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"Latar Belakang: Periodontitis merupakan inflamasi pada jaringan pendukung gigi yang disebabkan oleh mikroorganisme yang menyebabkan destruksi ligamen periodontal dan tulang alveolar, yang ditandai dengan peningkatan kedalaman poket, resesi, ataupun keduanya. Penyakit periodontal diderita oleh sebanyak 20-50% populasi dunia. Penyakit periodontal juga merupakan penyebab terbesar dari kehilangan gigi dan dipertimbangkan menjadi salah satu dari dua ancaman terbesar pada rongga mulut. Salah satu faktor hospes yang berperan penting dalam periodontitis adalah faktor genetik, dan salah satunya yaitu gen MIF-173 G/C (rs755622). Gen MIF berperan dalam menginisiasi ataupun memodulasi respon inflamasi pada jaringan periodontal. Polimorfisme pada gen ini menyebabkan perubahan fungsi dalam regulasi makrofag dan penurunan glukokortikoid. Penelitian ini juga belum pernah dilakukan di Indonesia. Tujuan: Menganalisis gambaran polimorfisme gen MIF-173 G/C (rs755622) pada Penderita Periodontitis di Indonesia. Metode: Analisis polimorfisme gen MIF-173 G/C (rs755622) yang dilakukan dengan metode PCR-RFLP dan divisualisasikan menggunakan Gel Electrophoresis. Hasil: Penelitian ini menggunakan 155 sampel antara lain 76 sampel non-periodontitis dan 79 sampel periodontitis, ditemukan 70 sampel non-periodontitis memiliki genotip GG dan 6 sampel non-periodontitis memiliki genotip GC. Sedangkan kelompok periodontitis memiliki 73 sampel dengan genotip GG dan 6 sampel dengan genotip GC. Tidak ditemukan genotip CC pada sampel non-periodontitis maupun periodontitis. Sementara frekuensi alel yang muncul yaitu 143 alel G dan 12 alel C. Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada distribusi polimorfisme gen MIF-173 G/C antara penderita periodontitis dengan individu sehat (p = 1,0).

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Background: Periodontitis is an inflammation in periodontal caused by microoganism. It induces periodontal ligament and alveolar bone destruction, which are marked by pocket increased, recession, or both. Periodontal disease were affected by 20-50% of world’s population. Also, periodontal disease is one of the biggest causes of tooth loss and is considered to be one of the two biggest threats to the oral cavity. One of the host factors that play an important role in periodontitis is genetic factors, and one of them is the MIF-173 G / C (rs755622) gene. The MIF gene is involved in initiating or modulating the inflammatory response in periodontal tissues. Polymorphism in this gene causes a change in function of macrophage regulation and glucocorticoids reduction. This research has also not been conducted in Indonesia. Objective: To analyze the polymorphism of MIF-173 G/C (rs755622) gene in periodontitis patients in Indonesia. Methods: Analysis of MIF-173 G/C (rs755622) gene polymorphism carried out by PCR-RFLP method and visualized using Gel Electrophoresis. Results: This study used 155 samples including 76 healthy control samples and 79 periodontitis samples, were found 70 control samples had GG genotypes and 6 control samples had GC genotypes. While the periodontitis group had 73 samples with GG genotype and 6 samples with GC genotypes. CC genotypes were not found in the control sample or periodontitis. While the frequency of alleles that emerged were 143 G alleles and 12 alleles C. Conclusion: There were no significant differences in the distribution of MIF-173 G/C gene polymorphisms between periodontitis patients and the healthy ones (p = 1.0)."

"Interleukin 6 merupakan sitokin yang berperan penting dalam patogenesis periodontitis. Beberapa penelitian telah menunjukan bahwa polimorfisme promotor gen IL-6 berpengaruh terhadap kerentanan host terhadap penyakit periodontitis. Untuk mengetahui hubungan polimorfisme promotor gen IL-6 - 174G/C dengan tingkat keparahan periodontitis dilakukan penelitian menggunakkan 103 sampel DNA yang terdiri dari 23 kontrol sehat, 9 periodontitis ringan, 41 periodontitis sedang dan 30 periodontitis berat yang dianalisis dengan metode PCR-RLFP. Hasil penelitian ditemukan 100 genotip GG dan 3 genotip GC, tidak ditemukan genotip CC. Tes Kolmogorov-Smirnov menyatakan P=0,773 dan P=0.662 sehingga disimpulkan tidak terdapat hubungan antara polimorfisme promotor gen IL-6 -174G/C dengan tingkat keparahan periodontitis.

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Interleukin 6 is a cytokine that plays a major role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Studies have shown that polymorphisms of IL-6 gene promoter affects host susceptibility to periodontitis. To evaluate the correlation of gene promoter polymorphism IL-6-174G/C with severity of periodontitis, 103 stored DNA samples consist of 23 healthy controls, 9 mild periodontitis, 41 moderate periodontitis and 30 severe periodontitis were analyzed by PCR-RLFP, resulting distribution of 100 GG genotypes, 3 GC genotypes, and CC genotype wasn?t found. Kolmogorov-Smirnov?s test was performed (P=0.773, P=0,662), concludes that there was no correlation between polymorphism promoter gen IL-6-174G/C with severity of periodontitis."

"Periodontitis merupakan salah satu penyakit gigi dan mulut yang umum diderita penduduk dunia. Klasifikasi penyakit periodontitis direvisi pada tahun 2017, menggabungkan periodontitis kronis dan periodontitis agresif menjadi periodontitis yang memiliki tiga dimensi untuk menjelaskan periodontitis. Data epidemiologi penyakit periodontitis menggunakan klasifikasi terbaru dapat digunakan sebagai informasi dalam menyusun rencana pencegahan dan penanganan penyakit periodontitis. Data tersebut masih belum ada di Indonesia. Tujuan: Mengetahui distribusi penyakit periodontitis menggunakan klasifikasi penyakit periodontal tahun 2017 di Rumah Sakit Khusus Gigi dan Mulut Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia Periode 2014-2017. Metode: Penelitian deskriptif data sekunder dengan subjek 392 rekam medik. Hasil: Penyakit periodontitis terbanyak menurut pembagian staging adalah stage 3 (52,2%) dan stage 4 (35,8%), menurut pembagian grading adalah grade A (60,4%), dan menurut distribusi dan perluasan adalah generalis (82,6%). Kesimpulan: Klasifikasi terbaru periodontitis tahun 2017 memberikan detil yang lebih baik dalam menggambarkan kondisi rongga mulut pasien. Penyakit periodontitis terbanyak menurut klasifikasi tahun 2017 adalah stage 3 grade A generalis.

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Periodontitis is one of the most common oral disease infected world citizen. Periodontitis classification was revised in 2017, which merge chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis into periodontitis with three dimensions as descriptor. Epidemiology information of periodontitis can be used as information for prevention and treatment plan of periodontitis. In Indonesia, there is no data about the new classification.

Objective: Discover the distribution of periodontitis at Periodontal Clinic RSKGM FKG UI 2014-2017.

Methods: Descriptive study using 392 medical records as subjects.

Results: The most common periodontitis based on staging is stage 3 (52,2%) and stage 4 (35,8%), grade A (60,4) based on grading, and generalized (82,6%) based on distribution and extent.

Conclusion: The new periodontitis classification in 2017 gives better detail in describing patient oral cavitiy condition. The most common periodontitis based on 2017 classification is stage 3 grade A generalized."

"In deep periodontal lesions, scaling and root planning (SRP) failed to complete elimination of periodontal bacteria, so chemical antimicrobial agents are used topically to destroy microorganism. Povidon-iodin 10% is one of antimicrobial agents that can be applied topically anddirectly in the pocket. The aim of the research were evaluated the efficacy of povidon-iodin l0% as chemical antimicrobial agents locally applied into periodontal pocket. The data are obtained from patients with chronic adult periodontitis baseline periodontal pocket depth (PPD) are 5-7 mm. The teeth are scaled and root planed after clinical examinations ( plaque index, papilla bleeding index and periodontal pocket depth ) and test sites or control sites are assisned randomly. Topically application of povidon-iodin 10% at test sites and aquabides at control sites is applied at day 1st and day 7th. The clinical parameters are assessed at day 14th. The results of the research showed that application of povidon-iodin l0% afer SRP provide statistically significant more favorable papilla bleeding index reduction than SRP + aquabides after 14 days. The pocket depth reduction at testsites are greater than control sites ( baseline PPD=6 and 7 mm). The conclusions of the research showed that application subgingival povidon-iodin 10% as adjunctive to SRP significantly reducePBI and PPD ( 6 & 7 mm ) than without application povidon-iodin 10%."

"Generalized aggressive periodontitis is a disease or a disorder of periodontium that occurs in people below 30 years old. These patients usually have several immune response disorders, such as defects in chemotaxis, phagocytic of neturophils and monocytes, and genetic defect. Clinically, there are generalized losses of tissue attachment with extensive, rapid and progressive alveolar bone resorption. In order to repair bone destruction, treatment that produce bone regeneration is needed, i.e. full thickness flap with bone grafting. In these cases, allograft and alloplast bone grafts were used. Allograft is derived from subjects within the same species but different individuals, whereas alloplast is foreign body embedded into the tissue (e.g. hydroxylapatite). In this report, pocket depth, papillae bleeding index (PBI), and clinical attachment were evaluated. Six month after surgery and bone grafting, there were + 4 mm decrease of pocket depths, bleeding on probing index and 3-4 mm increase of clinical attachment. Unstimulated wholes saliva were also collected for DNA isolation. The IL-1beta(+3954) genotypes were performed by Polymerase chain reaction, digested with TagI restriction enzyme and separated by gel electrophoresis. Results showed both patients bearing allele 2 homozygous of IL-1B+3954 genotype. This genotype has been identified as the one of immunogenetic factor that could affect the severity of periodontal disease. Successful treatment depends on the adequacy of oral hygiene. Patients were advised to maintain optimal oral hygiene and to do periodic check every 2-3 months."

"Latar Belakang: Kerusakan jaringan periodontal terjadi karena inflamasi terhadap invasi bakteri. Human beta defensin-1 adalah peptida antimikroba dan pertahanan pertama terhadap infeksi.Tujuan Penelitian: Membandingkan kadar ekspresi HBD-1 antara kelompok periodontitis kronis, periodontitis agresif dan normalBahan dan Metode: Kadar HBD-1 dari 94 sampel CKG subjek periodontitis kronis, periodontitis agresif dan normal diukur dengan ELISAHasil: Analisis Mann-Whitney menunjukkan perbedaan kadar HBD-1 antara periodontitis kronis dengan normal (p<0,05) dan tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan (p>0,05) antara periodontitis agresif dengan normal, dan antara periodontitis kronis dengan periodontitis agresif.Kesimpulan: Kadar HBD-1 pada CKG menurun pada kondisi periodontitis kronis dan periodontitis agresif.

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Background: Periodontal disease is happened because inflammation reaction ro bacterial invasion. Human beta defensin-1 (HBD-1) is antimicroba peptide which regulate the first defense mechanism.

Objectives: To compare level of HBD-1 between chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, and normal group.

Material and Methods: Level of HBD-1 from GCF sample of chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, and normal group were assessed with ELISA.

Results: Mann-Whitney analysis show different level of HBD-1 expression between chronic periodontitis and normal (p<0,05) and there was no significant difference (p>0,05) between aggressive periodontitis and normal, and between chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis.

Conclusion: Level of HBD-1 in GCF decreased in chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis."

"Latar belakang: Periodontitis merupakan interaksi kompleks antara sitokin pro-inflamasi dan sitokin anti-inflamasi. Sitokin anti-inflamasi seperti IL-4 pada cairan krevikular gingiva (CKG) dapat menjadi biomarker penyakit periodontal.Tujuan Penelitian: Menganalisis perbedaan kadar IL-4 dalam CKG penderita periodontitis kronis dan periodontitis agresif.Metode dan Bahan: Sampel CKG dikumpulkan dari pasien normal (n=21), periodontitis kronis (n=38) dan periodontitis agresif (n=35) dan dilakukan analisis kadar IL-4 dengan menggunakan ELISA.Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan kadar IL-4 antara periodontitis kronis dengan normal dan antara periodontitis agresif dengan normal (p=0,000). Tidak ada perbedaan kadar IL-4 (p=0,729) antara periodontitis kronis (14,73±0,32 pg/ml) periodontitis agresif (20,58±23,00 pg/ml).Kesimpulan: Kadar IL-4 menurun pada kondisi inflamasi, baik pada periodontitis kronis ataupun periodontitis agresif.

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Background: Periodontitis is a complex interaction between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine. IL-4 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine in GCF that can be used as a periodontal biomarker.

Objectives: To compare level of IL-4 in GCF of chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis.

Material and Methods: GCF sample were collected from normal (n=21), periodontitis chronic (n=38) and aggressive periodontitis (n=35) group and analysis of level IL-4 was performed with ELISA.

Results: There was a difference level of IL-4 between chronic periodontitis with normal and between aggressive periodontitis with normal (p=0,000). There was no difference level of IL-4 (p=0,729) between chronic periodontitis (14,73±0,32 pg/ml) and aggressive periodontitits (20,58±23,00 pg/ml).

Kesimpulan: Level of IL-4 was decreased in inflammation condition, either chronic periodontitis or aggressive periodontitis."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang : Interleukin-6 Receptor (IL-6R) adalah reseptor IL-6 yang mempunyai peranan sangat besar terhadap patogenesis periodontitis. Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukan bahwa polimorfime gen IL-6R A/C akan berakibat pada kerentanan seseorang terhadap periodontitis. Tujuan : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat gambaran polimorfisme gen IL-6R A/C pada penderita periodontitis dan melihat perbedaan distribusi antara periodontitis dan orang sehat. Metode : Teknik PCR-RFLP digunakan untuk menganalisis polimorfisme pada 50 sampel periodontitis dan 50 sampel kontrol, menggunakan enzim restriksi Hinf I. Hasil : Frekuensi alel C pada sampel kontrol (81%) lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan sampel periodontitis (64%). Mayoritas pada sampel periodontitis (92%) maupun kontrol (94%) mempunyai genotip polimorfisme. Kesimpulan : Pada penelitian ini ditemukan gambaran polimorfisme gen IL-6R A/C pada penderita periodontitis, namun tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara distribusi polimorfisme gen IL-6R A/C pada periodontitis dan individu normal (p=1,00).

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ABSTRACTBackground: Interleukin 6-Receptor (IL-6R) is a receptor of Interleukin 6 that plays a major role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Studies have shown that polymorphisms of IL-6R gene affects host susceptibility to periodontitis. Aim: This study aimed to describe the distribution of IL-6R A/C gene polymorphisms in periodontitis patients and to observe the difference distribution of IL-6R A/C gene polymorphisms in periodontitis patients and control. Methods: PCR-RFLP technique was used to analyze in 50 peridontitis samples and 50 controls, using restriction enzyme Hinf I. Results: C allele frequency in control (81%) was more than in periodontitis samples (64%). Majority of periodontitis samples (92%) and control (94%) have polymorphic genotypes. Conclusion: This study found the distribution of IL-6R A/C gene polymorphisms in control and periodontitis samples, but no significant difference was found in the IL-6R A/C gene polymorphisms between periodontitis patients and healthy individuals (p=1,00)."

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Latar Belakang: Nitric Oxide  (NO) merupakan mediator penting dalam sistem inflamasi dan imunitas. Gen eNOS merupakan salah satu dari tiga isoform Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS), yang bertugas mensintesis NO. Periodontitis merupakan penyakit inflamasi pada jaringan pendukung gigi dengan keterlibatan faktor genetik. Adanya polimorfisme pada gen eNOS menyebabkan perubahan dalam aspek fungsional pada gen tersebut yang dapat meningkatkan kerentanan pada berbagai penyakit inflamasi, termasuk periodontitis. Tujuan: Mendeteksi adanya polimorfisme gen EndothelialNitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) intron 4 pada penderita periodontitis di Indonesia. Metode: Analisis polimorfisme gen eNOS dilakukan dengan metode PCR-VNTR. Analisis statistik dilakukan dengan uji Chi-square dan odds ratio. Hasil: Dalam penelitian ini, pada kelompok periodontitis ditemukan 34 sampel dengan genotip AA, 3 sampel dengan genotip AB, dan 13 sampel dengan genotip BB. Sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol, ditemukan 41 sampel dengan genotip AA dan 9 sampel dengan genotip BB. Tidak ditemukan genotip AB pada kelompok kontrol. Pada kelompok periodontitis ditemukan 71 alel A dan 29 alel B, serta pada kelompok kontrol ditemukan 82 alel A dan 18 alel B. Genotip dan alel polimorfik ditemukan lebih banyak pada kelompok periodontitis (32% dan 29%) dibandingkan kelompok kontrol (18%). Kesimpulan: Polimorfisme gen eNOS intron 4 ditemukan pada pasien periodontitis. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada distribusi polimorfisme gen eNOS intron 4 antara penderita periodontitis dan kelompok kontrol. Polimorfisme gen eNOS intron 4 tidak memengaruhi tingkat risiko terjadinya periodontitis.

 

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Background: Nitric Oxide (NO) is an important mediator in the inflammatory and immune system. The eNOS gene is one of the three isoforms of Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS), which is responsible for synthesizing NO. Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease in periodontal tissue with genetic involvement.  Polymorphism in eNOS gene changes the functional aspect of this gene and is associated with several inflammatory diseases including periodontitis. Aim: To detect Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase intron 4 gene polymorphism in Indonesian population with periodontitis. Method:Analysis of the Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) intron 4  gene polymorphism was observed by carrying out PCR method followed by electrophoresis for the analysis, without the usage of restriction enzyme. The chi-square test and odds ratio were performed for statistical analysis. Result: In this study, there were 34 samples with AA genotype, 3 samples with AB genotype, and 13 samples with BB genotype in periodontitis group. Whereas in control group, there were 41 samples with AA genotype and 9 samples with BB genotype. AB genotype was absent in control group. In periodontitis group, there were 71 A alleles and 29 B alleles, and in control group, 82 A alleles and 18 B alleles were found. Polymorphic genotypes and alleles were found higher in periodontitis sample (32% and 29%) than healthy controls (18%). Conclusion: The polymorphism of eNOS intron 4 was found in periodontitis patients. There is no significant distribution difference was found between the periodontitis patients and the control group. ENOS intron 4 gene polymorphism does not affect the risk of periodontitis.

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"Polimorfisme gen VDR -1056 T/C berperan dalam metabolisme tulang dan mempengaruhi fungsi imun yang memicu terjadinya resorpsi tulang pada periodontitis. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui perbedaan pola distribusi polimorfisme gen VDR -1056 T/C pada penyakit periodontitis dengan kelompok kontrol. Metode: Polimorfisme gen -1056 VDR dianalisis menggunakan metode PCR-RFLP dengan enzim restriksi Taq I. Hasil: Terdapat polimorfisme gen VDR -1056 T/C pada kasus dengan frekuensi genotip TC 44.5 dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol 55.6 . Sedangkan untuk frekuensi alel C pada kasus 44.4, dan kelompok kontrol 55.6. Kesimpulan: Distribusi polimorfisme gen VDR -1056 T/C pada penyakit periodontitis sebesar 44.5 genotip TC, 50.5 genotip TT, dan 0 genotip CC. Namun tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara distribusi polimorfisme gen VDR -1056 T/C pada penyakit periodontitis dan kelompok kontrol p=1,0.

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VDR 1056 T C gene polymorphism is involved in bone metabolism and affect the immune function that leads to bone resorption in periodontitis.

Objective: To know the difference of distribution pattern of the gene VDR 1056 T C polymorphism in periodontitis disease with control group.

Methods: The VDR 1056 T C gene polymorphism was analyzed by the PCR RFLP method with Taq I restriction enzyme digestion.

Results: There are VDR 1056 T C gene polymorphism in the case with TC genotype frequency 44.55 compared with the control group 55.6 . As for the frequency of C alleles in the case 44.4 , and control group 55.6.

Conclusion: The distribution of VDR 1056 T C gene polymorphism in periodontitis disease was 44.5 TC genotype, 50.5 TT genotype, and 0 CC genotype. But there was no significant difference between the distribution of VDR T C gene polymorphism in periodontitis and control group p 1.0."