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"Oxidation resistance and thermal stability of natural rubber (NR) can be improved by diimide transfer hydrogenation in the latex phase. In this research, non-catalytic diimide transfer hydrogenation of concentrated NR latex was accomplished at various proportions of hydrazine hydrate/hydrogen peroxide. The system was stabilized with the addition of sodium hydroxide. Hydrogenated natural rubber (HNR) was characterized by Fourier Transform Infra Red analysis and degree of hydrogenation. The possibility of side reactions during hydrogenation was also studied by analyzing the gel content and particle size distribution of HNR. It is known that the highest degree of hydrogenation is obtained from the addition of 2 phr hydrazine hydrate and 3 phr hydrogen peroxide at 70oC for a 5-hour diimide transfer hydrogenation of concentrated natural rubber latex, preserved with 1 phr of sodium hydroxide. The higher concentration of hydrogen peroxide trigger crosslink reaction of non-rubber constituent, and depolymerization of HNR molecular chains, were shown by the increased gel content and reduction of HNR particle size distribution, respectively."

"Karet alam merupakan jenis material polimer yang banyak digunakan seperti pada ban kendaraan beroda, bantalan pada mesin, atau seperti yang akan dibahas pada penelitian ini, yaitu pelapis pada buoy pendeteksi tsunami. Karet alam yang tidak melalui proses rekayasa apapun memilliki ikatan karbon rangkap dua pada setiap monomernya. Ikatan tersebut merupakan ikatan yang kurang stabil yang mengakibatkan karet alam secara umum rentan terhadap oksidasi. Penambahan hidrogen dapat menyebabkan berkurangnya jumlah ikatan karbon rangkap dua yang diharapkan dapat meningkatkan ketahanan oksidasi dan sifat mekanik dari karet alam. Maka penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan pengaruh dari proses hidrogenasi pada karet alam dan kualitas keberhasilan dari proses hidrogenasi dengan metode biphasic. Variasi dalam penelitian ini adalah perbedaan urutan pencampuran antara Cu2+ sebelum hidrazin hidrat dan sebaliknya, dan perbedaan besaran formula campuran yang digunakan antara normal dan dengan perbesaran 1,5x. Pengujian kadar hidrogen dengan FTIR menunjukkan penurunan kadar gugus fungsi ikatan karbon rangkap dua yang signifikan sebagai pengaruh dari metode biphasic yang digunakan. Tetapi pengujian sifat mekanik dan ketahanan oksidasi memberikan hasil yang beragam dan masih belum memungkinkan untuk digunakan sebagai coating untuk buoy pendeteksi tsunami.

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Natural rubber is a type of polymer material that is widely used, such as in vehicle tires, bearings in machines, or as will be discussed in this research, namely coatings on tsunami detection buoys. Natural rubber that has not gone through any engineering process has double carbon bonds in each monomer. This bond is an unstable bond which makes natural rubber generally susceptible to oxidation. The addition of hydrogen can reduce the number of double carbon bonds which is expected to increase the oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of natural rubber. So this research aims to prove the effect of the hydrogenation process on natural rubber and the quality of success of the hydrogenation process using the biphasic method. The variations in this study are the differences in the mixing order between Cu^(2+) before hydrazine hydrate and vice versa, and the difference in the size of the mixture formula used between normal and with 1.5x magnification. Testing hydrogen levels using FTIR showed a significant decrease in the levels of double carbon bond functional groups as a result of the biphasic method used. However, testing of mechanical properties and oxidation resistance gave mixed results and it is still not possible to use it as a coating for tsunami detection buoys."

"Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis daya saing karet alam Indonesia di pasar dunia, Amerika Serikat, Jepang dan Cina dengan menggunakan Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Indeks Spesialisasi Ekspor (ESI) dan Competitiveness Matrix. Produk yang dipilih adalah Natural Rubber, Balata, Gutta-Percha, Guayule, Chicle and Similar Natural Gums, in Primary Forms or in Plates, Sheets or Strip (HS 4001). Analisis penelitian dilakukan pada tahun 2004 sampai dengan tahun 2008 dengan negara tujuan adalah Amerika Serikat, Jepang dan Cina.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa daya saing dari komoditi karet alam Indonesia lebih kuat dibandingkan dengan rata-rata dunia, daya saing dari komoditi karet alam Indonesia lebih kuat dibandingkan dengan ratarata ekspor karet alam dari negara-negara lain ke pasar Amerika Serikat, Jepang dan China, karet alam Indonesia memiliki posisi yang baik untuk dipertahankan di pasar Amerika Serikat, Jepang dan Cina dan strategi harus difokuskan pada strategi penetrasi pasar.

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This research?s purposes are analyzing the competitiveness of Indonesian natural rubber in the global, the USA?, Japan?s and China's market using Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Specialization Index (ESI) and Competitiveness Matrix. The product that selected is Natural Rubber, Balata, Gutta-Percha, Guayule, Chicle and Similar Natural Gums, in Primary Forms or in Plates, Sheets or Strip (HS 4001). Analysis of research conducted in 2004 until 2008 with the countries of destination are the United States, Japan and China.

The results of this research show that the competitiveness of Indonesian natural rubber commodity is stronger than the world average, the competitiveness of Indonesia's natural rubber commodity is stronger than the average natural rubber exports from other countries to the United States, Japan?s and China's market, Indonesian natural rubber has a good position to be maintained in the United States, Japan's and China's market and the strategy should be focused on market penetration strategy."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memodifikasi karet alam yang mempunyai kekurangan dalam hal sifat ketahanan terhadap panas dan oksidasi, karena adanya kandungan ikatan rangkap C=C pada rantai polimer karet alam. Modifikasi dilakukan dengan mengeksplorasi pendekatan hidrogenasi dua fasa menggunakan karet alam padat yang dilarutkan dalam pelarut organik dan sumber hidrogen (hidrazin hidrat dan hidrogen peroksida) yang dicampur dalam air. Pilihan pelarut, katalis, dan rasio volume air terhadap pelarut diperiksa dampaknya terhadap hidrogenasi. Karakterisasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan spektroskopi Fourier Transform Inframerah (FTIR) sebagai indikator kualitatif hidrogenasi. Sementara itu, spektroskopi 1H-NMR digunakan untuk mengukur derajat hidrogenasi dari produk karet alam terhidrogenasi. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa hidrogenasi parsial berhasil dilakukan menggunakan toluena sebagai pelarut dan etilen diamina tetra asam asetat diammonium tembaga (Cu-EDTA) sebagai katalis, dimana variasi volume air mempengaruhi derajat hidrogenasi. Derajat hidrogenasi 7,69% dicapai dengan menggunakan 15 mL air. Pemrosesan karet alam melalui vulkanisasi dapat dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan keunggulan material karet alam terhidrogenasi dengan formula yang biasa dilakukan dengan mendapatkan sifat mekanik yang lebih baik dibandingkan menggunakan karet alam sebelum terhidrogenasi. Sementara itu, sifat termal karet alam terhidrogenasi tetap sebanding dengan bahan aslinya, dengan peningkatan ketahanan panas dan oksidasinya serta sifat mekanik. Metode hidrogenasi dua fasa ini menawarkan potensi untuk meningkatkan sifat ketahanan material karet alam untuk aplikasi pelampung tsunami buoy.

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This research aims to modify natural rubber which has deficiencies in terms of resistance to heat and oxidation, due to the presence of C=C double bonds in the natural rubber polymer chain. The modification was carried out by exploring a two-phase hydrogenation approach using solid natural rubber dissolved in an organic solvent and a hydrogen source (hydrazine hydrate and hydrogen peroxide) mixed in water. The choice of solvent, catalyst, and water-to-solvent volume ratio were examined for their impact on hydrogenation. Characterization was carried out using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as a qualitative indicator of hydrogenation. Meanwhile, 1H-NMR spectroscopy measures the degree of hydrogenation of hydrogenated natural rubber products. The results show that partial hydrogenation was successfully carried out using toluene as a solvent and ethylene diamine tetra copper diammonium acetic acid (Cu-EDTA) as a catalyst, with variations in water volume affecting the degree of hydrogenation. A degree of hydrogenation of 7.69% was achieved using 15 mL of water. Processing natural rubber through vulcanization can be done by utilizing the advantages of hydrogenated natural rubber material with a formula commonly used to obtain better mechanical properties than natural rubber before hydrogenation. Meanwhile, the thermal properties of hydrogenated natural rubber remain comparable to those of the original material, with improved heat, oxidation resistance, and mechanical properties. The biphasic hydrogenation method can potentially enhance natural rubber materials’ properties for tsunami buoy floater applications."

"The present study focuses on the characterization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) synthesized from flame under an atmospheric condition. A laminar flame burner was utilized to establish a rich premixed propane/air flame at the equivalence ratio ? = 1.8–2.2. The flame was impinged on a stainless steel wire mesh coated with nickel (Ni) catalyst to grow CNTs. Distribution and yield of the CNTs on the substrate were quantified. Carbon nanotubes formed on the substrate were harvested and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The FESEM micrograph showed that the CNTs produced were in disarray. The synthesized CNTs were an average of 50–60 nm in diameter while the length of the tubes was in the order of microns. TGA analysis showed that 75% of CNTs were present in the sample and the oxidation temperature was 510°C."

"ZSM-5 telah berhasil disintesis melalui metode hidrotermal dari mineral alam zeolit alam Bayat dan kaolin Bangka sebagai sumber alumina dan silika, TPAOH sebagai agen pengarah struktur MFI dan PDDA-M sebagai pengarah mesopori. ZSM-5 kemudian dimodifikasi permukaannya dengan oksida logam Fe dan Co melalui metode impregnasi basah untuk meningkatkan aktivitas katalitiknya pada reaksi oksidasi parsial metana. Modifikasi dengan oksida logam ini juga dilakukan untuk ZSM-5 sintetik sebagai pembanding dalam aktivitas katalitiknya. ZSM-5 alam dan ZSM-5 sintetik termodifikasi oksida logam dikarakterisasi dengan instrumen FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, surface area analyzer dan XPS untuk mengetahui pengaruh modifikasi permukaan terhadap struktur, morfologi dan aktivitas katalitiknya. Analisis komposisi unsur dari ZSM-5 alam terimpregnasi oksida Fe dan Co menunjukkan % loading Fe dan Co berturut-turut sebesar 2,37% dan 1,78%. Hasil pengujian isoterm adsorpsi menunjukkan baik ZSM-5 alam maupun ZSM-5 alam terimpregnasi oksida logam Fe dan Co memiliki kurva tipe IV H4 yang merupakan kurva ciri khas material berpori hirarki. Analisis XPS menunjukkan spesi oksida logam Fe dan Co yang menempel pada ZSM-5 berturut-turut adalah Fe₂O₃ dan Co₃O₄. Hasil uji analisis kandungan gas menggunakan GC-TCD menunjukkan berkurangnya mol metana setelah reaksi yang menandakan metana telah terkonversi menjadi metanol dan formaldehida yang terlihat dari puncak kromatogram GC-FID. Hasil analisis produk dengan GC-FID menunjukkan reaksi oksidasi parsial metana menggunakan Fe/ZSM-5 menghasilkan formaldehida dan menggunakan Co/ZSM-5 menghasilkan metanol dan formaldehida.

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ZSM-5 has been successfully synthesized through hydrothermal method using Bangka Kaolin and Bayat Natural Zeolite as the precursors, TPAOH as MFI-structure directing agent; PDDA-M as mesopore directing agent. Furthermore, the surface of ZSM-5 was impregnated with metal oxide of Fe and Co to improve its catalytic performance through partial oxidation of methane reaction. As comparison, ZSM-5 synthesized from pro analysis precursors was also impregnated with metal oxide of Fe and Co and tested through the reaction. Metal oxide of Fe and Co impregnated ZSM-5 were characterized with XRD, SEM-EDS, XPS and SAA-BET instruments to see the effect of impregnation to the structure and characteristic of both materials. Analysis of the elemental composition of Fe/ and Co/ZSM-5 was 2,37% and 1,78% respectively. The N₂ isotherm adsorption curve shows a type IV H4 indicates that the materials has hierarchical characteristic. XPS analysis show the Fe and Co oxide that impregnated to ZSM-5 is Fe₂O₃ and Co₃O₄. GC-TCD analysis show there is a decreases of methane mol after reaction indicates that the methane has been converted. GC-FID analysis show that the partial oxidation of methane using Fe/ZSM-5 yielded formaldehyde whereas for Co/ZSM-5 yielded methanol and formaldehyde."

"Zeolit NaY dengan bahan dasar dari Zeolit Alam Lampung ZAL telah disintesis dengan rasio molar Al2O3: 10 SiO2: 10,6 Na2O: 180,3 H2O dan rasio Si/Al 2,47. Sebelum mensintesis melalui proses hidrotermal dengan teknik seeding dilakukan aktivasi dan pemurnian terhadap ZAL. Langkah ini dilakukan untuk menghilangkan senyawa karbonat dan pengotor oksida besi dari zeolit. Selanjutnya, ZAL hasil pemurnian didepolimerisasi menggunakan NaOH untuk memecah atau memutuskan ikatan dalam kerangka zeolit. Zeolit NaY hasil sintesis dikarakterisasi menggunakan instrumen SEM-EDX, XRD, FTIR. Hasil XRD menunjukkan bahwa zeolit hasil sintesis merupakan zeolit NaY, walaupun kerangka sodalite juga teramati Hasil SEM-EDX menunjukkan morfologi dari zeolit NaY. Hasil karakterisasi FTIR menunjukkan tidak adanya vibrasi dari double-six-ring. Pada penelitian ini zeolit NaY hasil sintesis memiliki nilai kapasitas tukar kation 32,97 mek/100g lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan ZAL raw 28,01 mek/100g . Adsorpsi ion logam kadmium II dan kobal II dilakukan pada termperatur ruang, dengan volume 25mL/0,1gram zeolit dan waktu kontak 120 menit. Hasil proses adsorpsi menunjukkan kapasitas adsorpsi zeolit NaY hasil sintesis lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan ZAL raw.

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NaY zeolite from natural zeolite Lampung had been synthesized with molar ratio of Al2O3 10 SiO2 10,6 Na2O 180,3 H2O and Si Al ratio 2,47, prior to synthesis via hydrotermal process and seeding technique ZAL was activated and purified. The purpose of this step was to remove carbonate and iron oxide which were impurities in zeolite. The purified ZAL was then depolymerized using NaOH to break the bonds within the zeolite framework. The as synthesized NaY zeolite was characterized using SEM EDX, XRD, and FTIR. XRD diffractogram shows that the as synthesized zeolite was NaY zeolite, although sodalite framework was do observed. SEM EDX characterization shows the morphology of NaY zeolite. FTIR characterization shows that there are no vibration mode for the double six ring. In this research as synthesized NaY has higher cation exchange capacity 32, 97 meq 100g compared to the raw ZAL 28,01 meq 100g . The adsorption of heavy metal cation cadmium II and cobalt II is done at room temperature, with volume 25mL per 0,1gram zeolite and contsat time of 120 minutes. The result shows that the synthesized NaY zeolite has better adsorption capacity than ZAL raw."

"Penelitian ini pada khususnya menelaah sifat-sifat per­ mukaan dari karet alam pada perbatasan karbon hitam/karet alam di dalam komposit. Polarisasi pada daerah batas yang disebabkan adanya penambahan tegangan di daerah tersebut di atas yang penting artinya secara 1ndustri telah dianallsa. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memperjelas mekanisme konduksi listrik dari komposit karbon hitam- ka­ ret alam.Perambahan karbon hitam kedalam karet alam, akan meng­hasilkan komposit karbon hitam -karet konduktivitas listrik (o) yang lebih tinggi, dibandingkan dengan konduktivitas karet alam itu sendiri. Karet alam adalah isolator ( a ·< 013 n-1 m-1>J sedangkan konduktivitas dari karbon hitam adalah dalam daerah semikonduktor 3 1 10 n-1>. Kondukttvitas maRroskoPik dari komposit ternyata dapat dibuat sesuat kebutuhan, dari isolator sampai atau Black Pearls 2000.Penelitian material dengan mikroskop elektron metoda difraksi sinar X von Laue.untuk kristalisasi karena tarikan, menunjukkan bahwa secara submakroskoptk (mikrosko-pik orde pertama), komposit tersebut tidak homogen, terdiri dari partikel/agregat karbon hitam yang terdisperi matrix vulkanisat karet alam. Selain dari pada itu, ditun­ jukkan bahwa pada daerah batas antara kedua bahan tersebut timbul tambahan tegangan (enhanched stress).Dua buah model telah dilakukan untuk mencoba menginter­ pretasikan sifat-sifat konduktivitas de sebagai fungsi dari temperatur dan konsentrasi karbon hitam dan juga sifat-sifat dispersi dari besaran-besaran ac, disebabkan karena keadaan secara makroskopik maupun subrrakroskopik (mikroskopik orde pertama).Model yang pertama berdasarkan kepada sifat inhomogeni­ tas secara submakroskopik dari komposit. Komposit tersebut dipandang sebagai suatu media inhomogen Maxwell-Wagner dua fasa,yaitu karbon hitam sebagai penguat konduktip dan matrix vulkanisat karet alamnya, dimana terjadi tambahan tegangan pada daerah batas dari kedua bahan tersebut. Pembahasan diberikan berdasarkan polarisasi pada daerah batas dan terjadinya lapisan dipol dalam karet di daeah batas, sebagai akibat adanya tegangan tersebut di atas. Model ini ditunjang dengan data harga kapasitans dari perhitungan harga koefisien dielektrik K dari komposit yang sangat tinggi (sinergetik). Dalam model ini, secara analitis, komposit dapat digambarkan sebagai suatu kumpulan seri dari susunan-susunan parallel dari elemen-elemen mikro RC.Model lain adalah membahas sifat-sifat listrik, dimana kompositnya dianggap homogin, yang berarti bahwa efek dari!kedua bahan dalam komposit hanya dideteksi dalam besaran-besaran listrik makroskopik. Karakteristik arus tegangan yang dapat diterangkan dengan sifat arus terlimitasi muatan ruang (space charge limited current) dengan adanya perangkap menunjukkan adalah pembawa muatan utama untuk transport elektrik dalam komposit tersebut dalam kurun temperatur yang diteliti, Studi dengan resonensi spin elektron (ESR)menunjang adanya tingkat-tingkat energi perangkap yang terlokalisir dalam celah energi dari struktur pita disebabkan karena lapisan dipol yang bertindak sebagai perangkap untuk transport elek­ tron. Distribusi dari tingkat energi perangkat elektron ini tergantung pada macam karbon hitam yang dipakai. Soek­tra ESR dari komposit adalah sangat nyata, dengan bentuk kurva yang tergantung macam karbon hitam. Harga g dari kom­ posit adalah dekat dengan harga g elektron dan tidak tergan­ tung macam karbon hitam maupun temperatur. Tambahan pula, mobilitas yang diukur dengan efek Hall van der Pauw dalam· kurun temperatur 294 K sampai 373 K adalah rendah dan ber­ tambah dengan temperatur. Pengukuran konduktivitas sebagai fungsi frekwensi menunJjukkan hubungan : oac.

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This work is concerned with surface properties of the natural rubber. at carbon black/natural rubber interface in the composite. The interfacial polarization that is due to enhanched stress in this domain which has several indus­ trial importance has been analyzed. The main goal of this study is to clarify the electrical conduction mechanism for carbon black natural rubber composite.

The introduction of carbon black into natural rubber will produce a carbon black reinforced natural rubber composite with enhanched electrical conductivity (a ) in comparison to the conductivity of natural rubber alone. Natural rubber is inherently an insulator (a < 10-13 ri·1m-1)., while the conductivity of carbon black is in the range of a semiconductor (a. :z 103 n-1 m-1L The macroscopic conduc­tivitY of the composite can be tailored according to the need, from insulator to semiconductor ranges, depending PrimarilY on type and loading concentration of the carbon with a series of-carbon black types, namely the HAF, Vul can P, Vulcan XC 72 and Black Pearls 2000.

Materials studies by Scanning Electron Microscope· and von Laue X-ray Diffractometry of Strain Induced Crystalli­ zation have been performed to Investigate the sub macros - copic morphology of the composite. It is shown that the composite is not homogeneous, consisting of carbon black particles/aggregates dispersed 1n the natural rubber vulca­ nizate matrix. It is also indicated the existence of enhanched stress in the interfacial region between these two constituent substances.

Two models have been put forward to interpret the de conductivitY behaviour-as function of temperature and loading concentration,and the dispersion of ac properties, brought about by the macroscopic and sub macroscopic (first order microscopic)behaviours.

The first model is based on the sub-macroscopicallY inhomogeneous nature of the composite. It is regarded as a two phase Maxwell-Wagner inhomogeneous media,the carbon wherein the composite is presumed macroscopically. homoge­ neous and the effects of the constituent substances are detected only as averaged apparent electrical observables. I-V characteristics that can best be described as space · charge limited current behaviour with the existence of electron trap energies, Indicate the electron is the main charge carrier for electrical transport over the temperature range studied. Electron Spin Resonance Study indicates the existence of locallized trapping energy states, due to dipole layer that may act as traps for electronic transport.

Different electron trap energy distribution, has been iden­ tified, defending on the type of carbon clack filler. . Elec­ tron Spin Resonance spectra of the composites rev nounced, with lineshape also depending on the type of car­ bon black used. Observed g-values ae close to. ha free electron, and do not vary With carbon black type or temperature. Furthermore, the mobilitY is low and tempera­ ture activited, as measured by the van der Pauw modified Hall effect measurement in the temperature range 294 K to 373 K. Observed dependence of the macroscopic conductivity, could be described by : O'ac (w) a C&ln, where : 0,5 < n < ., , depending upon temperature. These results are consistent"

"The land area and production of rubber on smallholder rubber plantations contribute to about 85% and 81% of national rubber production, respectively. Based on this, having technology to utilize vulcanized natural rubber latex (NRL) in a way that is simple, inexpensive, energy-saving, environmentally friendly, and according to the quality standards of the processing of NRL is important. The purpose of the current research is to design of a prototype photoreactor ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) for the vulcanization of NRL that is irradiated (VNRLI) to produce NRL-irradiated free carcinogens and protein allergens. The methodology used is the technological development of a prototype photoreactor with an UV-mercury irradiator that located in a vertical cylindrical glass column with the capacity of VNRLI about 249.2 tons/year. The development of technologies applied to increase the capacity of VNRLI by enlarging the area of thin NRL films to be irradiated with UV-A rays derived from UV-LED irradiators that are more energy-efficient, long-life, and environmentally friendly than UV-mercury irradiators. The results allowed for the design of a prototype photoreactor UV-LEDs to process feed NRL with the capacity VNRLI about 522 tons/year. The UV-LED photoreactor prototype design results show that the UV-LED photoreactor prototype is ready to test the VNRLI process function that can produce NRL- irradiated free carcinogen and protein allergens."

"Graft copolymerization of an acrylonitrile monomer onto Deproteinized Natural Rubber (DPNR) is an important process in the modification of Natural Rubber (NR) to increase its oil resistance. However, coagulation at the beginning of the process was a problem causing a copolymerization foil to occur. The presence of a styrene monomer is therefore expected to improve the emulsion condition so that coagulation can be prevented in the early reaction step. For comparison purposes, the processes with and without styrene were investigated. The influence of the concentration of styrene as well as the ratio of the DPNR:monomer on the stabilization process were also observed. The results showed that the addition of styrene could improve the stabilization process as proven by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The presence of the functional group of CºN at FTIR proved the production of the polyacrylonitrile in the mixture. The investigation showed that the concentration of styrene monomer, which led to the emulsion stability, is up to 1.5 wt% concentration of styrene at the ratio of DPNR:monomer (M) of 70:30 wt%."