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"Penelitian jumlah kromosom famili Asteraceae di lingkungan kampus Universitas Indonesia Depok telah dilakukan pada 13 dari total 21 spesies pada tahun 2013 dan 2015. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melengkapi data jumlah kromosom pada 8 spesies lainnya, namun hanya 4 spesies yang berhasil diperoleh. Metode yang dilakukan adalah modifikasi orcein-squash. Empat spesies Asteraceae yamg diperoleh yaitu Blumea balsamifera (tribe Inuleae). Eclipta prostrata (tribe Heliantheae), Porophyllum ruderale (tribe Tageteae), dan Youngia japonica (tribe Cichorieae). Jumlah kromosom keempat spesies tersebut telah diketahui, yaitu Blumea balsamifera (2n=12, 16, dan 18), Eclipta prostrata (2n=10, ca.11, 12, 14, ca.15, 16, ca.17, 18, 20, dan 22), Porophyllum ruderale (2n=ca.18, 20, ca.22, 24, 26, 28, 0, 32, 34, ca.36, dan 38), dan Youngia japonica (2n= 8, 10, 12, 14, ca.14, 16 ca.16, 18, ca.18, 20, dan 22).

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Study of chromosome number on Asteraceae family that located in Universitas Indonesia has been conducted previously on 13 spesies from total 21 species in 2013 and 2015. This research was addressed to complete the data of chromosome number on 8 species of Asteraceae that located in Universitas Indonesia, but only 4 species of Asteraceae were successfully found. The study was held using orcein-squash modification method. The species that successfully found are Blumea balsamifera (tribe Inuleae). Eclipta prostrata (tribe Heliantheae), Porophyllum ruderale (tribe Tageteae), and Youngia japonica (tribe Cichorieae). Chromosome numbers of those species were known. They are Blumea balsamifera (2n=12, 16, and 18), Eclipta prostrata (2n=10, ca.11, 12, 14, ca.15, 16, ca.17, 18, 20, and 22), Porophyllum ruderale (2n=ca.18, 20, ca.22, 24, 26, 28, 0, 32, 34, ca.36, and 38), and Youngia japonica (2n= 8, 10, 12, 14, ca.14, 16 ca.16, 18, ca.18, 20, and 22)."

"Penelitian jumlah kromosom Asteraceae di lingkungan Kampus Universitas Indonesia (UI) Depok telah dilakukan sebelumnya pada tahun 2013. Dilaporkan bahwa jumlah kromosom 8 dari 21 spesies Asteraceae yang ada di lingkungan tersebut telah berhasil dihitung, dan 5 di antaranya memiliki variasi jumlah kromosom. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melengkapi data jumlah kromosom Asteraceae yang ada di lingkungan Kampus UI Depok. Telah dilakukan penghitungan jumlah kromosom ujung akar Porophyllum ruderale, Youngia japonica, Cosmos caudatus, Synedrella nodiflora, Ageratum conyzoides, Cyanthillium cinereum, dan Chromolaena odorata pada bulan April hingga Juni 2015. Jumlah kromosom 5 spesies Asteraceae yang berhasil ditentukan adalah Cosmos caudatus (2n=ca.22, 2n=ca.26, 2n=ca.32, 2n=ca.36, 2n=ca.38, 2n=ca.40, dan 2n=ca.44), Synedrella nodiflora (2n=ca.18, 2n=ca.26, 2n=ca.29, 2n=ca.34, 2n=ca.36, 2n=37, 2n=39, dan 2n=40), Ageratum conyzoides (2n=37 dan 2n=ca.42), Cyanthillium cinereum (2n=9, 2n=16, dan 2n=18), dan Chromolaena odorata (2n=ca.40, 2n=ca.44, 2n=57, dan 2n=60). Cosmos caudatus, Synedrella nodiflora, Cyanthillium cinereum, dan Chromolaena odorata bersifat mixoploid. Mixoploidi tidak dapat ditentukan pada spesies Ageratum conyzoides.

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Study of chromosome number of Asteraceae at Universitas Indonesia (UI) Campus Depok has been conducted previously in 2013. Result has been reported on chromosome numbers of 8 from 21 Asteraceae species at Universitas Indonesia, and 5 of them have variation in chromosome number. This study was addressed to complete chromosome number data of Asteraceae at Universitas Indonesia Campus Depok. Root tips chromosome counting of Porophyllum ruderale, Youngia japonica, Cosmos caudatus, Synedrella nodiflora, Ageratum conyzoides, Cyanthillium cinereum, dan Chromolaena odorata has been done from April to June 2015. Result shows that 5 species chromosome numbers are Cosmos caudatus (2n=ca.22, 2n=ca.26, 2n=ca.32, 2n=ca.36, 2n=ca.38, 2n=ca.40, and 2n=ca.44), Synedrella nodiflora (2n=ca.18, 2n=ca.26, 2n=ca.29, 2n=ca.34, 2n=ca.36, 2n=37, 2n=39, and 2n=40), Ageratum conyzoides (2n=37 and 2n=ca.42), Cyanthillium cinereum (2n=9, 2n=16, and 2n=18), and Chromolaena odorata (2n=ca.40, 2n=ca.44, 2n=57, and 2n=60). Cosmos caudatus, Synedrella nodiflora, Cyanthillium cinereum, and Chromolaena odorata are mixoploid. Mixoploidy cannot be determined on Ageratum conyzoides."

"ABSTRACTAt the department of Biology - University of Indonesia, the use of a modified von Hemel procedure in slide processing often gives incomplete metaphases due to chromosome losses during the processing. This study is to know the percentage of the incomplete metaphases, to test if the chromosome loss is influenced by chromosome size, and how far all of these will give rise to a false diagnosis. The material is a harvest of fixated blood culture from five normal female patients (46,XX). Slides were prepared from the material and "R-band" stained. Then we analyzed and searched for 115 metaphases with only one chromosome loss that could be analyzed. The result shows that 64.19 % out of 1303 metaphases were incomplete, and 9.29 % or 121 metaphases with only one chromosome loss. It is found that each chromosome has different probability of loss which depends on the size of chromosome. The smaller the chromosome, the greater the chance of loss, but all of these do not lead to any false diagnosis. Chromosome Loss During Slide Processing Using a Modified Von Hemel Procedure;Chromosome Loss During Slide Processing Using a Modified Von Hemel Procedure"

"The chromosome is a set of DNA structure that carry information about our life. The information can be obtained through Karyotyping. The process requires a clear image so the chromosome can be evaluate well. Preprocessing have to be done on chromosome images that is image enhancement. The process starts with image background removing. The image will be cleaned background color. The next step is image enhancement. This paper compares several methods for image enhancement. We evaluate some method in image enhancement like Histogram Equalization (HE), Contrast-limiting Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE), Histogram Equalization with 3D Block Matching (HE+BM3D), and basic image enhancement, unsharp masking. We examine and discuss the best method for enhancing chromosome image. Therefore, to evaluate the methods, the original image was manipulated by the addition of some noise and blur. Peak Signal-to-noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) are used to examine method performance. The output of enhancement method will be compared with result of Professional software for karyotyping analysis named Ikaros MetasystemT M . Based on experimental results, HE+BM3D method gets a stable result on both scenario noised and blur image.Kromosom adalah kumpulan struktur DNA yang membawa informasi makhluk hidup. Informasi yang dapat diperoleh dengan proses Kariotyping. Proses ini membutuhkan citra yang jelas sehingga kromosom dapat dievaluasi dengan baik. Preprocessing harus dilakukan pada citra kromosom melalui penajaman citra. Proses ini dimulai dengan menghapus latar belakang citra. Langkah berikutnya ialah penajaman citra menggunakan metode image enhancement. Makalah ini membandingkan beberapa metode untuk peningkatan citra. Kami mengevaluasi beberapa metode dalam peningkatan gambar seperti Histogram Equalization (HE), Contrast-limiting Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE), Histogram Equalization with 3D Block Matching (HE+BM3D), dan unsharp masking. Penulis mengevaluasi dan membahas metode terbaik untuk meningkatkan citra kromosom. Oleh karena itu, untuk mengevaluasi metode, gambar asli dimanipulasi dengan penambahan beberapa kebisingan dan blur. Peak Signal-to-noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) digunakan untuk mengukur kinerja metode. Hasil penajaman dari metode-metode yang dievaluasi akan dibandingkan dengan hasil software profesional untuk analisis kariotipe bernama Ikaros Metasystem T M . Berdasarkan eksperimen diperoleh hasil bahwa HE + BM3D merupakan metode yang paling stabil pada kedua skenario baik citra mengandung noise maupun citra yang kabur."

"Penelitian transformasi fragmen DNA Xanthomonas campestris ke dalam Escherichia coli DH5αα, digunakan vektor plasmid Escherichia coli (pUC19). DNA kromosom diisolasi dengan metoda CTAB. DNA plasmid diisolasi dengan metoda alkali lisis. Kedua sumber DNA dipotong menggunakan enzim restriksi EcoRI. Sel kompeten disiapkan dengan CaCl2, transformasi menggunakan metoda kejutan panas.Hasil transformasi didapatkan sebanyak 5 koloni putih (yang mengandung fragmen DNA), dengan frekuensi transformasi sebesar 1,22 x 10-8 koloni putih/sel kompeten. Elektoforesis agarosa menunjukkan variasi ukuran DNA fragmen sebesar 0,5 ? 7,5 kb. Penelitian lebih lanjut perlu dilakukan dengan pembuatan pustaka genom untuk mendapatkan hasil transformasi yang lebih banyak.

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Research on DNA transformation of Xanthomonas campestris into Escherichia coli DH5αα using plasmid vector Escherichia coli (pUC19). was carried out. DNA chromosome was isolated using CTAB method, alkali lysis method was used to isolate DNA plasmid. Both of DNA plasmid and chromosome were digested using restriction enzyme EcoRI. Competent cell was prepared with CaCl2 and heat shock method for transformation procedure.The result revealed transformation obtain 5 white colonies, with transformation frequency was 1,22 x 10-8 colony/competent cell. Electrophoresis analysis showed the DNA fragment (insert) in range 0.5 ? 7,5 kb. Further research should be carried out to prepare the genomic library to obtain better result of transformant."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian mengenai studi anatomi batang Asteraceae tribe Eupatorieae, tribe Heliantheae, dan tribe Vernonieae dari lingkungan kampus Universitas Indonesia, Depok telah dilakukan. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mendeskripsikan struktur anatomi batang dan membandingkan struktur tersebut berdasarkan klasifikasi tribe. Spesies yang ditemukan selama penelitian sebanyak 12 spesies yang tersebar dalam 3 tribe. Perbedaan anatomi batang dianalisis dengan menggunakan data kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Data kualititatif meliputi keberadaan struktur kutikula, trikom, kolenkim sudut, substansi ergastik, kelenjar sekretori, rongga udara, idioblas; bentuk sel epidermis, korteks, empulur; dan tipe pembuluh vaskuler. Data kuantitatif meliputi ketebalan kutikula, ketebalan epidermis, luas floem, luas xylem, jumlah lapisan korteks, dan jumlah pembuluh vaskuler. Batang disayat menggunakan hand-sliding microtome, kemudian diamati di bawah mikroskop cahaya. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa karakter kualitatif dan kuantitatif belum dapat menjadi karakter pembeda antar tribe.

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ABSTRACT<>br>Research on stem anatomy of tribe Eupatorieae, tribe Heliantheae, and tribe Vernonieae from Asteraceae family in Universitas Indonesia Campus, Depok was conducted. The objective was to describe stem anatomy structures and compare those structures based on tribe classification. Twelve species from 3 tribe was found and used in the research. Stem anatomical differences was analyzed by qualitative and quantitative approach. Qualitative data includes the presence absence of cuticle, trichome, angular collenchyma, air cavity, ergastic substances, secretory gland, idioblast epidermal cell shape cortical cell shape pith cell shape and type of vascular bundles. Quantitative data includes cuticle thickness, epidermal thickness, large area of phloem, large area of xylem, number of cortical layers, and number of vascular bundles. Stem was dissected by hand sliding microtome, then observed under light microscope. Result shows that qualitative and quantitative character can not be differentiating character between tribes."

"Penelitian deskripsi jenis dan analisis jumlah kromosom beberapa tumbuhan suku Asteraceae di Kampus UI Depok telah dilakukan pada bulan September 2012 hingga Maret 2013. Sampel diambil secara purposive sampling dan diidentifikasi berdasarkan karakter morfologi menggunakan kunci determinasi buku Flora of Java. Diperoleh 21 jenis Asteraceae yang tersebar di Kampus UI Depok yang berhasil diidentifikasi, 8 jenis di antaranya berhasil diketahui jumlah kromosomnya, satu jenis Asteraceae yaitu Tridax procumbens dapat digunakan dalam pembuatan kariotipe. Lima jenis Asteraceae yang memiliki variasi jumlah kromosom yaitu Elephantopus scaber (2n=x=9, 2n=x+2=11, 2n=2x-4=14, 2n=2x=18, 2n=2x+1=19, 2n=2x+2=20, 2n=2x+4=22), Tridax procumbens (2n=x= 9, 2n=2x=18, 2n=4x=36), Bidens pilosa (2n=2x+8, 2n=32, 2n=3x=36, 2n=4x =48), Mikania micrantha (2n=x=18, 2n=x+6=24, 2n=2x-4 =32, 2n=2x=36) dan Sphagneticola trilobata (2n=2x=28, 2n =2x-4=32, 2n=2n-8=36). Tiga jenis Asteraceae tidak memiliki variasi jumlah kromosom adalah Cosmos sulphureus (2n=24), Emilia sonchifolia (2n=10), dan Sonchus arvensis (2n=18).

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Species description and analysis of chromosomes number on the several plant belongs to Asteraceae that located in University of Indonesia was conducted during September 2012 to March 2013. The study was held using purposive sampling method and samples were identified based on morphological characters using determination keys in Flora of Java book. Twenty one species of Asteraceae scattered in University of Indonesia, Depok were successfully identified. Chromosomes number of eight species were known and one species can be used in karyotyping. The research also suggested that five species of Asteraceae have variation in chromosomes number. They are Elephantopus scaber (2n=x=9, 2n=x+2=11, 2n=2x-4=14, 2n=2x=18, 2n=2x+1=19, 2n=2x+2 = 20, 2n=2x+4=22), Tridax procumbens (2n=x=9, 2n=2x=18, 2n=4x=36), Bidens pilosa (2n=2x+8, 2n=32, 2n=3x=36, 2n=4x=48), Mikania micrantha (2n=x=18, 2n=x+6=24, 2n=2x-4=32, 2n=2x=36) and Sphagneticola trilobata (2n=2x=28, 2n=2x-4=32, 2n=2n-8=36). On the contrary, three species of Asteraceae does not have variation in chromosomes number. They are Cosmos sulphureus (2n=24), Emilia sonchifolia (2n=10), and Sonchus arvensis (2n=18). "

"Ruang Lingkup dan Cara Penelitian : Kasus infertilitas dijumpai pada l0%-l5% pasangan suami istri dan 50% kasus disebabkan oleh faktor pria. Salah satu penyebab infertilitas pria adalah faktor genetis yang menimbulkan gangguan kualitatif maupun kuantitatif produksi sperma. Kemajuan biologi molekuler mengungkap adanya gen Azaospermic Factor (AZF) pada lengan panjang kromosom Y dengan tiga subregio yaitu AZFa, AZFb, dan AZFc yang diduga berperan pada proses spermatogenesis. Masingmasing subregio memiliki gen kandidat diantaranya adalah RBMY 1 dan DAZ. Frekuensi mikrodelesi lengan panjang kromosom Y berkisar 1%-55%, paling sering ditemukan pada pria azoospermia. Penelitian mengenai mikrodelesi kromosom Y ini semakin pesat bersamaan dengan kemajuan teknologi reproduksi berbantuan yang memungkinkan beberapa pria infertil memiliki keturunan dengan metode Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI). Teknik ICSI memungkinkan adanya transmisi kelainan genetis pada keturunan laki-laki. Oleh karena itu diperlukan pemeriksaan mikrodelesi kromosom Y untuk menghindarkan terjadinya transmisi tersebut. Pemeriksaan mikrodelesi kromosom Y dilakukan dengan metode PCR menggunakan enam Sequence Tagged Sites (STS) pada 35 pria azoospermia, dan kelompok kontrol yang terdiri dari 10 pria normozoospermia sebagai kontrol positif dan delapan wanita fertil sebagai kontrol negatif. Hasil PCR dielektroforesis pada gel agarosa 2% untuk melihat ada tidaknya pita spesifik untuk mendeteksi mikrodelesi pada sekuen tertentu.Hasil dan Kesimpulan : Pada penelitian ini ditemukan dua dari 35 pria azoosperrnia yang mengalami mikrodelesi pada kromosom Y. Hasil pengujian dengan menggunakan enam STS menunjukkan delesi pada STS sY84 (subregio AZFa), RBMY1 (subregio AZFb), dan sY254 serta sY255 (subregio AZFc). Frekuensi delesi pada penelitian ini adalah 5,7% dan masih dalam kisaran 1%-55% dengan lokasi delesi pada 3 subregio (2,8% pada AZFa+AZFb, dan 2,8% pada AZFc).

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Background : Infertility affects 10% - 15% couples attempting pregnancy and 50% of these cases are caused by male factor. Male infertility factors involve qualitative and quantitative defect of sperm production., which some of them can be ascribed a genetic aetiology. Recent molecular biology studies found Azoospermic Factor (AZF) genes on long arm of Y chromosome which divided into three subregions : AZFa, AZFb, and AZFc which seem required for physiologic spermatogenesis. Each subregion has candidate genes, among them are: RBMYI and DAZ. Incidence of , Y chromosome microdeletion varies from 1% to 55% and most of them related to azoospermia. Studies of Y chromosome microdeletion develop as the assisted reproduction technology does, which possible several infertile male to have offspring by Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) method. This technique could transmit the genetic defect to male offsprings. Screening for Y chromosome microdeletion is important to avoid this kind of transmission. The study uses PCR method with six Sequence Tagged Sites (STS) on DNA of 35 azoospermic men, and as control groups: 10 normozoospermic men, and eight fertile women and then continue by 2% agarose electrophoresis to find out the presence of microdeletion at certain sequence.

Results and conclusions : This study found two of 35 azoospermic men with Y chromosome microdeletion. By using six STS, deletions were found in STS sY84 (AZFa subregion), RBMY1 (AZFb subregion), and sY254-sY255 (AZFc subregion). Microdeletion incidence (5,7%) is stilt in avarage range of 1'Y13-55% and located in three different subregions (2,8% in AZFa+AZFb subregions, and 2,8% in AZFc subregion)."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui frekuensi mikrodelesi kromosom Y pada pria azoospermia di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode PCR dengan lima STS untuk melihat delesi yang timbul pada tiga subregio (AZFa, AZFb, dan AZFc) dan satu STS untuk mengamplifikasi gen SRY yang merupakan kontrol internal. Dari 35 sampel pria dengan azoospermia terdeteksi dua orang (5,7%) yang mengalami mikrodelesi pada kromosom Y (Yq). Mikrodelesi yang terdeteksi dengan enam STS adalah satu orang mengalami delesi pada sY84 (subregio AZFa) dan RBMY1 (subregio AZFb), dan satu orang mengalami delesi pada sY254 dan sY255 (subregio AZFc). Pemeriksaan delesi kromosom Y sangat dianjurkan pada pria azoospermia yang ingin mengikuti program ICSI untuk menghindarkan kelainan genetik pada keturunannya.

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Analysis of Y Chromosome Microdeletion in Indonesian Males. The aim of this study is to find out Y chromosome microdeletion in Indonesian azoospermic men. This study used the PCR method with five STS to locate deletion on three different subregions (AZFa, AZFb, and AZFc) of azoospermic men and one STS to amplify SRY gen which act as an internal control. In this study we detected two of 35 (5,7%) azoospermic men had microdeletion Yq. One had microdeletion on subregion AZFa (sY84) and AZFb (RBMY1) and the other one on subregion AZFc (sY254 and sY255). Therefore microdeletion of the Y chromosome in Indonesian azoospermic men excist. Examination of microdeletion of Y chromosomes in azoospermic men is important if they are going to participate in the Intra Cytoplasmic Infection Program to avoid genetic disorders of their descendants."

"Asteraceae adalah famili tumbuhan dengan 1.900 genus dan 32.000 spesies. Asteraceae mudah tumbuh di berbagai habitat seperti tanah lapang, taman, dan sisi jalan raya. Pemetaan jenis Asteraceae di Kampus Universitas Indonesia telah dilakukan oleh Oktarina & Salamah (2017:243), dan morfologi polen beberapa Asteraceae di lingkungan kampus juga telah diteliti (Salamah dkk. 2019:154). Sementara itu, struktur komunitas beberapa Asteraceae di kampus sudah dikaji oleh Agassi (2017), tetapi viabilitas polen Asteraceae di lingkungan Kampus Universitas Indonesia belum diteliti. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi viabilitas polen beberapa spesies Asteraceae di Kampus Universitas Indonesia. Delapan spesies Asteraceae dari 6 tribes diamati melalui metode in vitro dengan tiga tipe medium dan pewarnaan menggunakan pewarna safranin 2%. Hasil viabilitas metode germinasi in vitro menunjukkan bahwa Synedrella nodiflora, Spaghneticola trilobata, dan Youngia japonica memiliki viabilitas polen tertinggi pada ketiga tipe medium, sementara Tridax procumbens dan Mikania micrantha memiliki viabilitas polen terendah. Selain itu, tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan pada viabilitas polen masing-masing spesies dengan ketiga tipe medium, tetapi terdapat perbedaan signifikan pada viabilitas polen masing-masing spesies di setiap medium. Metode pewarnaan menunjukkan hasil yang berbeda dengan metode germinasi in vitro, namun sejalan dengan studi struktur komunitas Asteraceae yang telah dilakukan.

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Asteraceae is a diverse plant family comprising 1,900 genera and 32,000 species, welladapted to various habitats, including open fields, gardens, and roadside areas. Mapping of Asteraceae species on the University of Indonesia campus has been conducted Oktarina & Salamah (2017:243). Salamah et al. (2019:154) explored the pollen morphology of several Asteraceae species within the same environment. Meanwhile, Agassi (2017) studied the community structure of various Asteraceae species on the campus. Research on the pollen viability of Asteraceae in the same setting has not been explored. This study aim to determine the pollen viability of several Asteraceae species in the University of Indonesia campus environment. The pollen viability of eight Asteraceae species from six tribes was observed using in vitro germination method with three types of medium and staining method with safranin 2%. The results of the in vitro germination method showed that Synedrella nodiflora, Spaghneticola trilobata, and Youngia japonica had the highest pollen viability on all three types of medium, while Tridax procumbens and Mikania micrantha had the lowest pollen viability. Moreover, there were no significant differences in the pollen viability of each species among the three types of medium, but there were significant differences in the pollen viability of each species within each medium. The staining method yielded different results compared to the in vitro germination method, but was consistent with the community structure study of Asteraceae."