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"Litium Ferro Phosphate, LiFePO4 (LFP) adalah kandidat yang menjanjikan sebagai bahan katoda baterai lithium ion. Dalam penelitian ini, LFNP/C disintesis dengan metode solid-state dari precursor LFP, Nikel menjadi variasi penambahan konten LFP dalam bentuk doping, yaitu, 6, 7,5 dan 9%, diberi label sampel LFNP/C-Ni6%, LFNP/C-Ni7.5% dan LFNP/C-Ni9%. Karakterisasi dilakukan menggunakan XRD, SEM, EDX, dan MAPPING. Ini dilakukan untuk mengamati efek penambahan Nikel pada struktur, morfologi, dan komposisi sampel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase optimum doping Nikel adalah 7.5% karena telah menunjukan hasil yang memuaskan di performa CV,CD, dan EIS dengan ukuran kristal 76.93 nm. Dalam pengujian cyclic voltametry, konduktivitas dan kapasitas sampel meningkat dan disebabkan oleh penambahan Nikel pada LFP.

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Lithium Ferro Phosphate, LiFePO4 (LFP) is a promising candidate as a cathode material for lithium ion batteries. In this study, LFNP / C was synthesized by the solid-state method of the LFP precursors, Nickel became a variation of LFP content addition in the form of doping, namely, 6, 7.5 and 9%, labeled LFNP / C-Ni6% sample, LFNP / C-Ni7.5% and LFNP / C-Ni9%. Characterization was done using XRD, SEM, EDX, and MAPPING. This was done to observe the effect of adding Nickel to the structure, morphology, and composition of the sample. The results showed that the optimum percentage of Nickel doping was 7.5% because it had shown satisfactory results in the performance of CV, CD, and EIS with a crystal size of 76.93 nm. In cyclic voltametry testing, the conductivity and capacity of the sample increases and is caused by the addition of Nickel to LFP."

"Litium Ferro Phosphate, LiFePO4 (LFP) adalah kandidat yang menjanjikan sebagai bahan katoda baterai lithium ion. Dalam penelitian ini, LFNP/C disintesis dengan metode solid-state dari precursor LFP, Nikel menjadi variasi penambahan konten LFP dalam bentuk doping, yaitu, 6, 7,5 dan 9%, diberi label sampel LFNP/C-Ni6%, LFNP/C-Ni7.5% dan LFNP/C-Ni9%. Karakterisasi dilakukan menggunakan XRD, SEM, EDX, dan MAPPING. Ini dilakukan untuk mengamati efek penambahan Nikel pada struktur, morfologi, dan komposisi sampel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase optimum doping Nikel adalah 7.5% karena telah menunjukan hasil yang memuaskan di performa CV,CD, dan EIS dengan ukuran kristal 76.93 nm. Dalam pengujian cyclic voltametry, konduktivitas dan kapasitas sampel meningkat dan disebabkan oleh penambahan Nikel pada LFP.

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Lithium Ferro Phosphate, LiFePO4 (LFP) is a promising candidate as a cathode material for lithium ion batteries. In this study, LFNP / C was synthesized by the solid-state method of the LFP precursors, Nickel became a variation of LFP content addition in the form of doping, namely, 6, 7.5 and 9%, labeled LFNP / C-Ni6% sample, LFNP / C-Ni7.5% and LFNP / C-Ni9%. Characterization was done using XRD, SEM, EDX, and MAPPING. This was done to observe the effect of adding Nickel to the structure, morphology, and composition of the sample. The results showed that the optimum percentage of Nickel doping was 7.5% because it had shown satisfactory results in the performance of CV, CD, and EIS with a crystal size of 76.93 nm. In cyclic voltametry testing, the conductivity and capacity of the sample increases and is caused by the addition of Nickel to LFP."

"Litium-Ferrous-Fosfat, LiFePO4 (LFP) adalah kandidat yang menjanjikan sebagai bahan katoda baterai lithium ion. Dalam penelitian ini, LFP akan disintesis dengan menggunakan Fe2O3 melalui cara solid-state dengan bantuan H3PO4 and LiOH•H2O. Setelah itu, nikel akan ditambahkan ke LFP secara komposit. Penambahan konten glukosa sebagai sumber karbon akan dilakukan dengan tiga variasi, 6%, 8% dan 10%. Karakterisasi dilakukan menggunakan XRD dan SEM untuk mengamati efek variasi konten karbon pada struktur dan morfologi sampel yang dihasilkan.

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Lithium-iron-phosphate, LiFePO4 (LFP) is one of promising candidate in development of battery cathode. In this experiment, the LFP will be synthesize using Fe2O3, H3PO4 and LiOH•H2O as precursors through solid-state process. Nickel will be added to the LFP/C to improve the properties of LFP/C. The addition of varies glucose content as a carbon source will be done, 6%, 8% and 10%. Material characterization of the samples will be done by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to observe the effect of glucose content on the material structure and morphology."

"Litium Titanat, Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) adalah kandidat yang menjanjikan sebagai bahan anoda baterai lithium ion. Dalam penelitian ini, Li4Ti5O12 akan disintesis dengan menggunakan metode solid-state dengan menggunakan komersial TiO2 dan komersial litium hidroksida (LiOH). Setelah itu, komersial bubuk nikel dipanaskan pada suhu 600oC selama 4 jam untuk mendapatkan NiO sebagai logam oksida transisi. Penambahan NiO ke LTO kepada semua sampel sebesar 3%. Tiga variasi penambahan lama waktu proses sintering sebesar 4 jam, 8 jam, 10 jam, diberi label sampel LTO/NiO 3% (4 jam), LTO/NiO 3% (8 jam) and LTO/NiO 3% (10 jam). Karakterisasi dilakukan menggunakan XRD dan SEM untuk mengamati efek penambahan NiO pada struktur dan morfologi sampel yang dibuat. Hasil karakterisasi sampel menunjukkan bahwa penambahan NiO 3% memiliki konduktivitas lebih baik. Hasil dari tes Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy juga menunjukkan LTO/NiO 3% (4 jam) memiliki konduktivitas terbaik dengan nilai resistansi terkecil

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Lithium titanate, Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) is a promising candidate as lithium ion battery anode material. In this investigation, Li4Ti5O12 was synthesized with solid-state method by using TiO2 with the help of lithium hydroxide (LiOH) and nickel powder as the precursor materials, resulting in LTO. Commercial nickel powder was heated at 600oC for 4 hours to obtain NiO as transition metal oxide. NiO addition to the LTO for all samples is 3% in weight%. Three variations of different sintering holding time for 4 hours, 8 hours and 10 hours labelled as LTO/NiO 3% (4 hours), LTO/NiO 3% (8 hours) and LTO/NiO 3% (10 hours), respectively. The characterizations were made using XRD and SEM testing. These were performed to observe the effect of NiO addition and different holding time on structure and morphology of the resulting samples. The result showed that the addition of NiO will make the samples have better conductivity. According to Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, LTO/NiO 3% (4 hours) also has the best conductivity with the lowest resistivity."

"Lithium Ferro Phosphate (LiFePO4) adalah kandidat yang menjanjikan sebagai bahan sumber energi elektrik yang ramah lingkungan. Penambahan Ni komposit dalam baterai berbasis Li-ion dapat meningkatan performa dari baterai LiFePO4. Dalam penelitian ini, LiFePO4 akan disintesis dengan menggunakan Fe2O3, H3PO4, dan LiOH melalui cara solid-state dan dilakukan perlakuan panas yaitu sintering. Setelah itu, prekursor dikompositkan dengan tiga variasi penambahan konten Nikel dalam % berat, yaitu 5, 7 dan 10% melalui metode solid-state dengan ball mill diberi label LFP/5-Ni, LFP/7.5-Ni dan LFP/10-Ni. Karakterisasi dilakukan menggunakan XRD dan SEM untuk mengamati efek penambahan Nikel pada struktur dan morfologi sampel yang dihasilkan.

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Lithium Ferro Phosphate (LiFePO4) is a promising candidate as an environmental friendly electric energy sources. The addition of Nickel composite in Lithium-ion battery based can enhance the performance of LiFePO4 batteries. In this experiment, LiFePO4 was synthesized using Fe2O3, H3PO4, and LiOH by solid-state method and heat treated with sintering process. After that, the precursor were composited with the various Nickel composition, in % wt, 5, 7.5 and 10% with solid-state method by using ball mill and labeled as LFP/5-Ni, LFP/7.5-Ni and LFP/10-Ni respectively. The characterizations were made using XRD and SEM testing. These were performed to observe the effect of Nickel addition on structure and morphology of the resulting samples."

"Saat ini, baterai lithium ion merupakan sumber listrik yang digunakan untuk banyak perangkat elektronik. Konsumsi baterai ini pun terus meningkat karena perluasan teknologi informasi serta kendaraan hybrid dan listrik (HEV dan EV). Baterai li-ion lebih dipilih daripada baterai lainnya karena memiliki kemampuan yaitu dapat diisi ulang, ringan dan tidak memerlukan perawatan yang khusus. Limbah baterai li-ion tergolong limbah B3 karena mengandung logam berat. Logam tersebut dapat dilakukan perolehan kembali (recovery) untuk dimanfaatkan kembali dan mengurangi efek bahayanya terhadap lingkungan. Kandungan logam yang terdapat dalam baterai li-ion diantaranya adalah logam nikel dengan persentase sebesar 5-10%. Metode yang dapat dilakukan untuk recovery logam tersebut dari baterai li-ion dengan proses leaching menggunakan asam nitrat (HNO3) sebagai leaching agent dan hidrogen peroksida (H2O2) sebagai reducing agent. Penambahan H2O2 bertujuan untuk meningkatkan efektivitas leaching. Dalam penelitian ini, digunakan 3M HNO3, 3% v/v H2O2 pada kondisi operasi 80OC selama 60 menit, menghasilkan logam Ni ter-leaching sebesar 96,09%. Larutan hasil leaching yang didapat akan dilakukan proses ekstraksi cair- cair menggunakan LIX 84-ICNS sebagai ekstraktan ditambah Tributyl Phospate (TBP) sebagai modifiernya. Hasil dari proses ekstraksi cair-cair dengan konsentrasi ekstraktan sebesar 0,9 M, pH fasa akuatik sebesar 6 selama 45 menit ekstraksi, menghasilkan logam Ni terekstraksi sebesar 90,53%.

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Nowadays, lithium ion batteries are a source of electricity used by many electronic devices. This battery use continues to grow due to the expansion of information technology along with hybrid and electric (HEV and EV). Li-ion batteries are favored over other batteries because they are rechargeable, lightweight and do not need special maintenance. Li-ion battery waste is known as B3 waste, as it contains heavy metals. These metals may be recycled in order to be reused and to reduce their adverse effects on the environment. The metal content of the li-ion battery contains nickel metal with a percentage of 5-10 %. The method that can be used to recover the metal from the li-ion battery is leaching process using nitric acid (HNO3) as a leaching agent and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a reducing agent. The aim of the addition of H2O2 is to increase the efficiency of the leaching. The results showed that the leaching process reach the optimum value by using 3 M HNO3, 3% v/v H2O2, at 80oC for 60 minutes leaching process resulting 96,09% Ni extracted. The leaching solution obtained, was then carried out by a solvent extraction process using LIX 84-ICNS as extractand and Tributyl Phosphate (TBP) as the modifier. The result from solvent extraction with 0,9 M LIX 84-ICNS and 0,1 M TBP, pH aqueous phase 6 in 45 minutes extraction time is 90,53% Ni being extracted."

"Salah satu anoda yang dewasa ini banyak dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan kapasitas dan performa baterai ion litium adalah anoda litium titanat (Li4Ti5O12). Anoda litium titanat memiliki kelebihan dalam aspek kestabilan termal dan karakteristik zero strain. Kekurangan dari material ini, yaitu konduktivitas listrik dan kapasitas yang rendah. Pada penelitian ini akan diobservasi perubahan karakteristik dari material anoda litium titanat yang dibuat menjadi komposit dengan grafit dan doping Fe dengan variasi konsentrasi 0,1, dan 5 mol%. Sintesis dilakukan dengan metode solid state dan hasil sintesis dikarakterisasi menggunakan XRD dan SEM, kemudian difabrikasi menjadi koin sel untuk dilakukan pengujian performa dengan EIS, CV, dan CD.

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One of many anodes currently being developed to increase the capacity and performance of lithium ion batteries is lithium titanate anode (Li4Ti5O12). The lithium titanate anode has advantages in its thermal stability and zero strain characteristic. The main disadvantages of this material are the low electrical conductivity and capacity. This research will be observing the characteristic changes of the lithium titanate material made into composites with graphite (5 wt%) and iron (Fe) doping with concentrations of 0,1, and 5 mol%. The synthesis was carried out by solid state method and the synthesized material was characterized using XRD and SEM, then fabricated into cell coins for performance testing with EIS, CV, and CD."

"Konsumsi bahan bakar fosil telah dianggap sebagai salah satu kebutuhan utama kita. Penggunaan bahan bakar fosil bisa merusak lingkungan dengan menghasilkan polusi sebagai produk dari pembakaran bahan bakar fosil. Ada banyak penemuan mengenai pengembangan penyimpanan energi seperti baterai. Penggunaan baterai lithium-ion dapat menjanjikan untuk aplikasi yang membutuhkan daya tinggi dan salah satu kandidat untuk mengalihkan penggunaan bahan bakar fosil. Lithium titanat adalah bahan yang menjanjikan untuk digunakan sebagai bahan anoda. Penambahan silikon yang memiliki kapasitas teoritis 4200 mAh g-1 telah membuat lithium titanat dan silikon untuk saling melengkapi dan bersinergi satu sama lain. Lithium titanate disintesis menggunakan metode sol-gel dan metode solid state. Peracikan dengan elemen silikon dalam slurry dapat mencegah perubahan fase dari silikon menjadi SiO2. Kadar silikon dibagi menjadi tiga komposisi 10 , 20 dan 30 dengan nomenklatur LTO-Si10 sr, LTO-Si20 sr dan LTO-Si30 sr untuk setiap sampel memiliki konten yang berbeda dari silikon masing-masing. Kapasitas tertinggi terkait dengan tingkat C rate yang berbeda adalah LTO-Si20 sr dan Diikuti oleh LTO-Si10 sr yang dimana kapasitas saat C rate berbeda LTO-Si30 memiliki kapasitas yang terbilang buruk.

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The consumption of fossil fuel has been considered as one of our main necessity. The use of fossil fuel could damage our environment with the produce of pollution as the combustion product of fossil fuel. There are many inventions regarding the development of energy storage such as battery. The use of lithium ion has been promising for high power application and one of the candidates to divert the usage of fossil fuel. Lithium titanate is a promising material to be used as anode material. The addition of silicon which has theoretical capacity of 4200 mAh g 1 has made lithium titanate and silicon to compliment and synergize with one another. The lithium titanate was synthesized using sol gel and solid state methods. The compounding with silicon element was in the slurry making to prevent any phase changes of silicon to be SiO2. The silicon content was divided into three compositions of 10, 20 and 30 with the nomenclature of LTO Si10 sr, LTO Si20 sr and LTO Si30 sr for each sample having different content of silicon respectively. The highest capacity associated with different C rate is LTO Si20 sr and followed by LTO Si10 sr with LTO Si30 sr having poor overall capacity."

"[Telah dilakukan peningkatan konduktivitas listrik LiFePO4 dengan metode penambahan material logam nano Cu dan CNTs. Metode ini menjadi pilihan yang menarik karena mudah dan murah dalam proses pembuatannya. Proses sintesis dilakukan dengan mencampur serbuk LiFePO4 (komersil) dengan variasi presentase berat nano tembaga (komersil) 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 wt. % dan 5 wt. % nano karbon (komersil)kemudian di proses vacuum mixing dan film applicator. Pengujian XRD, SEM dan EDX dilakukan pada serbuk yang diterima untuk mengkonfirmasi fasa, ukuran butir serta ada tidaknya impurities. Hasil XRD dan EDX pada serbuk nano Cu menunjukkan bahwa telah terjadi oksidasi dan terbentuk menjadi CuO dan Cu2O, serta ditemukanadanya impurities elemen S sebesar 8.5 wt. %. Komposisi fasa yang dihasilkan dari proses penambahan didapat dari menganalisis pola difraksi XRD menunjukkan bahwa fasa yang terbentuk adalahLiFePO4 namun ditemukan adanya impurities berupa Cu4O3 pada variasi penambahan 80 wt. % LiFePO4, 5 wt. % Cu, 5 wt. % C, dan 10 wt. % PVDF. Konduktivitas listrik diuji material katoda LiFePO4 dengan EIS, dan hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa konduktivitas listrik LiFePO4 meningkat seiiring dengan penambahan nano Cu namun tidak terlalu signifikan (dalam satu orde), hal ini dikarenakan efek oksidasi pada Cu.Pada variasi penambahan nano C dan nano Cu terjadi peningkatan sebesar 3 orde dengan nilai konduktivitas sebesar 8.4 x 10-5 S/cm pada variasi penambahan 80 wt. % LiFePO4, 5 wt. % Cu, 5 wt. % C. Penambahan nano karbon pada LiFePO4 lebih efektif dalam peningkatan konduktivitas dibandingkan dengan penambahan nano Cudikarenakan efek oksidasi pada Cu yang tidak dapat dihindari. Morfologi material katoda dan distribusi nano Cu dan nano karbon dianalisis menggunakan SEM/EDX, menunjukkan material yang dicampur pada variasi penambahan nano Cu cukup homogen, struktur butir spherical, sedangkan pada variasi penambahan nano Cu dannano karbon struktur butir polyhedral dengan ukuran butir berada pada rentang 100- 500 nm. Struktur butir ini mempengaruhi hasil cole plot dimana pada variasi penambahan Cu terbentuk semicircle sedangkan pada penambahan nano C tidak;Improved of Electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 with the method of adding Cu Nano metal material and CNTs has been done. This method is an attractive option because it is easy and inexpensive in the manufacturing process. Synthesis process isdone by mixing the powder LiFePO4 (commercial) with a variation of the percentage by weight of Nano copper (commercial) 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 wt. % and 5 wt. % CNTs (commercial) and then process in vacuum mixing and film applicator. Testing XRD, SEM and EDX performed on the powder to confirm the phase, grain size and the presence or absence of impurities. Results of XRD and EDX on Nano Cu powder showed that there had been oxidation and formed into CuO and Cu2O, and discovered the existence of impurities elements S of 8.5 wt. %.Phase composition as the result from adding process obtained with analyzing the XRD diffraction pattern showed that the phase formed is LiFePO4 yet found any impurities in the form of Cu4O3 on variations LiFePO4 addition of 80 wt. %, 5 wt. % Cu, 5 wt. % C, and 10 wt. % PVDF. The electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 cathode material was tested by EIS, and the results showed that the electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 increased with the addition of Nano-Cu but not too significant (still on the same order), this is because the effects of oxidation on Cu. On the addition of Nano C and Nano Cu variation there is an increase of 3 order with conductivity value 8.4 x 10-5 S / cm at variations LiFePO4 addition of 80 wt.%, 5 wt.% Cu, 5 wt.% C. The addition of CNTs is more effective in LiFePO4 conductivity increase, compared to the additionof Nano-Cu due to the effects of oxidation on Cu are unavoidable. Cathode material morphology and distribution of CNTs and Nano Cu analyzed using SEM / EDX, showed mixed material on the variation of the addition of Nano Cu quite homogenous, spherical grain structure, while the variation of the addition of Nano Cu and CNTs structures polyhedral grains with a grain size in the range 100-500 nm. This affects the grain structure results in a variation of Cole plot where the addition of Cu is formed semicircle, while the addition of Nano C is not.;Improved of Electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 with the method of adding CuNano metal material and CNTs has been done. This method is an attractive optionbecause it is easy and inexpensive in the manufacturing process. Synthesis process isdone by mixing the powder LiFePO4 (commercial) with a variation of the percentageby weight of Nano copper (commercial) 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 wt. % and 5 wt. % CNTs(commercial) and then process in vacuum mixing and film applicator. Testing XRD,SEM and EDX performed on the powder to confirm the phase, grain size and thepresence or absence of impurities. Results of XRD and EDX on Nano Cu powdershowed that there had been oxidation and formed into CuO and Cu2O, and discoveredthe existence of impurities elements S of 8.5 wt. %.Phase composition as the result from adding process obtained with analyzingthe XRD diffraction pattern showed that the phase formed is LiFePO4 yet found anyimpurities in the form of Cu4O3 on variations LiFePO4 addition of 80 wt. %, 5 wt. %Cu, 5 wt. % C, and 10 wt. % PVDF. The electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 cathodematerial was tested by EIS, and the results showed that the electrical conductivity ofLiFePO4 increased with the addition of Nano-Cu but not too significant (still on thesame order), this is because the effects of oxidation on Cu. On the addition of Nano Cand Nano Cu variation there is an increase of 3 order with conductivity value 8.4 x 10-5 S / cm at variations LiFePO4 addition of 80 wt.%, 5 wt.% Cu, 5 wt.% C. The additionof CNTs is more effective in LiFePO4 conductivity increase, compared to the additionof Nano-Cu due to the effects of oxidation on Cu are unavoidable. Cathode materialmorphology and distribution of CNTs and Nano Cu analyzed using SEM / EDX,showed mixed material on the variation of the addition of Nano Cu quite homogenous,spherical grain structure, while the variation of the addition of Nano Cu and CNTsstructures polyhedral grains with a grain size in the range 100-500 nm. This affects thegrain structure results in a variation of Cole plot where the addition of Cu is formedsemicircle, while the addition of Nano C is not., Improved of Electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 with the method of adding CuNano metal material and CNTs has been done. This method is an attractive optionbecause it is easy and inexpensive in the manufacturing process. Synthesis process isdone by mixing the powder LiFePO4 (commercial) with a variation of the percentageby weight of Nano copper (commercial) 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 wt. % and 5 wt. % CNTs(commercial) and then process in vacuum mixing and film applicator. Testing XRD,SEM and EDX performed on the powder to confirm the phase, grain size and thepresence or absence of impurities. Results of XRD and EDX on Nano Cu powdershowed that there had been oxidation and formed into CuO and Cu2O, and discoveredthe existence of impurities elements S of 8.5 wt. %.Phase composition as the result from adding process obtained with analyzingthe XRD diffraction pattern showed that the phase formed is LiFePO4 yet found anyimpurities in the form of Cu4O3 on variations LiFePO4 addition of 80 wt. %, 5 wt. %Cu, 5 wt. % C, and 10 wt. % PVDF. The electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 cathodematerial was tested by EIS, and the results showed that the electrical conductivity ofLiFePO4 increased with the addition of Nano-Cu but not too significant (still on thesame order), this is because the effects of oxidation on Cu. On the addition of Nano Cand Nano Cu variation there is an increase of 3 order with conductivity value 8.4 x 10-5 S / cm at variations LiFePO4 addition of 80 wt.%, 5 wt.% Cu, 5 wt.% C. The additionof CNTs is more effective in LiFePO4 conductivity increase, compared to the additionof Nano-Cu due to the effects of oxidation on Cu are unavoidable. Cathode materialmorphology and distribution of CNTs and Nano Cu analyzed using SEM / EDX,showed mixed material on the variation of the addition of Nano Cu quite homogenous,spherical grain structure, while the variation of the addition of Nano Cu and CNTsstructures polyhedral grains with a grain size in the range 100-500 nm. This affects thegrain structure results in a variation of Cole plot where the addition of Cu is formedsemicircle, while the addition of Nano C is not.]"

"Litium Titanat, Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) adalah kandidat yang menjanjikan sebagai bahan anoda baterai lithium ion. Dalam penelitian ini, LTO/C@ZnO disintesis dengan LTO nanorod dengan metode hidrotermal dari TiO2 xerogel yang dibuat dengan metode sol-gel, litium hidroksida (LiOH), Karbon aktif, dan Zinc Oksida (ZnO) nanorod. Tiga variasi penambahan konten ZnO dalam % berat, yaitu, 4, 7 dan 10%, diberi label sampel LTO/C@ZnO-4, LTO C@ZnO-7 dan LTO/C@ZnO-10. Karakterisasi dilakukan menggunakan XRD, SEM, FE-SEM, dan BET. Ini dilakukan untuk mengamati efek penambahan ZnO pada struktur, morfologi, dan luas permukaan sampel yang dihasilkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kapasitas optimum dari masing- masing sampel adalah 32,84 mAh/g dalam LTO/C@ZnO-4 dengan ukuran kristal 11,86 nm dan luas permukaan 348,736 m2/g. Dalam pengujian cyclic voltametry, menunjukkan pergeseran dalam tegangan reaksi dan pengurangan kapasitas yang disebabkan oleh penambahan C@ZnO dan kurangnya Li4Ti5O12 yang terbentuk.

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Lithium titanate, Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) is a promising candidate as lithium ion battery anode material. In this investigation, LTO/C@ZnO was synthesized with LTO nanorod by hydrothermal method using TiO2 xerogel that prepared by the sol-gel method, lithium hydroxide (LiOH), Activated carbon, and Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanorod. Three variations of ZnO content addition in weight% , i.e., 4, 7 and 10%, labelled as sample LTO/C@ZnO-4, LTO/C@ZnO-7 and LTO/C@ZnO-10, respectively. The characterizations were made using XRD, SEM, FE-SEM, and BET testing. These were performed to observe the effect of ZnO addition on astructure, morphology, and surface area of the resulting samples. Result showed that the optimum discharge capacity from each samples was 32.84 mAh/g in LTO/C@ZnO-4 with the crystallite size of 11.86 nm and the surface area of 348.736 m2/g. In cyclic voltammetry testing, it shows a shift in reaction voltage and reduction in capacity that caused by the addition of C@ZnO and the lack of Li4Ti5O12 that are formed.

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