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"Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji apakah pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia dikategorikan sebagai pro-poor growth (berpihak kepada orang miskin). Thesis ini akan dianalisis melalui bagaimana mekanisme pertumbuhan ekonomi mempengaruhi kemiskinan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan data panel yang disusun dengan data pada tingkat provinsi untuk periode 2004 – 2010. Selanjutnya, data panel tersebut dipergunakan untuk mengestimasi model ekonometrik yang memungkinkan kita mengetahui dampak dari pertumbuhan ekonomi, ketimpangan, pengeluaran pemerintah, dan kemampuan fiskal pada tingkat kemiskinan. Adapun variabel kontrol terdiri dari koefisien Gini, Per Kapita Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB per kapita), pengeluaran pemerintah, dan sumber pendapatan sendiri.Hasil penelitian ini memiliki implikasi pada kebijakan pemerintah. Pertama, hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi yang baik ternyata dapat menanggulangi kemiskinan. Dengan demikian, Pemerintah harus memformulasikan kebijakan yang dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang berpihakak pada masyarakat miskin. Selain itu, bukti empiris menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kemiskinan lebih responsif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dari pada distribusi pendapatan (gini ratio). Kedua, pengaruh pengeluaran pemerintah terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi sangat bervariasi. Belanja pemerintah untuk pendidikan dan kesehatan memiliki dampak yang signifikan terhadap pengentasan kemiskinan melalui ketidaksetaraan pendapatan berkurang, sedangkan belanja publik pada perlindungan sosial tidak signifikan berkontribusi dalam mengurangi angka kemiskinan. Selanjutnya, kemampuan fiskal di masing-masing provinsi sangat diperlukan untuk meningkatkan pengentasan kemiskinan di wilayhanya.Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi diperlukan untuk meningkatkan efektivitas penanggulangan kemiskinan. Selain itu, untuk mempercepat pengurangan kemiskinan di Indonesia, pertumbuhan ekonomi yang berkelanjutan juga harus didukung melalui investasi sumber daya manusia, serta merancang dan menerapkan program pengurangan kemiskinan yang berpihak pada masyarakat miskin. Untuk kasus Indonesia, pertumbuhan ekonomi selama periode 2004-2010 dapat disimpulkan sebagai pro-poor growth.

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The main purpose of this study is to examine whether economic growth in Indonesia is categorised as pro-poor growth. It will be analysed through how economic growth affects poverty. To address this research, we will conduct the study using panel data. It consists of province-level data from 2004 - 2010 to estimate an econometric model that allows us to know the impact of economic growth, inequality, government spending, and fiscal capability on poverty rate. Therefore, the set of control variables consists of the Gini coefficient, per capita Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), government spending, and own income resources.

The estimated results of this study have important policy implications. First, the finding shows that economic growth is good to enhance poverty reduction; government therefore should consider to rising up economic growth benefiting for the poor. In addition, empirical evidence suggests that the poverty headcount ratio in Indonesia is more responsive on economic growth than on income distribution. Second, the effect of government expenditures varies for different type of spending. Government spending on education and health has significant impact on poverty alleviation through reduced income inequality; while public expenditure on social protection is insignificantly contribute to decrease poverty rate. Finally, the fiscal capability in each province is required to enhance poverty eradication.

Further, economic growth is needed to enhance the effectiveness of poverty reduction. Moreover, sustained growth should be accompanied by encouraging in human capital investment to accelerate poverty reduction. In addition, designing and implementing pro poor poverty reduction program should be done to accelerate poverty alleviation. Finally, this result suggests that economic growth during period 2004-2010 in Indonesia can be concluded as pro-poor growth"

"Utang luar negeri merupakan salah satu sumber pembiayaan bagi pembangunan negara Indonesia. Dengan bantuan dana dari luar negeri diharapkan Indonesia dapat meningkatkan pendapatan domestik bruto nasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa korelasi tersebut. Dengan mengambil salah satu sektor industri di Indonesia, penelitian ini mencoba menganalisa keterkaitannya dan juga mencoba meneliti kemampuan membayar kembali utang tersebut melalui nilai ekspor sektor tersebut. Penulis menggunakan pendekatan persamaan simultan untuk mendapatkan model penyelesaian yang unik dan dapat menjadi saran dalam pengambilan kebijakan terkait utan luar negeri Indonesia.

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Foreign debt is one of the sources of financing for the development of the Indonesian industry. With the help of funds from foreign countries, Indonesia is expected to increase the national gross domestic product. This study aimed to prove the hypothesis and correlation between debt and development of gross domestic product. By taking one of the industrial sector in Indonesia, this study tries to analyze the correlation and also examine the ability to pay back the debt through export value of that sector. The author uses a simultaneous equation approach to obtain a unique solution model and can be related to policy-making suggestions in Indonesia's foreign debt"

"Penelitian ini ingin melihat dampak yang disebabkan oleh infrastruktur fisik, infrastruktur sosial, dan infrastruktur keuangan pada pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia menggunakan data 34 provinsi selama periode 2016-2020. Indikator-indikator infrastruktur diwakili oleh indeks komposit yang disusun menggunakan teknik Principal Component Analysis (PCA) dalam pembentuan indeks infrastruktur. Estimasi dalam penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan Panel Corrected Standard Error (PCSE) untuk untuk memperbaiki Model Fixed Effect yang mengandung permasalahan multikolinearitas, heteroskedastisitas, dan autokorelasi. Hasil penelitian ini adalah infrastruktur fisik, infrastruktur sosial, dan infrastruktur keuangan berdampak signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia. Hanya saja infrastruktur fisik dan sosial berdampak positif, sedangkan infrastruktur keuangan berdampak negatif.

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The purpose of this research is to determine the effects of physical, social, and financial infrastructure on economic growth in Indonesia during 2016-2020 using data from 34 provinces.. The infrastructure index is compiled using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) technique in order to represent infrastructure indicators. Estimation in this study was carried out using the Panel Corrected Standard Error (PCSE) to improve the Fixed Effect Model which contains problems of multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, and autocorrelation. The results of this study are physical infrastructure, social infrastructure, and financial infrastructure have a significant impact on economic growth in Indonesia. Physical and social infrastructure has a positive impact, while financial infrastructure has a negative impact."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak stock split announcement terhadap abnormal return ditinjau pada kondisi pasar yang bullish dan bearish serta kondisi pertumbuhan ekonomi yang tinggi dan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang rendah tahun 2010 - 2016 pada perusahaan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan menggunakan metode event study. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwasannya perusahaan cenderung mendapatkan abnormal return positif pada kondisi pasar yang bullish dan cenderung mendapatkan abnormal return yang negatif pada kondisi pertumbuhan ekonomi yang tinggi.

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The research focuses on the stock split announcement effect to abnormal return reviewed on bullish and bearish market condition and high economic growth and low economic growth condition in 2010-2016 on listed companies in Indoneisa Stock Exchange. This research is a quantitative research by using event study method. The results of this research show that companies tend to gain positive abnormal return on bull market condition and tend to gain negative abnormal return on high economic growth condition."

"Pemerintah Indonesia sebagai regulator mengatur spektrum keterkaitan dengan regulasi global, dimana ke depannya masih akan diatur yang terdiri dari empat alokasi spektrum, yaitu pada 700 MHz, 2,6 GHz, 3,3 & 3,5 GHz, 26 & 28 GHz. Mengenai penataan spektrum, penelitian ini berfokus pada frekuensi 3,5 GHz dan saat ini masih digunakan oleh satelit di Indonesia Timur, yang memiliki jumlah penduduk penggunaan satelit terbesar. Tujuan peneliltan untuk menganalisis dampak ekonomi di suatu wilayah yang ditimbulkan dari perubahan penggunaan teknologi dengan model Input-Output (IO). Model ini dijabarkan dalam tabel matriks yang menyajikan informasi tentang transaksi barang dan jasa serta keterkaitan antar satuan kegiatan ekonomi dalam suatu wilayah, pada waktu periode tertentu. Data yang digunakan dari tabel Input- Output (IO) yang disusun oleh BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik) tahun 2016. Data tersebut di proses dengan nilai shock dari investasi 5G yang menghasilkan peningkatan Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB). Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan investasi 5G di tiga provinsi yang menggunakan setelit memberikan dampak kenaikan Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB) yakni Papua sebesar Rp. 67.570.000.000 dengan kenaikan sebesar Rp. 94.976.690.000 (0,65%), Maluku Utara sebesar Rp. 20.010.000.000 memberikan dampak sebesar Rp. 25.268.770.000 (0,077%) dan terakhir Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) sebesar Rp. 18.390.000.000 dengan dampak 23.453.980.000 (0,03%). Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan yang akan dilakukan pemerintahan dengan mengubah penggunaan frekuensi 3,5 GHz memberikan dampak postif sebesar 0,172% terhadap ekonomi di wilayah Indonesia Timur.

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The Indonesian government as a regulator regulates the spectrum of linkage with global regulations, which in the future will still be regulated consisting of four spectrum allocations, namely at 700 MHz, 2,6 GHz, 3,3 & 3,5 GHz, 26 & 28 GHz. Regarding spectrum structuring, this study focuses on the 3.5 GHz frequency and is currently still used by satellites in Eastern Indonesia, which has the largest number of satellite usage populations. The purpose of the study is to analyse the economic impact in an area arising from changes in the use of technology with the Input-Output (IO) model. This model is described in a matrix table that presents information about transactions of goods and services and the interrelationships between units of economic activity in a region, at a certain period. The data used is from the Input-Output (I-O) table compiled by BPS (Central Statistics Agency) in 2016. The data is processed with the shock value of 5G investment which results in an increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP). From the results of the study, it was found that 5G investment in three provinces using satellite had an impact on increasing Gross Domestic Product (GDP), namely Papua by Rp. 67.570.000.000 with an increase of Rp. 94.976.690.000 (0,65%), North Maluku by Rp. 20.010.000.000 with an impact of Rp. 25.268.770.000 (0,077%) and finally East Nusa Tenggara of Rp. 18.390.000.000 with an impact of 23.453.980.000 (0,03%). This shows that the policy that will be carried out by the government by changing the use of the 3.5 GHz frequency has a positive impact of 0.172% on the economy in Eastern Indonesia."

"ABSTRAKJakarta sebagai ibukota negara dan pusat perekonomian terbesar di Indonesia memiliki pengaruh yang telah melebihi wilayah administrasinya. Pengaruh ini ditunjukkan dengan tingginya laju konversi lahan dari non urban menjadi urban pada kawasan sekitarnya fenomena urban sprawl . Penelitian terakhir menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh Jakarta telah sampai di Kabupaten Karawang dan Purwakarta. Konversi lahan yang tinggi dikhawatirkan akan semakin mengganggu kondisi ekologis kawasan yang sudah terindikasi rusak dengan meningkatnya frekuensi banjir dan longsor di kawasan Jakarta dan sekitarnya. Terancamnya lumbung padi nasional di Kabupaten Karawang dan Purwakarta juga merupakan masalah penting yang harus segera diatasi. Penelitian ini mencoba mengkaitkan timbal balik lahan dengan urban sprawl. Kontribusi penelitian adalah penelitian ini telah mengikutsertakan Karawang dan Purwakarta sebagai observasi penelitian serta telah memasukkan pengaruh spatial dependence kawasan yang merupakan hal yang umum pada studi-studi terkait lahan. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan data panel sehingga diharapkan dapat menghasilkan estimasi yang lebih baik dalam bentuk spatial panel econometrics.

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ABSTRACTJakarta as the nation rsquo s capital and the largest economic centre in Indonesia has impact that beyond its administrative boundary. High rates of land conversions from non urban area to urban area are urban sprawl phenomena caused by Jakarta rsquo s influence. The latest research has shown that this influence has reach Karawang and Purwakarta rsquo s Regency. These conditions will worsen the ecological conditions of Jakarta and its surroundings and also threathen the national paddy production center in Karawang and Purwakarta.The purpose of this research is to explore the effect of land net return on urban sprawl. The contribution of this research are as follows 1 including Karawang and Purwakarta as research observations 2 exploring spatial dependence and 3 using panel data to produce a better estimation result."

"Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk menganalisis pro-poor growth di Indonesia. Terkait dengan hal tersebut, maka tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan dan kemiskinan, serta menganalisa apakah pertumbuhan ekonomi tersebut berpihak pada penduduk miskin (pro-poor growth). Analisa dilakukan melalui data panel 26 propinsi di Indonesia periode 1980-2008. Hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi signifikan berpengaruh terhadap ketimpangan pada periode 1980-2008 dan 1999-2008. Namun demikian, pengurangan kemiskinan kurang didorong oleh efek ketimpangan pendapatan. Pengurangan kemiskinan akibat perubahan ketimpangan pendapatan yang ditimbulkan pertumbuhan ekonomi hanya terjadi pada periode 1999-2008. Sedangkan pertumbuhan ekonomi pada seluruh periode, signifikan berpengaruh terhadap pengurangan kemiskinan. Meskipun demikian, elastisitas bruto dan neto kemiskinan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi semakin tidak elastis. Sementara itu, hasil perhitungan Pro Poor Growth Index (PPGI) menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi yang terjadi di semua periode tergolong pro-poor growth. Sayangnya, nilai elastisitas kemiskinan (baik bruto maupun neto) terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi tergolong rendah. Selain itu, pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap kemiskinan melalui efek ketimpangan pendapatan pun tidak besar. Oleh sebab itu, pemerintah perlu mempertahankan pro-poor growth yang telah dicapai dengan memberikan perhatian pada upaya peningkatkan pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap pengurangan kemiskinan dan mendorong pemerataan distribusi pendapatan sehingga mendorong pengurangan kemiskinan.

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This research aimed to analyze pro-poor growth in Indonesia. Related with it, this research attempts to analyze impact of economic growth on income inequality and poverty. This research also analyze whether the economic growth has respect to poor people (pro-poor growth). Analysis is conducted through panel data of 26 provinces in Indonesia for 1980-2008 periods. The result shows that economic growth is significantly affecting the income inequality for period of 1980-2008 and 1999-2008. Nevertheless, poverty reduction is not driven sufficiently by income inequality effect. The poverty reduction caused by change of the inequality by economic growth only happens in 1999-2008. Economic growth in all period is significantly affecting poverty reduction. Even tough, gross and net elasticity of poverty to economic growth become more inelastic. In the other side, calculation of Pro Poor Growth Index (PPGI) shows that economic growth in all period is included to be pro-poor growth. Unfortunately, poverty elasticity (either gross or net) to economic growth is low. Besides, impact of economic growth on poverty through income inequality effect is not high. Therefore, government needs to maintain achieved pro-poor growth by paying attention on effort to increase economic growth effect on the poverty reduction and support equal income distribution in order to stimulate poverty alleviation."

"[Kemiskinan merupakan momok bagi pembangunan suatu negara. Selain menghambat pertumbuhan ekonomi, kemiskinan juga dapat menimbulkan masalah multidimensi. Untuk memecahkan masalah kemiskinan, pemerintah berupaya menggalakkan berbagai macam program pengentasan kemiskinan. Saat ini, Program Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (Community Driven Development-CDD)telah menjadi salah satu program yang sering dilakukan oleh negara-negara berkembang untuk mengelola tingkat kemiskinan. Konsep dasarnya sangat sederhana, yaitu pemberdayaan masyarakat, khususnya masyarakat miskin. Di Indonesia, pemerintah menerapkan Program CDD melalui Program NasionalPemberdayaan Masyarakat (PNPM) sebagai dasar dari kampanye pengurangan kemiskinan. Dalam pelaksanaannya, program PNPM membutuhkan keikutsertaan masyarakat miskin untuk berpartisipasi dalam perencanaan, pelaksanaan, monitoring dan evaluasi program. Sebuah studi dari keberhasilan PNPM dilakukan tak lama setelah program ini diluncurkan pada tahun 2007. Hasil studi terbaru menyebutkan bahwa PNPMcenderung dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang mampu mengurangi jumlah orang miskin (pertumbuhan pro-kemiskinan). Namun ironisnya, program ini dihentikan oleh rezim baru di awal tahun 2015. Berangkat dari masalah ini, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas dari PNPM sebagai cara untuk mencapai pertumbuhan yang pro-kemiskinan (pro-poor growth). Cakupan makalah penelitian ini adalah merumuskan peran PNPM di tingkat nasional mengingat sebagian besar penelitian sebelumnya hanya terfokus pada daerahdaerahtertentu. Studi ini menghasilkan kesimpulan bahwa PNPM adalah instrumen yang bisa diterapkan untuk mencapai pertumbuhan yang prokemiskinan (pertumbuhan yang menguntungkan orang miskin). Dengan membatasi definisi kemiskinan secara absolut, setiap peningkatan dana PNPMyang menyertai pertumbuhan ekonomi, cenderung akan mengurangi kemiskinan.

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Poverty is a scourge for development of a country. Besides inhibiting the economic growth, poverty may also cause multidimensional problems. Thus, to solve poverty matters, many governments attempt to promote poverty alleviation programs in their countries. Currently, Community-Driven Development (CDD) Program has become one of the systems which is often practiced by developing countries in order to manage the poverty rate. Its basic concept is very simple. It empowers the communities, especially the poor, to unleash them from the shackles of poverty. In Indonesia, the government implements CDD Program through the so-called Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (PNPM) as

the basis of the poverty reduction campaign. In its implementation, PNPM program requires the poor communities to get involved in such actions as participation in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the

programs. A study of the success of the PNPM to eradicate poverty was conducted shortly after the program was launched in 2007. The results of the latest studies suggested that the PNPM will likely be able to reduce the number of poor people in Indonesia. Nevertheless, after running for several years, the program was terminated by the new regime at the beginning of 2015. Departing from this issue, this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of PNPM as a means of alleviating poverty. Since most of the previous studies only focused on certain areas, this research paper is trying to formulate the role of PNPM at the national level. This study has come up with a conclusion that the PNPM is a workable instrument to achieve pro-poor growth, the growth which favours the poor. By limiting the definition of poverty in absolute terms, any increase in the PNPM funds, accompanying the economic growth, will likely reduce poverty more.;Poverty is a scourge for development of a country. Besides inhibiting the

economic growth, poverty may also cause multidimensional problems. Thus, to

solve poverty matters, many governments attempt to promote poverty alleviation

programs in their countries. Currently, Community-Driven Development (CDD)

Program has become one of the systems which is often practiced by developing

countries in order to manage the poverty rate. Its basic concept is very simple. It

empowers the communities, especially the poor, to unleash them from the

shackles of poverty. In Indonesia, the government implements CDD Program

through the so-called Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (PNPM) as

the basis of the poverty reduction campaign. In its implementation, PNPM

program requires the poor communities to get involved in such actions as

participation in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the

programs.

A study of the success of the PNPM to eradicate poverty was conducted

shortly after the program was launched in 2007. The results of the latest studies

suggested that the PNPM will likely be able to reduce the number of poor people

in Indonesia. Nevertheless, after running for several years, the program was

terminated by the new regime at the beginning of 2015. Departing from this issue,

this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of PNPM as a means of alleviating

poverty. Since most of the previous studies only focused on certain areas, this

research paper is trying to formulate the role of PNPM at the national level. This

study has come up with a conclusion that the PNPM is a workable instrument to

achieve pro-poor growth, the growth which favours the poor. By limiting the

definition of poverty in absolute terms, any increase in the PNPM funds,

accompanying the economic growth, will likely reduce poverty more;Poverty is a scourge for development of a country. Besides inhibiting the

economic growth, poverty may also cause multidimensional problems. Thus, to

solve poverty matters, many governments attempt to promote poverty alleviation

programs in their countries. Currently, Community-Driven Development (CDD)

Program has become one of the systems which is often practiced by developing

countries in order to manage the poverty rate. Its basic concept is very simple. It

empowers the communities, especially the poor, to unleash them from the

shackles of poverty. In Indonesia, the government implements CDD Program

through the so-called Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (PNPM) as

the basis of the poverty reduction campaign. In its implementation, PNPM

program requires the poor communities to get involved in such actions as

participation in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the

programs.

A study of the success of the PNPM to eradicate poverty was conducted

shortly after the program was launched in 2007. The results of the latest studies

suggested that the PNPM will likely be able to reduce the number of poor people

in Indonesia. Nevertheless, after running for several years, the program was

terminated by the new regime at the beginning of 2015. Departing from this issue,

this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of PNPM as a means of alleviating

poverty. Since most of the previous studies only focused on certain areas, this

research paper is trying to formulate the role of PNPM at the national level. This

study has come up with a conclusion that the PNPM is a workable instrument to

achieve pro-poor growth, the growth which favours the poor. By limiting the

definition of poverty in absolute terms, any increase in the PNPM funds,

accompanying the economic growth, will likely reduce poverty more;Poverty is a scourge for development of a country. Besides inhibiting the

economic growth, poverty may also cause multidimensional problems. Thus, to

solve poverty matters, many governments attempt to promote poverty alleviation

programs in their countries. Currently, Community-Driven Development (CDD)

Program has become one of the systems which is often practiced by developing

countries in order to manage the poverty rate. Its basic concept is very simple. It

empowers the communities, especially the poor, to unleash them from the

shackles of poverty. In Indonesia, the government implements CDD Program

through the so-called Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (PNPM) as

the basis of the poverty reduction campaign. In its implementation, PNPM

program requires the poor communities to get involved in such actions as

participation in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the

programs.

A study of the success of the PNPM to eradicate poverty was conducted

shortly after the program was launched in 2007. The results of the latest studies

suggested that the PNPM will likely be able to reduce the number of poor people

in Indonesia. Nevertheless, after running for several years, the program was

terminated by the new regime at the beginning of 2015. Departing from this issue,

this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of PNPM as a means of alleviating

poverty. Since most of the previous studies only focused on certain areas, this

research paper is trying to formulate the role of PNPM at the national level. This

study has come up with a conclusion that the PNPM is a workable instrument to

achieve pro-poor growth, the growth which favours the poor. By limiting the

definition of poverty in absolute terms, any increase in the PNPM funds,

accompanying the economic growth, will likely reduce poverty more, Poverty is a scourge for development of a country. Besides inhibiting the

economic growth, poverty may also cause multidimensional problems. Thus, to

solve poverty matters, many governments attempt to promote poverty alleviation

programs in their countries. Currently, Community-Driven Development (CDD)

Program has become one of the systems which is often practiced by developing

countries in order to manage the poverty rate. Its basic concept is very simple. It

empowers the communities, especially the poor, to unleash them from the

shackles of poverty. In Indonesia, the government implements CDD Program

through the so-called Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (PNPM) as

the basis of the poverty reduction campaign. In its implementation, PNPM

program requires the poor communities to get involved in such actions as

participation in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the

programs.

A study of the success of the PNPM to eradicate poverty was conducted

shortly after the program was launched in 2007. The results of the latest studies

suggested that the PNPM will likely be able to reduce the number of poor people

in Indonesia. Nevertheless, after running for several years, the program was

terminated by the new regime at the beginning of 2015. Departing from this issue,

this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of PNPM as a means of alleviating

poverty. Since most of the previous studies only focused on certain areas, this

research paper is trying to formulate the role of PNPM at the national level. This

study has come up with a conclusion that the PNPM is a workable instrument to

achieve pro-poor growth, the growth which favours the poor. By limiting the

definition of poverty in absolute terms, any increase in the PNPM funds,

accompanying the economic growth, will likely reduce poverty more]"

"[Selain menghadapi permasalahan kemiskinan, Indonesia juga dihadapkan pada dua tantangan mendasar yang saling terkait yakni bagaimana mempertahankan tingkat pertumbuhan ekonomi dan mengurangi kesenjangan distribusi pendapatan. Dalam menghadapi berbagai hal tersebut, Pemerintah telah mengimplementasikan kebijakan redistribusi melalui strategi pertumbuhan yang inklusif dengan menyalurkan pengeluaran sosial dalam bentuk belanja bantuan sosial dan Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (BOS). Akan tetapi, belum banyak buktiempiris yang dapat menjelaskan dampak pengeluaran sosial terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Selain itu, belum dapat dibuktikan apakah pengeluaran sosial yang disalurkan oleh pemerintah Indonesia dapat dikategorikan sebagai strategi pertumbuhan yang pro-poor dan inklusif. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh belanjabantuan sosial dan Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (BOS) terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di 33 provinsi di Indonesia tahun 2006-2012 menggunakan alat analisis regresi dengan Fixed Effect Model. Setelah mengetahui jenis pengeluaran sosial yang dapat mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi, selanjutnya penelitian ini akan mengidentifikasi apakah pengeluaran sosial tersebut dapat dikategorikan sebagai instrumen pertumbuhan yang pro-poor dan inklusif dalam kaitannya dengan pengurangan kemiskinan dan pembangunan manusia. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa hanya Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (BOS) yang secara statistik berpengaruh dalam meningkatkan tingkat pertumbuhan ekonomi. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga membuktikan bahwa Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (BOS) dapat dikategorikan sebagai instrumen pertumbuhan yang pro-poor dan inklusif.

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While battling poverty incidence, Indonesia is also confronted with two interwoven rudimentary challenges, sustained economic growth fueled with prevalent income inequality. Henceforth, the Government had intervened by

executing redistributive policy through the inclusive growth strategy by social expenditures provision in the form of social assistance spending and education support spending (BOS Program). Nonetheless, little has been proven empirically concerning the effect of social expenditures to economic growth and whether such spending can be categorized as pro-poor growth and inclusive growth strategy in the Indonesian context. Against this backdrop, this paper attempts to shed a light in this area by employing regression analysis through the Fixed Effect Model to investigate the effect of social assistance spending and education support spending (BOS Program) to economic growth in 33 Indonesian provinces from 2006-2012. After identifying the type of social spending which is able to stimulate economic growth, this paper then tries to determine whether such social spending can be categorized as pro-poor growth and inclusive growth instrument in the context of its efficacy on poverty alleviation and human development improvement respectively. The result suggests that only education support spending (BOS Program) that statistically significant in uplifting economic growth level. Furthermore, closer investigation indicates that this particular spending can be classified both as pro-poor growth and inclusive growth instrument.;While battling poverty incidence, Indonesia is also confronted with two

interwoven rudimentary challenges, sustained economic growth fueled with

prevalent income inequality. Henceforth, the Government had intervened by

executing redistributive policy through the inclusive growth strategy by social

expenditures provision in the form of social assistance spending and education

support spending (BOS Program). Nonetheless, little has been proven empirically

concerning the effect of social expenditures to economic growth and whether such

spending can be categorized as pro-poor growth and inclusive growth strategy in

the Indonesian context.

Against this backdrop, this paper attempts to shed a light in this area by

employing regression analysis through the Fixed Effect Model to investigate the

effect of social assistance spending and education support spending (BOS

Program) to economic growth in 33 Indonesian provinces from 2006-2012. After

identifying the type of social spending which is able to stimulate economic

growth, this paper then tries to determine whether such social spending can be

categorized as pro-poor growth and inclusive growth instrument in the context of

its efficacy on poverty alleviation and human development improvement

respectively. The result suggests that only education support spending (BOS

Program) that statistically significant in uplifting economic growth level.

Furthermore, closer investigation indicates that this particular spending can be

classified both as pro-poor growth and inclusive growth instrument, While battling poverty incidence, Indonesia is also confronted with two

interwoven rudimentary challenges, sustained economic growth fueled with

prevalent income inequality. Henceforth, the Government had intervened by

executing redistributive policy through the inclusive growth strategy by social

expenditures provision in the form of social assistance spending and education

support spending (BOS Program). Nonetheless, little has been proven empirically

concerning the effect of social expenditures to economic growth and whether such

spending can be categorized as pro-poor growth and inclusive growth strategy in

the Indonesian context.

Against this backdrop, this paper attempts to shed a light in this area by

employing regression analysis through the Fixed Effect Model to investigate the

effect of social assistance spending and education support spending (BOS

Program) to economic growth in 33 Indonesian provinces from 2006-2012. After

identifying the type of social spending which is able to stimulate economic

growth, this paper then tries to determine whether such social spending can be

categorized as pro-poor growth and inclusive growth instrument in the context of

its efficacy on poverty alleviation and human development improvement

respectively. The result suggests that only education support spending (BOS

Program) that statistically significant in uplifting economic growth level.

Furthermore, closer investigation indicates that this particular spending can be

classified both as pro-poor growth and inclusive growth instrument]"

"Recent research on the role of institutions in economic development and poverty reduction indicates the importance of institutions, including local institutions. This study examines the importance of institutions as a means to support poverty alleviation policy in Indonesia. Specifically, it addresses two simple but very important policy-questions. First, how important is economic growth for poverty reduction in Indonesia? Second, how important are institutions in determining the poverty performance of economic growth? Though data, especially time series data, are limited, and some estimated regression coefficients are found to be not significant, overall, the findings suggest that improved institutions reflected by higher education enrolment; good health facilities, especially clinics, women empowerment; credit facilities, government development expenditures and cooperatives at the local/village level are all important for poverty reduction."