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"ABSTRAKAgroekosistem adalah suatu lingkungan binaan dan menjadi bagian dari ekosistem alam yang didominasi oleh manusia dan tanaman pertanian. Keanekaragaman hayati yang rendah dan ekosistemnya yang tidak stabil, menyebabkan terjadi eksplosi hama atau organisme pengganggu tanaman (OPT). Kondisi tersebut menjadi kendala utama bagi lingkungan produksi sayuran di Kabupaten Dati II Banjamegara Jawa Tengah.Pada sistem konvensional, penggunaan pestisida yang intensif dianggap sebagai cara pengendalian OPT yang efektif, Namun demikian, cara tersebut memiliki dampak negatif seperti: tercernarnya tanah dan air, ancaman bagi kesehatan manusia, dan tidak efisiennya usaha tani. Untuk menanggulangi permasalahan tersebut, di Indonesia telah diterapkan sistem pengendalian hama terpadu (PHT) untuk tanaman padi pada tahun 1989 dan untuk tanaman sayuran pada tahun 1992.Sistem PHT adalah suatu konsep atau filosofi untuk menanggulangi masalah hama melalui pendekatan ekologi dan ekonomi. Ada tiga konsepsi dasar PHT yaitu: pengamatan agroekosistem, konsepsi ambang ekonomi (AE), dan konsepsi pelestarian lingkungan. Dalam program PHT, petani dilatih memahami konsepsi dasar itu melalui sekolah lapangan pengendalian hama terpadu (SLPHT) yang berlokasi di lahan milik petani, dengan proses belajar berdasarkan pengalaman, agar petani dapat menerapkan teknologi PHT di lahannya sendiri.Tujuan dari studi ini ialah untuk mengetahui dampak implemetasi sistem PHT dibandingkan dengan sistem Konvensional pada komponen lingkungan yang meliputi: pendapatan usaha tani kentang dan kubis, keanekaragaman spesies serangga di pertanaman kentang/kubis, serta kadar residu pestisida di dalam hasil panen, tanah dan air larian yang berasal dari pertanaman kentang/kubis yang menerapkan sistem PHT dan sistem konvensional.Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Ex Post Facto atau kausal komparatif dengan metode penetapan sampel Purposive Sampling dan Simple Random Sampling. Penelitian dilaksanakan di dataran tinggi Dieng Kabupaten Dati II Banjarnegara mulai bulan November 1998 sampai dengan Januari 1999. Wilayah penelitian meliputi kecamatan Batur, Pejawaran dan Wanayasa. Dipilih dua sampel desa dari tiap kecamatan, yang terdiri atas satu desa yang mewakili sistem PHT dan satu desa mewakili sistem konvensional (non PHT). Sebagai responden ditentukan 20 petani kentang dan 20 petani kubis dari setiap desa. Jumlah responden di enam desa sampel tersebut ialah 240 petani, yang terdiri atas 120 petani PHT dan 120 petani non PHT. Untuk mengamati residu pestisida dan keanekaragaman serangga, ditentukan empat petak pertanaman kentang dan empat petak pertanaman kubis di setiap desa.Pengaruh implementasi PHT pada nisbah manfaat dan biaya (BIC Ratio) usahatani kentang dan kubis berbeda sangat nyata dibandingkan dengan sistem konvensional. Demikian pula keanekaragaman spesies serangga bukan sasaran pada pertanaman sistem PHT berbeda sangat nyata. Secara umum pengaruh sistem PHT pada kandungan residu pestisida (insektisida) di dalam hasil panen dan tanah berbeda nyata sampai sangat nyata dengan sistem konvensional, sedangkan residu di dalam air larian pada umumnya tidak berbeda nyata.Berdasarkan batas maksimum residu (BMR) menurut SKB MENKES dan MENTAN No, 8811MENKESISKBIVIII11 996-7 1 11Kpts/ TP.27018196, kadar residu dalam hasil panen di wilayah studi masih rendah, Rata-rata kadar residu yang terdeteksi di dalam umbi kentang ialah 0,0026 ppm dan di dalam krop kubis 0,0024 ppm, sedangkan BMR untuk kartaphidroklorida untuk umbi kentang adalah 0,1000 ppm dan untuk krop kubis adalah 0,2000 ppm. Hasil peneiitian dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut: (1) Pendapatan usaha tani kentang/kubis pada sistem PHT lebih tinggi daripada sistem konvensional. Nisbah manfaat dan biaya pada kentang sistem PHT ialah 1,04 dan sistem konvensional 0,85, sedangkan pada kubis sistem PHT ialah 1,18 dan sistem konvensional sebesar 0,82; (2) Keanekaragaman spesies serangga bukan sasaran di pertanaman kubis dan kentang yang menerapkan sistem PHT lebih tinggi daripada sistem konvensional, Rata-rata nilai keanekaragaman pertanaman sistem PHT adalah 2,01 dan sistem konvensional 1,10; dan (3) Kadar residu senyawa insektisida di dalam hasil panen (kentang dan kubis), di dalam tanah dan dalam air larian yang berasal dari pertanaman yang menerapkan sistem PHT lebih rendah daripada sistem konvensional, dengan perincian sebagai berikut: (a) residu insektisida pada basil panen pada sistem PHT adalah 0,0042 ppm, sedangkan pada sistem konvensional 0,0113 ppm, (b) Residu insektisida dalam tanah pada pertanaman sistem PHT ialah 0,0496 ppm dan pada sistem konvensional sebesar 0,06'70 ppm, dan (c) residu insektisida pada air larian di pertanaman sistem PHT adalah 0,0027 ppm dan pada sistem konvensional adalah 0,0054 ppm.

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ABSTRACT

Impact of Integrated Pest Management on the Environment of Vegetable Crop (A Case Study on the Environment of Potato and Cabbage Planting in the Distric of Banjarnegara, Central Java Province)Agroecosystem is an artificial environment and as a part of the natural ecosystem in where dominated by human and crops. Due to low biological diversity and unstable ecosystem, pest outbreak always occur in a certain agroecosystem. This condition becomes major constraint for the environment of vegetable planting in the distric of Banjarnegara, Central Java Province.

In the conventional system, the use of pesticide intensively is considered as the most effective control measure to overcome pest problem. However, this In the conventional system, the use of pesticide intensively is considered as the most effective control measure to overcome pest problem. However, this system has negative impacts such as soil and water pollution, threat to human health, and inefficient farming system. To overcome this problem, integrated pest management (IPM) has been adopted and implemented in Indonesia since 1989 in rice and in vegetable crops since 1992.

IPM system is a concept or philosophy to overcome pest problem through ecological and economical approach. There are three basic concepts of IPM namely observation of the agroecosystem, establishment of economic treshold and environmental conservation. In IPM program, farmers were trained to understand these basic concepts through Farmer's Field School (FFS) located at farmer's field, using experience learning processes, in order they can implement 1PM technology at their own fields.

This objective of this study was to investigate the impact of the IPM implementation versus the Conventional system on the environment components, includes the income gained by farmers from the potato and cabbage farming, diversity of non-target insect species in potato and cabbage field, and the level of pesticide residues in yield, soil and run off originated from the fields which were subjected to IPM system versus Coventional system.

Wanayasa, located at Dieng plateau area district of Banjarnegara, Central Java-Two sample villages were chosen from each sub-districts. One village represented IPM system while the other one represented conventional system (non IPM). Respondents in each village comprised 20 potato farmers and 20 cabbage farmers; the total number of respondents involved in this study were 240 farmers (120 farmers for IPM system and 120 farmers for non IPM system). To observe the pesticide residues and the diversity of insects, four blocks of potato field and four blocks of cabbage field were chosen in each sample village.

It was found that the impact of 1PM implementation on the net profit of potato and cabbage farming was significantly higher than that of conventional system. It was also found that the diversity of non-target species in the potato and cabbage field for IPM system was significantly higher than that of conventional system. In general, the effect of IPM system on the level of pesticide (insecticide) residues in the potato tubers and cabbage crops and in the soil was significantly lower than that of conventional system while the level of insecticide residues in run off was generally not significantly different in both systems.

Compared with the maximum residue limit (MRL) defined by joint decree of Ministry of Health and Ministry of Agriculture No. 881IMENKES/SKBIVIIII1996-71 liKpts/TP.27018/96, the levels of pesticide residue in the study area was relatively low because the average residue levels detected in potato tubers was 0.0026 ppm and in cabbage crops was 0.0024 ppm. According to this decree, the maximum levels for cartaphydrochioride residue in potato tuber is 0.1000 ppm and in cabbage crop is 0.2000 ppm.

In conclusion, results of this study are: (I) the net profit obtained by the farmer from potato/cabbage fanning with 1PM system was higher versus conventional system. The BIC ratios for potato with 1PM system and conventional system were 1.04 and 0.85 respectively while for cabbage with IPM system and conventional system were 1.18 and 0.82 respectively; (2) the diversity of non target insect species in cabbage and potato fields with IPM system was higher than that of conventional system. The average of diversity of crop field with IPM system was 2.01 while in conventional system was 1.10; and (3) in IPM system, the insecticide residue levels in the potato tubers and cabbage crops, in the soil and m the water run off were lower than that of conventional system; as follows: (a) the insecticide residues in the potato tubers and cabbage crops practicing IPM system was 0.0042 ppm while from conventional system was 0,0113 ppm, (b) the insecticide residues in the soil samples from the crop field with IPM system was 0.496 ppm while in conventional system was 0.0670 ppm, and (c) the insecticide residue in water run off in the field with IPM system was 0.0027 ppm and in conventional system was 0.0054 ppm."

"The excessive use of pesticides in Indonesia during the 1970s and 1980s caused serious environmental problems such as acute and chronic human pesticide poisoning, animal poisoning and contaminated agricultural products, destruction of both beneficial natural parasites and pest predators, and pesticide resistance in pests. To overcome these environmental problems, since 1989 the Indonesian government has actively adopted a strategy of integrated pest management (IPM). During the first few years of the 1PM program's implementation, the program has been able to help farmers reduce the use of pesticides by approximately 56 percent, and increase yields by approximately 10 percent. However, economic literature that analyzes the impact of the IPM program on household incomes and national economic performance is very limited. The general objective of this research is to analyze the impact of the IPM program on Indonesian economic growth and household incomes for different socioeconomic groups.Introduction The chronic food shortage during the first two decades of Indonesian independence (1945-1965) stimulated the Indonesian government to establish a comprehensive food intensification program as a national priority. Achieving and maintaining self-sufficiency in food, increasing farmers' income, and providing strong support for the rapidly expanding industrial and service sectors were the main goals of this food intensification program (Oka, 1995). The food intensification program included large-scale adoption of high-yielding modern seed varieties, development of irrigation systems, expansion of food crop producing areas, increased use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, expansion of agricultural extension services, establishment of farmer cooperatives and input subsidies, and stabilization of national food crop prices (Oka, 1991).During the 1970s and 1980s, this food intensification program caused food crap production to grow at an annual rate of approximately 3.74 percent (CBS, 1973-1991). A major miracle occurred in rice production. Pushing the average annual growth rate of rice production to approximately 4.67 percent, the rice intensification program transformed Indonesia from the world's largest importer of rice, importing approximately two million tons per year by the end of the 1970s, to self-sufficiency in 1983 (Oka, 1991 and 1995)."

"ABSTRACTThe bacterial blight (BB) disease severity on two rice genotypes i.e.; BP 4110-2d-33 (backcross between Ciherang x Angke; containing Xa-4, xa-5) and BP 3688e-23 (sister lines derived from cingri/memberamo//widas///IRBB 8; containing xa-8) were lower compare with TN-1 (containing Xa-14). The total amino acid content in cultivar?s TN-1 was accounted for about one third to about a half of total amino acid than those of other rice genotypes where the totalamino acid was ranging from 1.95% to 4.22%. In BP 3688e-23, and BP 3688e-22 genotypes more amino acid levelswere decline although these advance lines showing xa-8background. BB resistant gene carried by BP 4110-2d-33 andBP 3688e-23 were stable, whilst BP 3688e-22 was less effective to inhibit BB disease severity. Overall, amino acidswere not found to be related to the level of BB resistance; where correlation between amino acid content and BBdisease severity is not significant. The slower growth of Xoo on rice genotypes BP 4110-2d-33 and BP 3688e-23 mayprobably due to other than nutritional factors. The degree of resistance in rice genotypes infected by races of pathogen;as well as the resistance gene possessed by genotype BP 3688e-23 need to be further determined. "

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Gunung Tangkuban Parahu yang terletak di sebelah utara Bandung, Jawa Barat mulai dieksplorasi sebagai daerah prospek geothermal sejak awal tahun 1980. Pemboran eksplorasi juga pernah dilakukan hingga kedalaman 620m dengan temperature 50-60^oC. Walaupun demikian, hingga saat ini belum ada kemajuan ke tahap pengembangan. Untuk itu, dibutuhkan pemahaman sistem geotermal pada lapangan ini secara rinci dan terintegrasi.

Salah satu aspek penting dalam sistem geotermal adalah zona permeabel yang erat kaitannya dengan keberadaan struktur geologi. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memetakan keberadaan struktur geologi, estimasi temperature, zona permeabel, zona prospek geotermal serta lokasi optimal untuk pemboran. Namun begitu, penelitian ini lebih menekankan pada zona permeabel.

Untuk mendapatkan informasi terkait hal tersebut, maka digunakan metodologi analisis remote sensing dan gravity. Teknik pencahayaan pada citra DEMNAS diaplikasikan pada penelitian ini dengan menggunakan delapan sudut pencahayaan yang berbeda. Teknik ini mampu merepresentasikan zona high fracture, dan struktur geologi major pada skala besar. Zona high fracture yang menindikasikan zona permeable dominan terbentuk di sekitar patahan major. Penggabungan data DEMNAS dan composite band 432 dan 567 pada Landsat 8 menghasilkan deliniasi litologi pada daerah ini. Lebih lanjut, teknik turunan pada data gravity yaitu First Horizontal Derivative (FHD) dan Second Vertical Derivative (SVD) memberikan informasi strutkur geologi major seperti Sesar Lembang, Sesar Haruman, dan Sesar Ciater di permukaan menerus hingga ke bawah permukaan, adapun beberapa struktur geologi yang tidak nampak di permukaan.

Analisis struktur geologi yang diintegrasikan dengan data MT dan analisis geokimia air menghasilkan model konseptual sistem geotermal di daerah ini. Berdasarkan model konseptual yang dibuat, zona upflow berada di area manifestasi DMS dan CTR, sedangkan zona outflow berada di Utara dan Selatan gunung Tangkuban Parahu. Berdasarkan model MT, zona reservoir berada tepat di bawah puncak gunung Tangkuban Parahu diindikasikan dengan keberadaan dome. Area tersebut memiliki temperature berkisar 240-250^oC pada kedalaman BOC -500m di bawah permukaan. Heat source diperkirakan berasal dari sisa intrusi magma. Area optimal untuk pengeboran dari hasil penelitian ini berada pada area sekitar manifestasi DMS dan CTR. Dengan catatan area pemboran ini mempertimbangkan area volcanic hazard (erupsi hidrotermal).

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Tangkuban Parahu, located north of Bandung, West Java, has been explored as a geothermal prospect area since the early 1980s. Exploration drilling has also been carried out to a depth of 620m with a temperature of 50-60^oC. However, to this day there has been no progress to the development stage. Therefore, understanding detailed and integrated geological conditions are needed.

One of the important aspects of geothermal system is the permeable zone, which is closely related to the existence of geological structures. Therefore, this research was conducted to map the existence of geological structures, temperature estimates, permeable zones, geothermal prospect zone and optimal locations for drilling. However, this study only focus on the permeable zone.

To obtain the information related to permeable zone, a remote sensing and gravity analysis methodology were used. The artificial lighting technique in DEMNAS datasets were applied in this study using eight different sun azimuth angles. This technique is able to represent fracture zones and major geological structures on a large scale. High fracture zone which indicates a permeable zone, predominantly formed around major faults. The combination of DEMNAS data and composite bands 432 and 567 on Landsat 8 have been able to delineate the lithology in this area. Furthermore, the derivative techniques in gravity data, namely First Horizontal Derivative (FHD) and Second Vertical Derivative (SVD) have provide information that some of major geological structures that appear on the surface such as Lembang fault, Haruman Fault and Ciater Fault have continuity to the subsurface, while another geological structures are not visible on the surface.

Integration of structural geological analysis with MT model and water geochemical analysis has produced in a conceptual model of the geothermal system in this area. Based on the conceptual model that has been made, the upflow zone is located in the DMS and CTR areas, while the outflow zone is located in the North and South of Tangkuban Parahu mountain. The reservoir zone is located under the Tangkuban Parahu crater, this is indicated by the presence of a dome in the MT model. The area has temperatures ranging from 240-250^oC at a depth of BOC -500m below the surface. The heat source may have been formed from residual magma intrusion. The optimal area for drilling from the results of this study is around the DMS and CTR manifestations. With a note that the drilling location must consider a volcanic hazard area (hydrothermal eruption).

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