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"Chitosan can be prepared in the form of microspheres that serve as a depot for bioactive compounds released in a controlled way to diseased organs. In this study, a mathematical model of potassium chloride release from chitosan microspheres was developed. The model was validated using experimental data. The potassium chloride-loading percentages of 10.01%, 20.84%, and 20.57% were prepared using a cross-linking method. The potassium chloride loading was kept constant at about 20% when the potassium chloride mass in the preparation stage was above 5.024 mg/mL. Experiments and a model calculation of potassium chloride release from the microspheres with a loading of 10.01% and 20.57% were performed. In general, the model reproduces the experimental data. The experiments and the calculation show that during the same period, microspheres containing more potassium chloride release a higher percentage of potassium chloride than do microspheres containing less potassium chloride."

"Sistem pelepasan obat secara terkendali bertujuan untuk mempertahankan konsentrasi obat di dalam darah atau jaringan agar pengobatan optimal. Kesulitan terbesar pengembangan sistem pelepasan obat secara terkendali adalah melakukan formulasi untuk menjaga laju pelepasan obat yang diinginkan secara in vivo. Maka penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan model sistem pelepasan obat secara terkendali yang valid yang terdiri dari obat KCl dan mikrosfer chitosan. Model yang dikembangkan berupa model fisikokimia. Data eksperimen selama 100 menit digunakan untuk melakukan validasi terhadap model. Dibutuhkan waktu 8 jam untuk melepaskan hampir seluruh kandungan obat KCl dengan koefisien kelarutan obat adalah 3 x 10-14 ml2/mol2 h, dan koefisien difusi obat KCl di fasa cair sebesar 1,92 x 10-9 cm2/s. Dari eksperimen, komposisi obat yang divalidasi sebesar 20,57% dan 10 %.

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Drug is very important for human being. It can help reduce pain and cure diseases. However consumption of drug must follow its existing regulations. The release of a drug can be manipulated through a model of the drug. The main objective of this research is to obtain a valid model of a drug consist of pottasium chloride and chitosan matrix. A valid model can be achieve if the result from experiment and simulation show a slightly difference values. Also, the profile concentration of pottasium chloride in solid, pottasium chloride in liquid and water will be observe and analyze correctly. The result of the research is profile release of pottasium chloride for 100 minutes. The profile release of pottasium chloride shows the percent release of pottasium chloride for 100 minutes. The matrix needs 8 hours to release pottasium chloride, with parameters are: the coefficient of drug dissolution is 3x10-14 ml2/mol2 h, diffusion coefficient of pottasium chloride in liquid is 1,92 x 10-9 m2/s and many other parameters. From the experiment, it was found that the pottasium chloride loading are 20,57% and 10 %."

"Pembentukan mikrosfer kitosan-sodium tripolifosfat (TPP) dengan metode gelasi ionotropik, parasetamol digunakan sebagai model obat. Mikrosfer obat-kitosan- TPP menunjukkan profil rilis yang bersifat pH independen yang terlihat pada nilai rilis kumulatif pada buffer pH 1,2 dan 7,4. Terdapat fenomena yang berbeda pada rilis mikrosfer di buffer pH 4 yang mengindikasikan terbentuknya konjugasi kitosan-ptalat karena tingginya rilis pada pH tersebut. Mikrosfer yang dibuat dengan larutan TPP pH 8,6 memiliki rilis yang paling tinggi dibandingkan mikrosfer yang dibuat pada pH TPP lainnya. Mikrosfer yang dibuat dengan TPP pH 7 menunjukkan nilai efisiensi enkapsulasi dan loading yang paling baik dibandingkan mikrosfer yang dibuat pada pH TPP lainnya. Hasil penelitian ini mengindikasikan mikrosfer kitosan-TPP dapat menjadi senyawa pelepasan terkendali yang potensial untuk obat.

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Ionotropic gelation based Chitosan-Sodium Tripolyphosphate (TPP) microsphere preparation was used as the method in this research, using paracetamol as a model drug. Drug-chitosan-TPP microspheres show pH independent cumulative release properties in release tests using pH 1.2 and 7.4 buffer. Different phenomenon was found in buffer pH 4 release test which indicates that a reaction occurred between chitosan and phthalate ions which formed chitosan-phthalate conjugates for the high release profiles occurred at that pH. Microspheres which are cross-linked in pH 8.6 TPP solution shows the highest release than microspheres which cross- linked in other pH TPP solutions. pH 7 TPP solutions cross-linked microspheres show the highest encapsulation efficiency and loading than other pH TPP solutions cross-linked microspheres. These results indicate that chitosan-TPP microspheres may become a potential delivery system to control the release of drug."

"Pengobatan penyakit Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) dapat dilakukan dengan penghantaran obat ke kolon.Peradangan kronis memainkan peran penting terjadinya fibrosis.Deksametason merupakan obat yang memiliki efek anti inflamasi dan antifibrosis.Deksametason akan di mikroenkapsulasi ke dalam beads kitosan dengan metode gelasi ionik menggunakan natrium tripolifosfat (NaTPP) sebagai penaut silang. Kemudian Beads kitosan-tpp dilakukan penyalutan menggunakan 10% Eudragit®S100 (Poly (methacylic acid-co-methyl methacrylate) 1:2). Beads yang dihasilkan kemudian dikarakterisasi menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM) dan ayakan bertingkat. Uji kandungan obat, efisiensi penjerapan deksametason dalam beads dan pelepasan obat ditetapkan kadar obatnya secara spektrofotometri. Hasil dari uji kandungan obat sebesar 19,39%; 18,55%, 16,25% dan 10,12%. Sedangkan efisiensi penjerapan diperoleh 77,59%; 74,23%; 65,03% dan 40,49%. Pada uji pelepasan obat pada medium HCl pH 1,2 ; dapar fosfat pH 7 dan dapar fosfat pH 6 diperoleh hasil untuk beads yang disalut dengan Eudragit® S100 dimana pelepasan pada kolon sebanyak 78,91 % pada jam ke-24. Sehingga sediaan ini dapat dimungkinkan untuk digunakan sebagai obat target pada kolon dengan pelepasan bertahap.

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The treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) may be carried out by drug delivery to the colon. Chronic inflammation plays an important role occurrence of fibrosis. Dexamethasone is a drug that has anti-inflammatory effects and antifibrosis. Dexamethasone was microencapsulated into chitosan beads by ionic gelation method using sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as across-linker. Then chitosan-TPP Beads were coated by 10% Eudragit ®S100(Poly (methacylic acid-co-methyl methacrylate) 1:2). The resulting beads were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and multilevel sieve. Drug content, encapsulation efficiency of dexamethasone and drug release determined by spectrophotometry UV-Vis. The resultsof the drug content testare19,39%, 18,55%,16,25% and 10,12% while the efficiency of the encapsulation are 77,59%, 74,23%,65,03% and 40,49%. The results of drug release test in medium HCl pH 1.2, phosphate buffer pH 7 and pH 6 found that beads coated with Eudragit® S100 were released in the colon obtained 78,91% occurs at the 24 hours.It is obviously clear that this dosage form can be used as drug targets in the colon with sustained release."

"Material Kitosan dibuat dari cangkang kepiting menggunakan metode kimia dengan demineralisasi HCL 1M selama 1 jam, deproteinasi NaOH 1M selama 2 jam dan variasi deasetilasi NaOH 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, dan 70% selama 45 menit. Dari analisis FTIR didapat Derajat Deasetilasi kitosan terbaik pada NaOH 50%. Waktu reaksi terbaik untuk mendapatkan Derajat Deasetilasi maksimum dalah 30 menit. Hasil kitosan cangkang kepiting merupakan kitosan murni sesuai dengan database program Match!. Adsorbsi Pb dari larutan Pb(NO3)2 dilakukan pada konsentrasi Pb 10, 50, dan 100 ppm dengan pengadukan selama 30 menit. Dalam suasana asam Kitosan menyerap seluruh Pb untuk konsentrasi 10 ppm dan tidak menyerap Pb pada konsetrasi 50 dan 100 ppm. Sedangkan dalam suasana netral konsentrasi Pb 25 ppm terserap semua, pada konsetrasi 50 ppm terserap 44,77 ppm dan pada konsentrasi Pb 100 ppm terserap 97,04 ppm.

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Chitosan has been made from the crab shells with a chemical method with 1M HCl demineralization for 1 hour, deproteination 1M NaOH for 2 hours and variations of deacetylation 30% NaOH, 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70% for 45 minutes. An analytical methode from FTIR showed that the best chitosan deacetylation degree obtained at 50% NaOH, and the best reaction time to get the best Chitosan is 30 minutes. Chitosan product from crab shells is a real chitosan agreed with database Match! program. Chitosan is known best Pb adsorption from Pb(NO3)2 solution with concentrations of 10, 50, and 100 ppm acid delution and neutral dilution of 25, 50, and 100 ppm for 30 minutes and tested variations chitosan residual liquid. Chitosan absorbed around 10 ppm Pb acid dilution and 25 ppm neutral dilution. No adsorption at 50 and 100 ppm Pb in acid dilution. Absorption of 44.77 ppm at 50 ppm and 97.04 ppm to 100 ppm."

"Kelebihan kandungan ion fluorida dalam air berpotensi mencemari badan air terutama apabila badan air tersebut digunakan sebagai bahan baku air minum. Dengan mengkonsumsi air minum yang memiliki kandungan ion fluorida berlebih dapat menyebabkan berbagai macam masalah kesehatan seperti fluorosis gigi dan tulang. Pada penelitian ini, kitosan telah dimodifikasi dengan penambahan praseodimium (Pr3+) sebagai adsorben untuk menyerap ion fluorida dalam air minum. Penambahan praseodimium bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kinerja penyerapan ion fluorida oleh kitosan. Dari hasil karakterisasi FTIR diketahui keberadaan praseodimium yang berikatan dengan gugus aktif pada kitosan dan hasil SEM-EDX juga membuktikan adanya praseodimium yang terikat pada permukaan kitosan. Proses adsorpsi dilakukan dengan menggunakan larutan ion fluorida 20 mg/L pada pH 7. Kondisi optimum untuk loading praseodimium dalam kitosan diperoleh pada konsentrasi praseodimium sebesar 1 g/L dengan efisiensi adsorpsi ion fluorida sebesar 72% dan kapasitas adsorpsi 7,2 mg/g. Pada uji adsorpsi diperoleh waktu kontak optimum antara adsorbat dengan adsorben berlangsung selama 60 menit dengan jumlah adsorben yang ditambahkan sebesar 0,1 g. Adanya anion kompetitor seperti Cl-, NO3 -,CO3 2- dan SO4 2- menyebabkan menurunnya efisiensi penyerapan ion fluorida menjadi 68,65%, 64,75%, 33,50% dan 58,70%. Model isoterm adsorpsi yang sesuai adalah isoterm Langmuir dan kinetika adsorpsi mengikuti pseudo orde kedua.

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Excess content of fluoride ion in water potentially polluted the water bodies especially if water bodies are used as raw material for drinking water. Consuming drinking water that contains excess fluoride ion can cause a wide range of health problems such as dental fluorosis and bone. In this study, chitosan has been modified by the addition of praseodymium (Pr3+) as an adsorbent to absorb fluoride ions in drinking water. The addition of praseodymium aims to improve the performance of fluoride ion uptake by chitosan.

The result from FTIR characterization, note the presence of praseodymium binds to the active group on chitosan and SEM-EDX results also prove the existence of praseodymium on the surface of chitosan. Adsorption process is done using fluoride ion solution 20 mg/L at pH 7. The optimum conditions for loading of praseodymium on chitosan obtained at concentrations of praseodymium 1 g/L for efficiency adsorption of fluoride ion by 72% and the adsorption capacity of 7.2 mg/g. In the adsorption test obtained the optimum contact time between adsorbate with adsorbent lasted for 60 minutes with the amount of adsorbent was added at 0.1 g. Presence of competitor anions such as Cl-, NO3 -,CO3 2- dan SO4 2- were caused decrease in the efficiency adsorption of fluoride ion to be 68.65%, 64.75%, 33.50% and 58.70%. The bestfit adsorption model adsorption isotherms are Langmuir isotherm and the adsorption kinetics followed pseudo second order."

"ABSTRAKKitosan merupakan polimer alam yang potensial untuk digunakan sebagai eksipien farmasi karena sifatnya yang biodegradabel dan tidak toksik. Penggunaan kitosan sebagai pembawa obat terbatas karena sifat kelarutannya yang hanya larut dalam asam. Untuk meningkatkan kelarutannya, dalam penelitian ini dilakukan modifikasi kimia terhadap kitosan menggunakan anhidrida suksinat. Kitosan suksinat yang diperoleh digunakan sebagai matriks pada sediaan tablet enterik dengan menggunakan natrium diklofenak sebagai model obat. Derajat substitusi kitosan suksinat yang diperoleh sebesar 3,65 mol/gram. Kitosan suksinat dapat larut dalam medium basa (pH ≥6,8) sehingga terbukti bahwa sintesis yang dilakukan memperluas kelarutan kitosan. Formulasi tablet natrium diklofenak dengan matriks kombinasi kitosan suksinat dan HPMCP (3,5 : 1) serta perbandingan jumlah zat aktif dengan polimer = 1:3, memenuhi persyaratan tablet enterik dan dapat digunakan untuk sediaan lepas lambat selama 32 jam.

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ABSTRACTChitosan is a potential natural polymer for application as a pharmaceutical excipient due to its biodegradable and not toxic characteristics. However, the use of chitosan as drug carriers is limited due to its solubility properties. In this study, chitosan succinate (CS) was synthesized from chitosan using succinic anhydride to improve the solubility. Then, CS was used as matrix in enteric tablet using diclofenac sodium as a model drug. The degree of substitution of CS was 3,65 mol / gram. The solubility study showed that CS could be dissolved in alkaline medium (pH ≥ 6,8). So, these study revealed that CS could increase the solubility of chitosan. The in vitro release study showed that the enteric tablet of F5 formulation could retarded drug release up to 32 hours. The enteric tablet of F5 was formulated using CS: HPMCP (3,5:1) matrix, which was 3 fold amount of drug. The result suggested that the formula have the potential to be applied as enteric and sustained release tablet. "

"ABSTRAKSenyawa α-mangostin yang terkandung dalam ekstrak kulit manggis (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) diketahui memiliki sifat sitotoksik terhadap sel kanker. Isolasi senyawa mangostin dilakukan dengan pelarut etil asetat dan dihasilkan fraksi kaya mangostin sebagai bahan aktif untuk pelepasan terkendali pada sistem pencernaan. Sebelumnya telah dilakukan penelitian dengan berbagai variasi polimer. Dari penelitian tersebut, didapatkan bahwa penggunaan kitosan sebagai polimer penghantar α-mangostin dengan kombinasi sodium tripolifosfat menghasilkan efek penjeratan obat yang baik. Alginat sebagai agen penyalut mikropartikel berfungsi memperlambat proses pelepasan obat dari mikropartikel hingga mencapai organ target kolon. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui lebih jauh pengaruh rasio α-mangostin dan alginat dari mikropartikel kitosan terhadap efisiensi pemuatan obat dan profil rilis. Variasi yang dilakukan adalah konsentrasi α-mangostin dan alginat dalam mikropartikel kitosan. Perbandingan kitosan dan α-mangostin yaitu 1:0,1, 1:0,2 dan 1:0,3. Sedangkan rasio alginat yang divariasikan yaitu 0,1, 0,25, 0,5 dan 0,75. Hasil yang didapatkan menunjukan bahwa efisiensi pemuatan obat dan rilis terbaik terdapat pada sediaan mikropartikel dengan rasio α-mangostin 0,1 dan alginat 0,25.

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ABSTRACTAlpha-mangostin compounds in mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) are known has antitumour properties and cytotoxic against cancer cells. Isolation of mangostin compound was using ethyl acetate solvent and resulting the fraction of α-mangostin as an active compound for controlled release in the gastrointestinal system. Previous studies have been conducted with a variety of polymers. From these studies, it was found that the use of chitosan as a conductive polymer α-mangostin in combination with sodium tripolyphosphate produces a good effect of drug entrapment. Alginate microparticles as a coating agent has function to slow down the process of drug release from microparticles until achieve the targeted organ. This study aims to determine the further effect of of α-mangostin and alginate ratio loaded onto chitosan microparticles in efficiency of drug loading and release profiles. Variation is done by concentration of α-mangostin and alginate in chitosan microparticles. Comparison of chitosan and α-mangostin is 1:0,1, 1:0,2 and 1:0,3. Whereas concentration of alginate is 1:0,1, 1:0,25, 1:0,5 and 1:0,75. The results show that the optimum efficiency of drug loading and drug release is in the preparation of microparticles with α-mangostin ratio of 0,1 and 0,25 alginate. "

"The development of new materials with both organic and inorganic structures is of great interest to obtain special material properties. Chitosan [2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucan] can be obtained by N-deacetylation of chitin. Chitin is the second most abundant biopolymer in nature and the supporting material of crustaceans, insects, fungi etc. Chitosan is a unique polysaccharide and has been widely used in various biomedical application due to its biocompatibility, low toxicity, biodegradability, non-immunogenic and non-carcinogenic character. In the past years, chitosan and some of its modifications have been reported for use in biomedical applications such as artificial skin, wound dressing, anticoagulant, suture, drug delivery, vaccine carrier and dietary fibers. Recently, the use of chitosan and its derivatives has received much attention as temporary scaffolding to promotie mineralization or stimulate endochondral ossification. This article aims to give a broad overview of chitosan and its clinical applications as biomaterial."

"[Chitosan memiliki gugus amino dan hidroksil yang diduga reaktif terhadap ion asam sehingga dapat meningkatkan pH lingkungan dan menghambat proses demineralisasi email. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kelarutan email yang diberi chitosan pada suasana asam serta mekanisme kerja chitosan. Sebelas gigi pascaekstraksi dibagi menjadi kelompok baseline, kelompok kontrol negatif, kelompok perlakuan asam+chitosan, dan kelompok perlakuan chitosan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan peningkatan pH lingkungan dan penurunan kerusakan permukaan email yang diberi chitosan dalam suasana asam dibanding kelompok kontrol negatif. Chitosan terbukti menghambat proses demineralisasi email in vitro, Chitosan’s amino and hydroxyl groups are assumed to react with acid ions, increase environmental pH level, and thereby interfere enamel demineralization process. This research aims to analyze the enamel surface damage after chitosan application in acidic environment and chitosan’s mechanism of action. Eleven postextraction teeth are categorized as baseline, negative control, acid+chitosan application, and chitosan application group. Results showed that there is an increase in environmental pH level and a decrease in enamel surface damage after chitosan application in acidic environment compared to negative control group. Chitosan is proven to interfere enamel demineralization process in vitro]"