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"Dimethyl ether (DME) is a type of renewable energy that could replace the use of fossil fuel in Indonesia. Nevertheless, DME can cause degradation of rubber-based materials. Therefore, the performance of rubber that has been degraded by DME must be improved. This research study aims are to determine the degradation characteristics of modified vulcanized natural rubber in a DME environment. The effect of the filler (carbon black) and plasticizer (minarex-B) components of vulcanized natural rubber was examined. The vulcanized rubber samples were comprised of 10, 30, and 60 parts per hundred rubbers (phr) of filler and 0, 10 and 20 phr of plasticizer. The degradation of the mass and mechanical properties of the rubber were investigated. Degradation testing was conducted by immersing the samples inside a pressure vessel that was filled with the liquid phase of DME. The results indicate that the increasing of the filler composition reduces the impact of degradation, while the increasing of the plasticizer composition has the opposite effect. The plasticizer is needed to distribute the filler to all parts of the rubber. Consequently, a filler composition of 30 phr and a plasticizer composition of 10 phr provide a vulcanized natural rubber with optional protection against the degradation caused by DME. The characteristics of natural rubber, as measured by Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) proved that DME does not damage the structure of the polymer chains, although DME may react with some ingredients in the rubber that have a similar polarity."

"Dimethyl ether (DME) is a type of renewable energy that could replace the use of fossil fuel in Indonesia. Nevertheless, DME can cause degradation of rubber-based materials. Therefore, the performance of rubber that has been degraded by DME must be improved. This research study aims are to determine the degradation characteristics of modified vulcanized natural rubber in a DME environment. The effect of the filler (carbon black) and plasticizer (minarex-B) components of vulcanized natural rubber was examined. The vulcanized rubber samples were comprised of 10, 30, and 60 parts per hundred rubbers (phr) of filler and 0, 10 and 20 phr of plasticizer. The degradation of the mass and mechanical properties of the rubber were investigated. Degradation testing was conducted by immersing the samples inside a pressure vessel that was filled with the liquid phase of DME. The results indicate that the increasing of the filler composition reduces the impact of degradation, while the increasing of the plasticizer composition has the opposite effect. The plasticizer is needed to distribute the filler to all parts of the rubber. Consequently, a filler composition of 30 phr and a plasticizer composition of 10 phr provide a vulcanized natural rubber with optional protection against the degradation caused by DME. The characteristics of natural rubber, as measured by Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) proved that DME does not damage the structure of the polymer chains, although DME may react with some ingredients in the rubber that have a similar polarity."

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Dimethyl Ether (DME) adalah energi alternatif yang memiliki sifat dan karakteristik mirip dengan Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) yang telah banyak diteliti sebagai bahan bakar untuk berbagai aplikasi. Dalam kaitannya dengan kondisi di Indonesia dimana saat ini impor LPG telah meningkat sangat pesat terutama untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sektor rumah tangga, penelitian untuk mengetahui karakteristik pembakaran terutama pada pembakaran difusi DME dibandingkan dengan LPG menjadi sangat penting. Penelitian yang dilakukan ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan karakteristik nyala api difusi terutama Wobbe Index, stabilitas nyala api, Tinggi Api (Flame Height , F_H) dan Beban Pembakaran (Burning Load, BL) yang dihasilkan oleh bahan bakar DME serta campuran LPG-DME dibandingkan dengan LPG, serta pengaruh parameter jet velocity aliran bahan bakar. Eksperimen yang dilakukan menggunakan burner yang didesain khusus untuk memperoleh variasi kecepatan jet dan pengaruh bahan bakar yang digunakan. Uji kinerja menggunakan kompor mini juga dilakukan untuk membandingkan F_H, temperatur nyala api, dan efisiensi penggunaan bahan bakar DME terhadap LPG. Hasil yang dicapai yaitu perbedaan karakter pembakaran LPG dan DME terutama untuk parameter Wobbe Index dan stabilitas nyala api yaitu Blow Out dan Lift Off dapat didekati dengan pencampuran DME ke dalam LPG hingga maksimum komposisi DME 23% massa dan pada rentang fuel jet velocity 10 m/s – 34 m/s. Nilai optimum ini diperoleh pada kondisi eksperimen dengan burner tipe cylindrical dan pada diameter nosel  2,5 mm. F_H  yang setara antara DME dengan LPG dicapai pada rentang u_f  = 3,5 m/s – 6,3 m/s saat d_f  = 4,5 mm untuk DME dan d_f  = 2,5 mm untuk LPG, serta pada rentang u_f  = 5,3 m/s – 10,8 m/s saat d_f  = 5,0 mm untuk DME dan d_f  = 3,0 mm untuk LPG. BL yang setara antara DME dengan LPG dicapai pada u_f lebih kecil dari 0,5 m/s untuk semua diameter nosel. Uji kinerja pada kompor mini menghasilkan efisiensi penggunaan bahan bakar DME yang lebih tinggi, yaitu ketika pengatur air entrainment pada posisi close 1 sebesar 64,5% dan close 2 sebesar  67,9%, dibandingkan dengan LPG pada posisi open sebesar 62,5%. 

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Dimethyl Ether is one of the promising alternative energy to substitute Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) considering its similarity on properties and behavior to LPG. Indonesia currently import huge amount of LPG, mainly for energy in household purpose. Considering the potentiality of DME to substitute LPG especially for household purposes which basically works in atmospheric diffusion combustion, it is very important to study the comparison of LPG and DME in the field of diffusion combustion characteristics. This study aim to compare diffusion flame characteristics of DME, LPG, and the blends of DME mixed LPG with DME composition of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. The characteristics being investigated are Wobbe Index, flame stability, Flame Height (F_H) and Burning Load (BL) under the effect of fuel jet velocity (u_f), which performed by a series of experiments in laboratory. The experiments were done using a specially designed cylindrical burner to get the variation of fuel jet velocity. The results show that the difference of Wobbe Index and flame stability represented by Lift Off (LO) and Blow Off (BO) between DME and LPG can be improved by blending DME into LPG at optimum composition of 23% weight and  is achieved at the range of u_f from 10 m/s to 34 m/s. This optimum condition is achieved using cylindrical burner with  nozzle diameter (d_f) 2.5 mm. The equality of  F_H between DME and LPG is achieved at the range of u_f  from  3.5 – 6.3 m/s at d_f = 4.5 mm for DME and d_f = 2.5 mm for LPG,  and at the range of u_f  from 5.3 – 10.8 m/s at d_f = 5.0 mm for DME and d_f = 3.0 mm for LPG. The equality of BL between DME and LPG is achieved at u_f lower than 0,5 m/s at all nozzle diameter. Performance test on mini stove shows that DME can achieve higher fuel efficiency than LPG at different air entrainment setting, where DME achieved  fuel efficiency of 64.5%, at position of air entrainment close 1 and 67.9% at position of close 2, compare to LPG with fuel efficiency of 62.5% at position of air entrainment open.

 

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"ABSTRAKMasalah penurunan produksi minyak bumi di Indonesia telah terjadi sejak tahun 2000. Negara Indonesia telah menjadi importir minyak bumi sejak tahun 2003 dengan nilai impor 100 ribu barel per hari yang terus meningkat dari waktu ke waktu hingga tahun 2014. Hal ini disebabkan oleh kebutuhan untuk energi dan bahan bakar di Indonesia terus meningkat. Masalah ini dapat diatasi dengan menggunakan Dimethyl Ether (DME) sebagai sumber bahan bakar alternatif dengan beberapa manfaat dibandingkan dengan bahan bakar fosil. Penelitian tentang desain pabrik DME terus dilakukan, salah satu studi yang dilakukan berjudul Produksi DME dari Gas Sintetis untuk Aditif Bahan Bakar Mesin Diesel dan Campuran LPG. Namun, hasil desain masih memerlukan kontrol proses untuk mencapai proses produksi yang optimal. Penelitian tentang sistem kontrol proses di pabrik ini telah dilakukan, tetapi masih belum menghasilkan sistem kontrol proses yang optimal. Sistem kontrol Multivariable Model Predictive Control (4x4) dapat diterapkan pada desain pabrik ini. Parameter MMPC (4x4) optimal dalam bentuk T, P, dan M dalam proses pemurnian DME dari campuran metanol secara berurutan adalah 25, 18, dan 41. Parameter ini merupakan hasil kombinasi dari metode Shridhar-Cooper dan fine tuning. Jika dibandingkan dengan MPC, MMPC (4x4) memberikan peningkatan kinerja kontrol dari 15,46% menjadi 94,7% bila dilihat dari IAE dan 10,31% hingga 97,726% bila dilihat dari ISE. Dengan demikian sistem MMPC (4x4) memberikan kinerja kontrol yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan sistem MPC.

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ABSTRACTThe problem of decreasing petroleum production in Indonesia has occurred since 2000. The Indonesian state has been an importer of petroleum since 2003 with an import value of 100,000 barrels per day which continues to increase from time to time until 2014. This is due to the need for energy and fuel in Indonesia continues to increase. This problem can be overcome by using Dimethyl Ether (DME) as an alternative fuel source with several benefits compared to fossil fuels. Research on the design of the DME plant continues to be carried out, one of the studies conducted was entitled Production of DME from Synthetic Gas for Diesel Engine Fuel Additives and LPG Blends. However, the design results still require process control to achieve optimal production processes. Research on the process control system at this plant has been carried out, but it has not yet produced an optimal process control system. The Multivariable Model Predictive Control (4x4) control system can be applied to this factory design. The optimal MMPC (4x4) parameters in the form of T, P, and M in the DME refining process from methanol mixtures respectively are 25, 18, and 41. These parameters are the result of a combination of the Shridhar-Cooper method and fine tuning. When compared to MPC, MMPC (4x4) gives an increase in control performance from 15.46% to 94.7% when viewed from IAE and 10.31% to 97.726% when viewed from ISE. Thus the MMPC system (4x4) provides better control performance compared to the MPC system."

"Untuk mengantisipasi ketergantungan impor LPG, perlu dilaksanakannya studi pemanfaatan energi alternatif subtitusi LPG. Salah satu alternatif subtitusi LPG adalah Dimetil Eter (DME) yang dapat dihasilkan dari gas alam (CH4). Proses produksi Dimetil Eter (DME) dari gas alam (CH4) dilakukan melalui 3(tiga) tahapan yaitu: sintesis gas, sintesis DME (direct method), dan pemurnian DME. HYSYS process simulation software model-based sebagai representasi pabrik DME digunakan untuk menganalisis 3(tiga) tahapan produksi DME. Teknologi yang diterapkan untuk memproduksi DME ialah teknologi direct method dimana dengan umpan gas alam sebesar 70 MMscfd mampu menghasilkan DME sebesar 658,9 ton/hari dengan tingkat kemurnian 99,99%. Perolehan produksi pabrik DME ini mampu mengurangi ketergantungan impor LPG di Indonesia sebesar 7% pada tahun 2018. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan keekonomian diperoleh biaya kapital (CAPEX) pabrik DME sebesar $57.818.702 dan biaya operasional (OPEX) sebesar $148.232.914/tahun. Dengan asumsi harga beli gas $6/MMBtu dan harga jual DME $833/ton (10% dibawah harga jual LPG), maka didapatkan IRR sebesar 44% dan NPV sejumlah $64.012.840 dengan masa pengembalian selama 5 tahun. Dari perolehan IRR dan NPV tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa pabrik DME ini layak untuk didirikan dikarenakan nilai IRR (44%) lebih besar dari MARR (20%) dan NPV bernilai positif. Dari analisis sensitivitas diperoleh bahwa parameter harga jual DME bersifat sensitif terhadap NPV, dan parameter harga beli gas bersifat sensitif terhadap IRR dan PBP.

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To anticipate the LPG import dependency, required a study to look for an alternative energy as subtitution of LPG. One alternative is substituting LPG with Dimethyl Ether (DME) which can be produced from natural gas (CH4). The production process of Dimethyl Ether (DME) from natural gas (CH4) is done through three stages, namely: synthesis gas, DME synthesis (direct method), and DME purification. HYSYS Process simulation as a representation of the modelbased DME plant is used to analyze 3(three) stages of DME production. The technology applied for DME production are direct method technology where with feed natural gas (CH4) of 70 MMscfd are able to produce DME at 658,9 tonnes/day with a purity level of 99,99%. DME yield from this plant is capable to reduce import dependency of 7% in 2018.

Based on the economical analysis calculation, the total capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operasional expenditure (OPEX) of this DME plant are $57.818.702 and $148.232.914/year respectively. Assuming gas purchase price $6/MMBtu and DME sale price $833/tonnes then obtained an IRR 44% and NPV $64.012.840 with 5 years of payback period. Hence it can be concluded that this DME plant is feasible due to IRR (44%) is greater than MARR (20%) and NPV value is positive. Sensitivity analysis of DME plant showed that DME selling price variable are sensitive NPV. In addition, gas purchased price variable are sensitive to IRR and PBP (Payback Period)."

"ABSTRAKDimethyl ether products (DME) can be used as alternative energy sources that are more environmentally friendly and sustainable. In this DME purification plant, the feed with DME, methanol and water composition will be separated so that pure DME is obtained with a concentration of 99. In this study, Multivariable Model Predictive Control is used to control the process of DME purification plant. The performance of MMPC in both DME and methanol purification process has been conducted in previous research with separate system. This research is proposed towards the stability of both system when combined and its economic analysis when compared with standard MPC and PID Controller. The consideration when combining DME purification process and methanol purification process is the bottom product of DME purification column where it also acts as methanol purification column feed. Valve conductance needs to be adjusted accordingly to satisfy both systems. Retuning MMPC parameters is based on Wahid-Utomo (2019) and Wahid-Brillianto (2019) tuning parameters. The results of retuning yield a better control performance throughout the entire purification process. The retuning parameters value for T, P, and M are 10, 40, and 50 for DME purification process and 1, 40, and 50 for methanol purification process. The improvement on IAE are from 35.31% to 56.24% for DME purification and 20.06% to 94.91% for methanol purification process. Furthermore, installing MMPC proved to be economically feasible with a positive NPV of Rp 10,216,077 when compared to PI controller.

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ABSTRACT

Produk Dimethyl ether (DME) dapat digunakan sebagai sumber energi alternatif yang lebih ramah lingkungan dan berkelanjutan. Di pabrik pemurnian DME ini, umpan dengan komposisi DME, metanol, dan air akan dipisahkan sehingga DME murni diperoleh dengan konsentrasi 99. Dalam penelitian ini, Multivariable Model Predictive Control digunakan untuk mengontrol proses pabrik pemurnian DME. Kinerja MMPC dalam proses pemurnian DME dan metanol telah dilakukan dalam penelitian sebelumnya dengan sistem terpisah. Penelitian ini diusulkan terhadap stabilitas kedua sistem ketika dikombinasikan dan analisis ekonominya bila dibandingkan dengan MPC dan PID controller. Pertimbangan saat menggabungkan proses pemurnian DME dan proses pemurnian metanol adalah produk dasar kolom pemurnian DME di mana juga bertindak sebagai umpan kolom pemurnian metanol. Valve conductance perlu disesuaikan untuk memenuhi kedua sistem. Retuning parameter MMPC didasarkan pada parameter tuning Wahid-Utomo (2019) dan Wahid-Brillianto (2019). Hasil retuning menghasilkan kinerja kontrol yang lebih baik di seluruh proses pemurnian. Nilai parameter retuning untuk T, P, dan M adalah 10, 40, dan 50 untuk proses pemurnian DME dan 1, 40, dan 50 untuk proses pemurnian metanol. Peningkatan IAE adalah dari 35,31% menjadi 56,24% untuk pemurnian DME dan 20,06% menjadi 94,91% untuk proses pemurnian metanol. Selain itu, menginstal MMPC terbukti layak secara ekonomi dengan NPV positif sebesar Rp 10.216.077 jika dibandingkan dengan pengontrol PI.

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"Dewasa ini, telah hadir beragam energi terbarukan untuk mensubtitusi energi fosil sebagai bahan bakar kendaraan bermotor, salah satunya ialah dimetil eter. Dimetil eter merupakan bahan bakar langsung maupun campuran untuk bahan bakar khususnya pada mesin diesel. Seperti halnya gasoline, dimetil eter dapat menyebabkan degradasi swelling material seal pada bagian mesin diesel. Material seal yang umum digunakan ialah karet nitril NBR yang tahan terhadap kontak dengan hidrokarbon dan juga unggul sifat fisiknya. Dalam rangka memanfaatkan penggunaan karet alam didalam industri otomotif, peneliti melakukan campuran karet alam NR dan karet nitril 33 acrylonitrile NBR33 untuk menghasilkan karet yang memenuhi standar aplikasi material seal.. Penelitian ini akan meneliti mekanisme yang terjadi pada degradasi campuran karet alam dan karet nitril NR/NBR33 oleh dimetil eter. Variasi campuran vulkanisat karet NR/NBR33 yang digunakan secara berurutan yaitu 1:3, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, 3:1 Metode untuk mengetahui mekanisme tersebut meliputi karakterisasi mekanis mencangkup: perubahan massa, kekuatan tensile, elongasi maksimum, kekerasan dan karakterisasi morfologis dengan pengamatan morfologis menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscopi SEM . Data penelitian menunjukkan bahwa setiap variasi sampel campuran vulkanisat mengalami peristiwa degradasi swelling dan dissolution. Peningkatan rasio karet nitril NBR33 pada vulkanisasi campuran karet dapat mengurangi penurunan tensile strength dan elongation hingga melampaui sifat fisik sebelum perendaman oleh dimetil eter. Dengan demikian, variasi elastomer terbaik diperoleh setelah membandingkan dengan standar kelayakan material seal yakni campuran vulkanisat karet NR/NBR33 dengan rasio 40 : 60 NR : NBR.

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Today, there is present a variety of renewable energy to substitute fossil energy as a fuel for motor vehicles, one of which is dimethyl ether. Dimetl ether is a direct fuel or a mixture of fuel, especially diesel engines. In addition, dimethyl ether also has met the standard criteria for renewable energy. Semelsberger et.al., 2005 . As with gasoline, dimethyl ether can cause swelling degradation of the material seal on the diesel engine. Seal material that is commonly used is a nitrile rubber NBR that is resistant to contact with hydrocarbons and also superior physical properties. In order to make use of natural rubber in the automotive industry, researchers conducted a blending of natural rubber NR and nitrile rubber NBR to produce rubber meets the standard seal material application .. This study will examine the mechanisms that occur in the relegation blending natural rubber and nitrile rubber NR NBR by dimethyl ether. Nitrile rubber types used medium quality nitrile rubber with acrylonitrile content of 33 NBR33 . Methods to determine the mechanism includes mechanical characterization covers change in mass, tensile strength and maximum elongation, hardness and morphological characterization with morphological observations using Scanning Electron Microscopic. Observations of this study is limited which is to see the effect of variation vulcanized blending ratio NR NBR33 against degradation swelling. Variations blending vulcanized NR NBR33 are used in a sequence that is 1 3, 1 2, 1 1, 2 1, 3 1. The results of this research is to determine the most optimal value ratio elastomer that is resistant to swelling degradation depend on physical and structural changes. The increase nitrile rubber NBR33 ratio of blending rubber vulcanized can reduce the decrease of tensile strength and elongation until exceed physical properties before immersion with dimethyl ether. Thus, the best elastomer variation was obtained after comparing with the standard feasibility material of seal is rubber vulcanized blending NR NBR33 with ratio 40 60 NR NBR."

"ABSTRAKDimetil eter (DME) adalah salah satu bahan bakar alternatif terbarukan yang dapat menggantikan pemakaian energi fosil di Indonesia. Penggunaan senyawa ini menghasilkan pembakaran yang efisien serta ramah lingkungan. Akan tetapi, dimetil eter diketahui menyebabkan degradasi pada material karet, yang banyak digunakan sebagai sealant ataupun selang pada tempat penyimpanan bahan bakar dari mesin pembakaran. Hingga penelitian ini, setiap jenis material karet mengalami degradasi yang berbeda-beda sehubungan dengan senyawa ini. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini utamanya ditujukan untuk menentukan jenis degradasi material karet, khususnya karet alam vulkanisat, terhadap dimetil eter. Selain itu, penelitian ini hendak melihat pengaruh komposisi filler dan petroleum oil dari karet alam vulkanisat terhadap degradasi tersebut. Eksperimen yang dilaksanakan mencakup: sintesis, uji degradasi, karakterisasi mekanis dan morfologi. Nilai komposisi filler yang dipakai untuk sintesis yaitu: 10, 30, dan 60 phr; sedangkan nilai komposisi petroleum oil yang dipakai adalah 0, 10, dan 20 phr. Uji degradasi karet alam vulkanisat dilakukan dengan merendam seluruh sampel dalam pressure vessel yang berisi dimetil eter cair, yang diperoleh dari proses pencairan fasa gasnya. Karakterisasi mekanis yang dilakukan mencakup: % perubahan massa, kekuatan tensile, elongasi maksimum, dan kekerasan. Karakterisasi morofologinya berupa pengamatan langsung dan scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data-data karakterisasi tersebut menunjukkan bahwa karet alam vulkanisat mengalami degradasi jenis absorpsi dan ekstraksi oleh karena dimetil eter. Adapun penambahan komposisi filler ditemukan dapat mengurangi pengaruh degradasi, sedangkan penambahan komposisi petroleum oil justru memperparah degradasi. Namun demikian, petroleum oil juga dibutuhkan karena dapat membuat distribusi filler merata pada seluruh bagian karet alam vulkanisat. Maka dari itu, dengan meninjau keseluruhan data tersebut, didapatkan bahwa komposisi filler dan petroleum oil yang memberikan perlindungan paling optimal terhadap degradasi oleh dimetil eter masing-masing bernilai 30 phr dan 10 phr.

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ABSTRACTDimethyl ether (DME) is one of the renewable energy that could replace the usage of fossil fuel in Indonesia. The usage of this compound could produce efficient and environmental-friendly combustion. However, based on previous research, dimethyl ether is found to cause degradation on rubber-based materials, which are used as sealant or hose inside the fuel tanker of combustion engines. Until this research, it is found that each types of rubber has suffered different kinds of degradation that caused by dimethyl ether. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to determine what kind of degradation will happen on rubber, especially vulcanized natural rubber, that cause by dimethyl ether. Moreover, this research is going to see the effect of filler and petroleum oil composition contained in vulcanized natural rubber against that degradation. There are three parts of experiments will conducted: synthesis, degradation testing, mechanical and morphology characterization. The variation value of filler composition used are 10, 30, and 60 phr; while the variation value of petroleum oil composition are 0, 10, and 20 phr. Degradation testing is done by immersing all samples inside pressure vessel that have been filled with liquid dimethyl ether, which produced from its gas by liquefaction process. Mechanical characterization that observed includes: % change of mass, tensile strength, maximum elongation, and hardness. On the other side, morphology characterization is done by direct observation and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Those datas reveals that vulcanized natural rubber suffer absorption and extraction, two types of degradation, because of dimethyl ether. Increasing of filler composition could reduce the impact of degradation, while increasing of petroleum oil composition will give the opposite results. However, it is also found that petroleum still must needed to make distribution of filler goes through all parts of rubber. Therefore, based on these datas, we get that 30 phr of filler and 10 phr of petroleum pil will give the optimal protection on vulcanized natural rubber against degradation caused by dimethyl ether."

"Dimetil eter adalah senyawa organik dengan rumus kimia CH3OCH3 yang dapat dijadikan bahan bakar alternatif LPG. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan model reaktor unggun diam heterogen yang valid untuk sintesis DME dari CO2 pada katalis Cu-Fe-Zr/HZSM-5 sehingga diperoleh parameter kinetika yang dipakai untuk merancang reaktor unggun diam skala komersial. Model yang telah dikembangkan disimulasikan menggunakan software COMSOL Multiphysics 5.5. Validasi model dilakukan pada kondisi isotermal sehingga tidak ada neraca energi. Validasi model dilakukan dengan menyamakan konsentrasi luaran reaktor simulasi dan eksperimen dengan mengubah-ubah parameter kinetika. Faktor pra-eksponensial yang diperoleh untuk hidrogenasi CO2, hidrogenasi CO, RWGS, dan dehidrasi metanol masing-masing sebesar 6,3376 x 103 mol/kg.s, 5,12 x 10-2 mol/kg.s, 1,20863 x 105 mol/kg.s, dan 6 x 1029 mol/kg.s serta energi aktivasi masing-masing sebesar 1,8919 x 104 J/mol, 0 J/mol, 7,629 x 103 J/mol, dan 1 x 105 J/mol dengan range AARD (average absolute relative deviation) antara 6,3111-13,4582%. Parameter kinetika tersebut dipakai untuk merancang reaktor unggun diam skala komersial untuk target produksi DME sebesar 150.000 ton per tahun dengan memvariasikan suhu, tekanan, GHSV (gas hour space velocity), rasio H2/CO2, diameter katalis, dan geometri reaktor sehingga diperoleh volume reaktor terendah. Variasi suhu sebesar 240-280 oC, variasi tekanan sebesar 1-5 MPa, variasi GHSV sebesar 500-2500 mL/g.h, variasi rasio H2/CO2 sebesar 1:1-7:1, variasi diameter katalis sebesar 1-5 mm, variasi diameter unggun sebesar 5-20 cm, dan variasi panjang unggun sebesar 8-16 m. Hasil yang optimal diperoleh pada suhu 260 oC, tekanan 3 MPa, GHSV 2000 mL/g.h, rasio H2/CO2 4:1, diameter katalis 2 mm, diameter unggun 10 cm, dan panjang unggun 12 m dengan konsentrasi DME 12,1 mol/m3, laju alir massa DME 107,3 kg/d, dan jatuh tekan 0,20384 bar dengan jumlah tube sebanyak 3995 di dalam satu reaktor.

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Dimethyl ether is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3OCH3 which can be used as an alternative fuel for LPG. The objective of this study is to obtain a valid heterogeneous fixed bed reactor model for DME synthesis from CO2 on a Cu-Fe-Zr/HZSM-5 catalyst to obtain the kinetic parameters and used to design a commercial scale fixed bed reactor. The developed model was simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.5 software. Model validation was carried out under isothermal conditions so there is no energy balance. Model validation was carried out by fitting the simulation and experimental concentration reactor output by varying the kinetic parameters. The pre-exponential factors obtained for CO2 hydrogenation, CO hydrogenation, RWGS, and methanol dehydration were 6.3376 x 103 mol/kg.s, 5.12 x 10-2 mol/kg.s, 1.20863 x 105 mol/kg.s, and 6 x 1029 mol/kg.s and the activation energies were 1.8919 x 104 J/mol, 0 J/mol, 7.629 x 103 J/mol, dan 1 x 105 J/mol with the AARD range (average absolute relative deviation) between 6,3111-13,4582%.These kinetic parameters are used to design a commercial scale fixed bed reactor for a DME production target of 150,000 ton per year by varying temperature, pressure, GHSV (gas hourly space velocity), H2/CO2 ratio, catalyst diameter, and reactor geometry to obtain the lowest reactor volume. Temperature variation of 240-280 oC, pressure variation of 1-5 MPa, GHSV variation of 500-2500 mL/g.h, H2/CO2 ratio variation of 1:1-7:1, catalyst diameter variation of 1-5 mm, reactor diameter variation of 5-20 cm, and reactor length variation of 8-16 m is used. Optimal results were obtained at 260 oC, pressure 3 MPa, GHSV 2000 mL/g.h, H2/CO2 ratio 4:1, catalyst diameter 2 mm, reactor diameter 10 cm, and reactor length 12 m with DME concentration of 12.1 mol/m3, mass flow rate of 107.3 kg/d, and pressure drop of 0.20384 bar with 3995 tubes in one reactor."

"ABSTRAKnergi merupakan dasar dari pertumbuhan ekonomi dalam kehidupan manusia. Ketergantungan terhadap energi tak terbarukan seperti batu bara, minyak bumi, dan gas bumi menghasilkan siklus eksploitasi energi yang semakin lama akan berkurang. Hal ini mendorong penemuan yang mengarah kepada pembentukan dan penggunaan sumber energi baru. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mempelajari proses sintesis Li4Ti5O12 yang memiliki struktur nanorod dan pembuatan komposit dari anoda LTO nanorod dengan unsur Sn nano yang diberikan karbon aktif dengan variasi jumlah Sn nano sebesar 10 , 15 , dan 20. Sintesis LTO nanorod diawalkan dengan proses sol ndash; gel, yang kemudian dilanjutkan dengan proses hidrotermal dengan larutan NaOH 10M pada suhu 180oC selama 24 jam untuk memperoleh struktur nanorod. Serbuk TiO2 nanorod hasil hidrotermal dicampur degan sumber litium yaitu LiOH menggunakan alat ball mill untuk menghasilkan serbuk LTO nanorod dan dilakukan sintering pada suhu 750oC. Karbon aktif hasil penggerusan di aktivasi menggunakan larutan NaOH 1M yang diaduk selama 3 jam lalu dipanaskan selama 4 jam pada suhu 110oC dalam oven vakum. Hasil pemanasan pada oven lalu dipanaskan kembali pada tube furnace dengan suhu 700oC untuk menghilangkan zat pengotor. Serbuk LTO hasil sinter dan serbuk karbon aktif yang telah diaktivasi dicampur pada agate untuk menghasilkan LTO/AC. Serbuk Timah nano dengan kemurnian 99.9 dicampurkan untuk mendapatkan komposit LTO/AC/Sn nano. Serbuk ini akan menjadi material aktif untuk anoda baterai litium ion. Untuk mengkarakterisasi produk sintesis dilakukan pengujian XRD, SEM-EDS, BET dan pengujian performa baterai EIS, CV, dan CD. Hasil XRD menunjukkan beberapa fase pengotor seperti TiO2 Brookite, TiO2 Rutile, dan Li2Ti3O7. Hasil SEM menunjukkan terbentuknya produk partikel nanorod pada masing sampel dengan aglomerasi terjadi dari hasil proses mekanokimia. Hasil BET menunjukkan peningkatan luas permukaan dengan penambahan karbon aktif. Hasil uji performa baterai menunjukkan peningkatan kapasitas discharge seiring dengan penambahan unsur Sn pada uji CV, sedangkan uji EIS menunjukkan konduktivitas yang dimiliki oleh 3 sampel dipengaruhi oleh persebaran unsur dan morfologi pelapisan koin baterai.

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ABSTRACT<>br>Energy is one of the basic needs for economic growth and human life. The dependence towards non renewable energies like coal, crude oil, and others becomes a cycle of exploitation that soon will come to an end. This problem pushes innovation and advancements through renewable energies. This research was conducted to understand the process of LTO synthesis that has a nanorod structure and the synthesis of anode composite of LTO and nano Tin that was given activated carbon where the variation of Tin addition were 10 , 15 , and 20 . The synthesis of LTO nanorod began with the sol ndash gel process, and proceeded by hydrothermal process which adds NaOH 10M that was heated at 180oC in a 24h period to achieve nanorod structure. TiO2 nanorod powder which was the product of hydrothermal reaction was mixed with LiOH as Lithium source with ball mill and then sintered at 750oC in a tube furnace to achieve better crystallinity. Activated carbon was achieved by grinding of coarse carbon and activated by NaOH 1M as a reagent that was mixed for 3h and heated for another 4h at 110oC in a vacuum oven to destroy volatile elements. LTO nanorods that were sintered and activated carbon powder are mixed together on an agate to achieve a mix of LTO AC. Tin nano powder with a 99.9 purity level was mixed to achieve LTO AC Sn nano composite. This powder was used as an active material for lithium ion battery anode. Sample characterization used XRD, SEM EDX, BET and performance tests using CV, CD, and EIS. XRD results showed impurities such as TiO2 Brookite, TiO2 Rutile, and Li2Ti3O7. SEM results showed formation of nanorod structures on each sample, with agglomeration happening as a result of mechanochemical reaction. BET results showed the improvement of surface area for each sample which shows the effect of activated carbon on all samples. Performance test on anode showed an increase of discharge capacity through the increasing addition of Tin nano powder through CV test, while EIS test shows that morphology of the surface coating on battery coins showed a significant effect on conductivitiy. "