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"Latar belakang: Porphyromonas gingivalis merupakan salah satu bakteri dominan penyebab periodontitis. Kebiasaan merokok merupakan faktor predisposisi yang dapat memperparah penyakit periodontal karena menyebabkan kondisi anaerob, sehingga mengubah keseimbangan microbiota normal. Eicosapentaeoic Acid (EPA) merupakan salah satu zat omega-3 yang memiliki sifat anti-inflmasi dan anti-bakteri. Peningkatan EPA dapat mengurangi keparahan penyakit periodontal, sedangkan EPA pada perokok lebih rendah dibanding bukan perokok. Tujuan: Untuk mendapatkan keterkaitan antara kadar EPA dalam darah dengan derajat keparahan periodontitis pada perokok. Metode: Desain observasi cross-sectional pada pasien usia 35-60 tahun dengan poket absolut > 4mm. Subjek dibagi menjadi grup bukan perokok, perokok ringan, dan perokok berat. Pengambilan sampel cairan krevikular gingiva (CKG) dilakukan untuk mendapatkan proporsi Porphyromonas gingivalis dengan menggunakan quantitative PCR; sedangkan sampel darah diambil untuk melihat kadar EPA. Hasil: Korelasi positif yang lemah ditemukan antara kadar EPA dalam darah dengan proporsi Porphyromonas gingivalis, namun tidak bermakna secara statistik. Kesimpulan: Kadar EPA tidak dapat menjadi parameter keparahan periodontitis pada prokok, karena harus dipertimbangkan faktor predisposisi lainnya.

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Background: Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the dominant bacteria in periodontitis. Smoking is a predisposing factor that can exacerbate periodontal disease because it causes anaerobic conditions thereby changing the balance of normal microbiota. Eicosapentaeoic Acid (EPA) is a substance in omega-3 that has anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties. An increase in EPA can reduce the severity of periodontal disease, whereas EPA in smoking patients is lower than non-smoking patients. Objective: To obtain an association between EPA levels in the blood and the severity of periodontitis. Method: A cross-sectional observational design in patients aged 35-60 years with an absolute pocket > 4mm. Subjects were divided into non-smoking, light smoking and heavy smoking groups. Gingival clevicular fluid (GCF) samples were taken to obtain the proportion of Porphyromonas gingivalis using quantitative PCR, while blood samples were taken to see EPA levels. Results: A weak positive correlation was found between blood EPA levels and the proportion of Porphyromonas gingivalis, but was not statistically significant. Conclusion: EPA levels cannot be a parameter of the severity of periodontitis in smoking patients, other predisposing factors should be considered."

"[Latar Belakang: Kuantitas fimA bakteri Porphyromonas gingivalis pada akumulasi plak periodontitis kronis perokok belum pernah diteliti di Indonesia. Tujuan: Menganalisis kuantitas fimA bakteri Porphyromonas gingivalis pada akumulasi plak periodontitis kronis perokok. Material dan metode: Pemeriksaan Poket Periodontal, Status Merokok, Indeks Plak, dan ekspresi fimA dengan RT-PCR terhadap 37 subjek. Hasil : Tidak terdapat perbedaan ekspresi fimA pada periodontitis kronis perokok dengan bukan perokok pada poket 4 mm (p=0.522), 5 mm (p=0.181) dan 6 mm (p=1.000). Indeks plak perokok lebih buruk dibandingkan dengan bukan perokok (PI 1-3=40,51%). Kesimpulan: Tidak ada perbedaan kuantitas fimA Porphyromonas gingivalis pada akumulasi plak periodontitis kronis perokok., Background : Porpyhromonas gingivalis fimA quantity in plaque accumulation of smoker with chronic periodontitis haven’t been studied in Indonesia. Objective : Analyzing Porpyhromonas gingivalis fimA quantity in plaque accumulation of smoker with chronic periodontitis. Material and Methods : Pocket Deph (PD), Smoking Status, Plaque Index, and RT PCR fimA quantity examination of 37 subject. Result : fimA quantity difference between smoker and non smokers in 4 mm PD (p=0.522), 5 mm PD (p=0.181) and 6 mm PD (p=1.000) wasn’t significant. Smoker has higher plaque index compare to non smoker (PI 1-3=40,51%). Conclution : There was no differences of fimA quantity in smoker with chronic periodontitis.]"

"Latar Belakang: Berbagai penelitian menyebutkan terdapat hubungan antara penyakit periodontal dengan kelahiran bayi prematur KBP , namun belum ada kajian hubungan keparahan periodontitis kronis dan proporsi Porphyromonas gingivalis dalam plak subgingiva dengan KBP. Metode: Penelitian retrospektif dengan metode wawancara, kuesioner, dan pemeriksaan klinis periodontal pada subjek maksimum 48 jam paska persalinan. Penentuan keparahan periodontitis kronis berdasarkan kriteria gabungan CAL, PPD, BOP, dan penyebaran. Pengambilan sampel plak subgingival dari poket terdalam untuk P. gingivalis dengan metode qPCR. Analisis statistik Chi-square dan Regresi Logistik menggunakan SPSS. Hasil: Ada hubungan antara keparahan periodontitis kronis dengan KBP p=0,002 ; dan antara proporsi P. gingivalis dengan keparahan periodontitis kronis p=0,015 dengan distribusi terbanyak pada periodontitis kronis berat. Tidak ada hubungan antara proporsi P. gingivalis dengan KBP p=0,466. Kesimpulan: KBP berhubungan dengan keparahan periodontitis kronis, namun tidak dengan proporsi P. gingivalis. Perlu penelitian lanjutan yang mengkaji hubungan bakteri periodontopatogen kuat lainnya dengan KBP. "

"[Latar Belakang: Merokokmempengaruhi peran host danbakteridalam patogenesis periodontitis kronis. Tujuan: Menganalisis efek merokok terhadap kebersihan mulut, perdarahan gingiva, dan jumlah bakteri P. gingivalis. Materi dan metode: Tiga puluh satu subjek laki-laki diperiksa indeks plak (PI), kalkulus (KI), kebersihan mulut (OHI-S), dan perdarahan papilla (PBI) kemudian diambil plak subgingiva untuk dihitung jumlah bakteri P. gingivalis. Hasil: Skor PI, KI, OHI-S, PBI, dan prevalensi bakteri P.gingivalis perokok lebih tinggi namun peningkatannya tidak bermakna. Kesimpulan: Merokok tidak mempengaruhi kebersihan mulut, perdarahan gingiva, dan jumlah bakteri P.gingivalis pada periodontitis kronis., Introduction: Smoking affects host and bacteria roles in chronic periodontitis. Objectives: Analyzing smoking effects towards oral hygiene, gingival bleeding, and P. gingivalis prevalence. Material and methods: Thirty one male subjects were examined with plaque(PI), calculus (CI), oral hygiene (OHI-S), and papilla bleeding index (PBI). Sub-gingival plaque was taken to quantify P. gingivalis. Results: Smokers had higher PI, CI, OHI-S, PBI score, and P. gingivalis was more prevalent, though the differences were not significant. Conclusion: Smoking does not affect oral hygiene, gingival bleeding, and P. gingivalis prevalence in chronic periodontitis. ]"

"Latar Belakang: Porphyromonas gingivalis merupakan bakteri Gram-negatif anaerob yang telah terbukti sebagai patogen utama periodontitis. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bakteri ini mampu menyebabkan kerusakan tulang alveolar dengan mekanisme yang bervariasi. Oleh karena itu dibutuhkan analisis literatur secara sistematis untuk dapat menjelaskan bagaimana mekanisme utama bakteri Porphyromonas gingivalis dalam menyebabkan kerusakan tulang. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi secara sistematis literatur ilmiah yang relevan untuk menganalisis mekanisme kerusakan tulang alveolar oleh bakteri Porphyromonas gingivalis pada penyakit periodontitis. Metode: Penelitian dilakukan dengan berpedoman pada PRISMA sebagai panduan dalam penulisan tinjauan sistematis. Literatur yang memenuhi syarat dievaluasi pada empat kriteria inklusi: 1) artikel dipublikasikan dalam Bahasa Inggris, 2) artikel diterbitkan dalam kurun waktu 10 tahun terakhir, 3) artikel tersedia dalam fulltext, 4) literatur berupa research article. Hasil: Pencarian literatur mengidentifikasi sebanyak sebelas artikel yang memenuhi syarat. Sebelas artikel yang terpilih semuanya membahas tentang mekanisme kerusakan tulang alveolar akibat paparan faktor virulensi bakteri Porphyromonas gingivalis dengan empat sel tulang target utama yaitu osteoklas, osteoblas, osteosit, dan periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSC). Kesimpulan: Melalui berbagai mekanisme, bakteri Porphyromonas gingivalis memicu kerusakan tulang alveolar dengan meningkatkan produksi sitokin proinflamasi, meningkatkan diferensiasi osteoklas, menghambat diferensiasi osteoblas, dan meningkatkan apoptosis osteoblas.

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Background: Porphyromonas gingivalis, an anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria, has been shown to be the main pathogen of periodontitis. Several studies have shown that these bacteria are capable of causing alveolar bone destruction with various mechanisms. Therefore it is necessary to evaluate the literature to be able to explain the main mechanism of Porphyromonas gingivalis in causing this damage. Aim: To systematically evaluate the relevant scientific literature in relation to the mechanism of alveolar bone destruction by Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontitis. Methods: The study was conducted based on the PRISMA as a guide in writing a systematic review. Eligible literature were evaluated on four inclusion criteria: 1) articles published in English, 2) articles published in the past 10 years, 3) articles available in full text, 4) literature in the form of research articles. Results: The literature search identified eleven eligible articles. All eleven selected articles discussed the mechanism of alveolar bone destruction due to exposure to the virulence factor of Porphyromonas gingivalis with four main target bone cells: osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSC). Conclusion: Through various mechanisms, Porphyromonas gingivalis induced alveolar bone destruction by increasing proinflammatory cytokine production, increasing osteoclast differentiation, inhibiting osteoblast differentiation, and increasing osteoblast apoptosis."

"Latar Belakang: Porphyromonas gingivalis merupakan bakteri Gram-negatif anaerob yang telah terbukti sebagai patogen utama patogenesis periodontitis, sejak awal proses peradangan hingga terjadinya kerusakan tulang alveolar. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bakteri ini mampu menyebabkan kerusakan tulang alveolar dengan mekanisme yang bervariasi. Oleh karena itu dibutuhkan analisis literatur secara sistematis untuk dapat menjelaskan bagaimana mekanisme utama bakteri Porphyromonas gingivalis dalam menyebabkan kerusakan tulang. Tujuan: Tinjauan sistematis ini bertujuan mengevaluasi secara sistematis dan terstruktur literatur ilmiah yang relevan untuk menganalisis mekanisme kerusakan tulang alveolar oleh bakteri Porphyromonas gingivalis pada penyakit periodontitis. Metode: Pencarian literatur secara daring dilakukan dari bulan Juli hingga November 2020. Penelitian dilakukan dengan berpedoman pada PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) sebagai panduan dalam penulisan tinjauan sistematis. Literatur yang memenuhi syarat dievaluasi pada empat kriteria inklusi: 1) artikel dipublikasikan dalam Bahasa Inggris, 2) artikel diterbitkan dalam kurun waktu 10 tahun terakhir, 3) artikel tersedia dalam fulltext, 4) literatur berupa research article. Hasil: Pencarian literatur mengidentifikasi sebanyak sebelas artikel yang memenuhi syarat. Sebelas artikel yang terpilih semuanya membahas tentang mekanisme kerusakan tulang alveolar akibat paparan faktor virulensi bakteri Porphyromonas gingivalis dengan empat sel tulang target utama yaitu osteoklas, osteoblas, osteosit, dan periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSC). Kesimpulan: Melalui berbagai mekanisme, bakteri Porphyromonas gingivalis memicu kerusakan tulang alveolar dengan meningkatkan produksi sitokin proinflamasi, meningkatkan diferensiasi osteoklas, menghambat diferensiasi osteoblas, dan meningkatkan apoptosis osteoblas.

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Background: Porphyromonas gingivalis is an anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria that has been shown to be the main pathogen underlying the pathogenesis of periodontitis, from the beginning of the inflammatory process to alveolar bone destruction. Several studies have shown that these bacteria are capable of causing alveolar bone destruction with various mechanisms, therefore it is necessary to evaluate the literature to be able to explain the main mechanism of Porphyromonas gingivalis in causing this damage.

Aim: The aim of this systematic review is to systematically evaluate the relevant scientific literature in relation to the mechanism of alveolar bone destruction by Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontitis.

Methods: Online literature searches was carried out from July to November 2020. The study was conducted based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) as a guide in writing a systematic review. Eligible literature were evaluated on four inclusion criteria: 1) articles published in English, 2) articles published in the past 10 years, 3) articles available in full text, 4) literature in the form of research articles.

Results: The literature search identified eleven eligible articles. All eleven selected articles discussed the mechanism of alveolar bone destruction due to exposure to the virulence factor of Porphyromonas gingivalis with four main target bone cells: osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSC).

Conclusion: Through various mechanisms, Porphyromonas gingivalis induced alveolar bone destruction by increasing proinflammatory cytokine production, increasing osteoclast differentiation, inhibiting osteoblast differentiation, and increasing osteoblast apoptosis."

"Latar Belakang: Eliminasi Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) dan Treponema denticola (Td), dengan skeling dan penghalusan akar (SPA) meningkatkan densitas tulang alveolar. Tujuan: Analisis densitas tulang alveolar serta jumlah bakteri Pg dan Td sebelum dan sesudah SPA pada kasus periodontitis kronis. Metode: Empat puluh subjek menyetujui informed consent, dilakukan pemeriksaan klinis, radiografis densitas tulang alveolar, penghitungan jumlah Pg dan Td dengan RT-PCR. Hasil: Perbedaan bermakna jumlah bakteri Pg, Td, serta densitas tulang antara sebelum dan sesudah SPA (p<0,05); Hubungan bermakna antara jumlah bakteri Pg dan Td dengan densitas radiografis (p<0,05). Kesimpulan: SPA menurunkan jumlah bakteri Pg, Td, dan meningkatkandensitas radiografis tulang alveolar.

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Background: Elimination of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Treponema denticola (Td) with scaling and root planing (SRP) can increase the radiographic alveolar bone density.

Objective: To analyze radiographic bone density, amount of Pg and Td before and after SRP.

Methods: Fourty subjects fill the informed consent, clinical examination, radiographic examination for bone density, count of Pg and Td using RT-PCR.

Result: Significant differences between radiographic bone density, amount of Pg and Td before and after SRP. Significant association between amount of Pg and Td and bone radiographic density.

Conclusion: Scaling and root planing decrease the amount of Pg and Td and increase radiographic bone density."

"ABSTRAK Latar Belakang. P.gingivalis merupakan bakteri periodonsium yang dapatberpindah ke saluran akar pada lesi endoperio kombinasi murni. Jumlah danproporsinya berperan terhadap keparahan penyakit karena sifat virulensinya.Tujuan: Menganalisis jumlah dan proporsi P.gingivalis saluran akar dan poketlesi endoperio kombinasi murni, lesi endo primer, dan lesi perio primer. Metode:16 sampel diambil dari 3 kelompok, kuantifikasi dengan PCR real-time. Hasil:Jumlah P.gingivalis terbesar pada poket lesi perio primer, proporsi P.gingivalisterbesar pada saluran akar lesi endo primer. Jumlah dan proporsi P.gingivalistidak berbeda bermakna antara saluran akar dan poket lesi endoperio kombinasimurni. Kesimpulan. Jumlah dan proporsi P.gingivalis sebanding antara saluran akar dan poket lesi endoperio kombinasi murni.ABSTRACT Background : P.gingivalis is a periodontium pathogen that can be transferred tothe root canal of the true combined endoperio lesions. Quantity and proportiontakes part in the severity of the disease because of its virulence. Objective: toanalyze the quantity and proportion of P.gingivalis in the root canals and pocketof true combined endoperio lesions, primary endodontic lesions, and primaryperiodontal lesions. Methods 16 samples were taken from 3 groups,quantification with real-time PCR. Results : P.gingivalis largest quantity wasfound in pockets of primary periodontal lesions, P.gingivalis largest proportionwas found in root canals of primary endodontic lesions. There were no significantdifferences in quantity and proportion of P.gingivalis in root canals and pockets oftrue combined endoperio lesions. Conclusion. Quantity and proportion ofP.gingivalis were comparable between the root canals and pockets of true combined endoperio lesions.;Background : P.gingivalis is a periodontium pathogen that can be transferred tothe root canal of the true combined endoperio lesions. Quantity and proportiontakes part in the severity of the disease because of its virulence. Objective: toanalyze the quantity and proportion of P.gingivalis in the root canals and pocketof true combined endoperio lesions, primary endodontic lesions, and primaryperiodontal lesions. Methods 16 samples were taken from 3 groups,quantification with real-time PCR. Results : P.gingivalis largest quantity wasfound in pockets of primary periodontal lesions, P.gingivalis largest proportionwas found in root canals of primary endodontic lesions. There were no significantdifferences in quantity and proportion of P.gingivalis in root canals and pockets oftrue combined endoperio lesions. Conclusion. Quantity and proportion ofP.gingivalis were comparable between the root canals and pockets of true combined endoperio lesions.;Background : P.gingivalis is a periodontium pathogen that can be transferred tothe root canal of the true combined endoperio lesions. Quantity and proportiontakes part in the severity of the disease because of its virulence. Objective: toanalyze the quantity and proportion of P.gingivalis in the root canals and pocketof true combined endoperio lesions, primary endodontic lesions, and primaryperiodontal lesions. Methods 16 samples were taken from 3 groups,quantification with real-time PCR. Results : P.gingivalis largest quantity wasfound in pockets of primary periodontal lesions, P.gingivalis largest proportionwas found in root canals of primary endodontic lesions. There were no significantdifferences in quantity and proportion of P.gingivalis in root canals and pockets oftrue combined endoperio lesions. Conclusion. Quantity and proportion ofP.gingivalis were comparable between the root canals and pockets of true combined endoperio lesions.;Background : P.gingivalis is a periodontium pathogen that can be transferred tothe root canal of the true combined endoperio lesions. Quantity and proportiontakes part in the severity of the disease because of its virulence. Objective: toanalyze the quantity and proportion of P.gingivalis in the root canals and pocketof true combined endoperio lesions, primary endodontic lesions, and primaryperiodontal lesions. Methods 16 samples were taken from 3 groups,quantification with real-time PCR. Results : P.gingivalis largest quantity wasfound in pockets of primary periodontal lesions, P.gingivalis largest proportionwas found in root canals of primary endodontic lesions. There were no significantdifferences in quantity and proportion of P.gingivalis in root canals and pockets oftrue combined endoperio lesions. Conclusion. Quantity and proportion ofP.gingivalis were comparable between the root canals and pockets of true combined endoperio lesions.;Background : P.gingivalis is a periodontium pathogen that can be transferred tothe root canal of the true combined endoperio lesions. Quantity and proportiontakes part in the severity of the disease because of its virulence. Objective: toanalyze the quantity and proportion of P.gingivalis in the root canals and pocketof true combined endoperio lesions, primary endodontic lesions, and primaryperiodontal lesions. Methods 16 samples were taken from 3 groups,quantification with real-time PCR. Results : P.gingivalis largest quantity wasfound in pockets of primary periodontal lesions, P.gingivalis largest proportionwas found in root canals of primary endodontic lesions. There were no significantdifferences in quantity and proportion of P.gingivalis in root canals and pockets oftrue combined endoperio lesions. Conclusion. Quantity and proportion ofP.gingivalis were comparable between the root canals and pockets of true combined endoperio lesions."

"Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis are two of the specific microorganisms that frequently occurs in chronic periodontitis. As protein plays an important role in bacteria's life and it's virulence factor, we tried to explore variation in P. imtermedia and P. gingivalis were identified using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique, and it's protein profile were evaluated using Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate - Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). SDS-PAGE result showed that there were significant difference between protein profile of P. intermedia cell which isolated from shallow and deep pocket with dominant proteins of molecular weight 200 kDa, 110 kDa, 40 kDa, and 25 kDa, however, relationship between pocket depth and P. intermedia cell protein profile could not be concluded because unrepresentative number of P. intermedia colonies. In the other hand the variation in P. gingivalis cell protein profile was not influenced by pocket depth with dominant protein called hemin binding protein (HbBp)."

"Latar Belakang: Porphyromonas gingivalis adalah salah satu bakteri penyebab utama periodontitis kronis. Infeksi kronis merupakan salah satu faktor risiko penyakit jantung koroner, yaitu penyempitan arteri jantung karena tumpukan plak. Tujuan: menganalisis perbedaan kuantitatif P.gingivalis plak gigi serta hubungannya dengan status periodontal PJK dan non PJK. Metode: 66 pasien PJK dan 40 non PJK dilakukan pemeriksaan status periodontal dan plak subgingiva untuk diketahui kuantitatif P.gingivalis dengan real-time PCR. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada kuantitatif P. gingivalis penderita PJK dibandingkan dengan non PJK. Pada PJK terdapat hubungan antara kuantifikasi P.gingivalis dengan kedalaman poket. Kesimpulan: Kuantitatif P.gingivalis penderita PJK lebih tinggi dibandingkan non PJK. Pada penderita PJK terdapat hubungan kuantitatif P.gingivalis dengan kedalaman poket.

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Background: Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the bacterias that causes chronic periodontitis. Chronic infection is a risk factor for coronary heart disease, a narrowing of coronary artery due to plaque build-up.

Objective: to analyse quantitative difference of P.gingivalis on dental plaque and its relationship with periodontal status of CHD patient and control.

Methods: Periodontal status of 66 CHD patient and 40 control was checked. Subgingival plaque was isolated and P.gingivalis was measured using real-time PCR.

Result: There was significant difference between P.gingivalis of CHD and non CHD patients. There was relationship between P.gingivalis and pocket depth of CHD patient.

Conclusion: Quantity of P.gingivalis in CHD patients is higher than non CHD patients. There was relationship between quantity of P.gingivalis and pocket depth of CHD patients."