliti eksistensi APEC dalam dinamika regionalisme ekonomi di kawasan Asia-Pasifik melalui metode kronologi. Berdasarkan metode kronologi, penulisan tinjauan literatur ini membagi periodisasi perkembangan kajian literatur tentang APEC ke dalam tiga periode yang berbeda. Tiga periode perkembangan kajian literatur tentang APEC tersebut terbagi menjadi (1) Periode I (Formative Years, 1990-1994), (2) Periode II (Stagnation Years, 1995-2001), dan (3) Periode III (Adjustment Years, 2002-2009). Penulisan tinjauan literatur ini mengidentifikasi bahwa terdapat lima isu dominan yang berkaitan erat dengan eksistensi APEC dalam dinamika regionalisme ekonomi di kawasan Asia-Pasifik, antara lain isu kepemimpinan, isu pembentukan kerja sama, isu pembentukan institusi, isu integrasi regional, dan isu tata kelola regional. Penulisan tinjauan literatur ini juga mengamati bahwa dalam kondisi internasional dan regional Asia-Pasifik yang terkini, APEC mengalami peralihan fokus pada agenda kerja sama ekonomi regionalnya, yang pada awalnya berfokus pada agenda liberalisasi ekonomi regional menjadi agenda integrasi ekonomi regional.

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The phenomenon of economic regionalism which occurs in the Asia-Pacific region after the end of the Cold War has unique and distinct characteristics compared to the economic regionalism that happens in other regions. The main characteristic of economic regionalism that takes place in the Asia-Pacific region is the principle of open regionalism. Further comprehension of the phenomenon of economic regionalism in the Asia-Pacific region and also the principle of open regionalism can be examined through the existence of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). APEC is the pioneer of the framework of regional intergovernmental economic cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region which focuses on the agenda of regional economic liberalization. This literature review aims to examine the existence of APEC in the dynamics of economic regionalism in the Asia-Pacific region by applying the method of chronology.

Based on the application of the method of chronology, this literature review divides the periodization of the evolution of a series of relevant literature about APEC into three different periods. The periodization is divided into (1) Period I (Formative Years, 1990-1994), (2) Period II (Stagnation Years, 1995-2001), and (3) Period III (Adjustment Years, 2002-2009). This literature review identified that there are five dominant issues which are closely related to the existence of APEC in the dynamics of economic regionalism in the Asia-Pacific region, as follows: leadership, cooperation building, institution building, regional integration, and regional governance. This literature review also observed that, in the context of current international and regional circumstances that happens in the Asia-Pacific region, APEC has been experiencing a transition of its focus from the agenda of regional economic liberalization regional economic integration."

"Dalam menghadapi isu pengungsi, Asia Tenggara tidak memiliki kerangka hukum dalam organisasi kawasan dan persisten dalam menolak norma-norma tentang perlindungan pengungsi. Kondisi ini yang mendorong kemunculan Asia Pacific Refugee Rights Network (APRRN) sebagai jejaring transnasional yang dapat berperan dalam politik global mewakili kepentingan pengungsi. Banyak literatur yang menggambarkan signifikansi APRRN sebagai champion organisasi yang menangani pengusi di kawasan Asia Pasifik seperti Kneebone (2014), Taylor (2016), Nah (2016), Choi (2019; 2022). Hal senada tergambar dalam APRRN Annual Report dan Positive Practice in Refugee Protection in the Asia-Pacific Region. Sayangnya, dalam literatur dan dokumen resmi tersebut, capaian APRRN di Asia Tenggara bersifat insidental dan hanya ada pada kategori Partnerships for Supportive Operating Environment. Berbeda dengan capaian APRRN di kawasan lain di Asia Pasifik yang berhasil mendorong solusi jangka panjang bagi perlindungan pengungsi (durable solution). Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini mempertanyakan “Mengapa APRRN-sebagai sebuah jejaring transnasional-tidak berperan signifikan dalam upaya advokasi perlindungan pengungsi di Asia Tenggara?”. Dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan metode analisis process tracing, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa tidak signifikannya peranan APRRN tersebut disebabkan oleh tiga faktor, yaitu: kompleksitas rezim, kelemahan tata kelola internal dan perubahan orientasi strategi. Ketiga faktor tersebut berada pada dimensi yang berbeda namun saling mempengaruhi.

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Facing the issue of refugees, Southeast Asia lacks a regional legal framework and persistently rejects norms regarding refugee protection. This condition has led to the emergence of the Asia Pacific Refugee Rights Network (APRRN) as a transnational network that can play a role in global politics, representing refugees voice. Many studies describe the significance of APRRN as a champion organization addressing the refugee issue in the Asia Pacific region, such as Kneebone (2014), Taylor (2016), Nah (2016), Choi (2019; 2022). Similar views are reflected in the APRRN Annual Report and Positive Practice in Refugee Protection in the Asia-Pacific Region. However, unfortunately, in the literature and official documents, APRRN's achievements in Southeast Asia are incidental and only fall under the category of Partnerships for Supportive Operating Environment. This is in contrast to other region’s achievement in the Asia Pacific that have succeeded in promoting long-term solutions for refugee protection (durable solutions). Therefore, this research questions, "Why does APRRN, as a transnational network, not play a significant role in advocating for refugee protection in Southeast Asia?" Using a qualitative approach and process tracing analysis method, this study finds that the insignificance of APRRN's role is due to three factors: regime complexity, internal governance weaknesses, and shifting strategies employed. These three factors exist in different dimensions but interconnected influence each other."

"Summary:As the political drive to establish closer ties among Asian governments continues to gain momentum, there has been much debate about the realities of Asian regionalism. Does the community-building activity in fact signal the birth of ""Asia Major""? This book offers analysis of the political, economic, and strategic issues at stake."

"Stereotip terhadap ras atau etnis tertentu sering ditemukan di serial televisi sebagai contoh adalah Sense8 2015-2017 di Netflix. Meskipun tampaknya Sense8 ingin menyajikan sebuah acara yang memiliki keragaman dari berbagai macam ras dan etnis, stereotip dapat ditemukan pada salah satu karakter dalam acara tersebut yaitu Kala, seorang wanita Asia Selatan. Representasi Kala sebagai wanita India dalam acara tersebut adalah perjodohannya, sikap submissivenya, dan bagaimana ia harus diselamatkan oleh pria kulit putih. Tulisan ini juga mencoba untuk menganalisis patriarki dari ayah Kala. Dengan menggunakan metode tekstual analisis, tulisan ini berharap dapat mengetahui bagaimana sebuah acara televisi dapat mendukung stereotip untuk menggambarkan karakter-karakter di dalamnya.

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Stereotypes of certain race or ethnicity are often found in television series, for example, in Netflix rsquo;s Sense8 2015-2017 . Even though the show intends to present diversity, stereotypes can be found in one of the characters, Kala, a South Asian woman. The representations of Kala as an Indian woman in the show are arranged marriage, her submissiveness, and how she needs to be saved by a white male. This paper will also try to analyze Kala rsquo;s father rsquo;s patriarchy. Using textual analysis, this paper aims to achieve how a television series could reinforce stereotypes to portray their own characters."