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"Speech compression techniques based on traditional psychoacoustic model have been proposed by many researchers. We have suggested Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) supported by the same psychoacoustic model for speech compression. This paper presents a traditional psychoacoustic model to process equal partitions of total bandwidth spectrum of audio signal frequency to reduce redundancy by filtering out the tones and noise masker in speech signal. Here, the uniform filter banks are used for efficient computations and selection of appropriate threshold level for better compression of Discrete Wavelet Transformed coefficients. Daubechies wavelet filter bank is a nonlinear and asymmetric wavelet filter bank. It is equivalent to cochlear filter of human hearing system. The resemblance between Daubechies Filter Bank and our hearing system is used to develop the novel speech coder. Results have shown better performance in terms of compression factor (CF) and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) as compare to the methods suggested earlier."

"Ruang lingkup dan Cara penelitian : Karbon monoksida, merupakan gas sangat beracun yang dapat dihasilkan oleh kompresor. Kompresor konvensional yang digunakan nelayan penyelam sebagai alat penghasil udara tekan untuk 'media pernafasan' dalam air, dapat memberikan dampak negatif jika digunakan dalam jangka waktu yang lama. Penelitian tentang dampak pemakaian kompresor untuk penyelaman belum pernah dilaporkan, khususnya di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran rata-rata kadar CO dalam udara kompresor konvensional; prevalensi intoksikasi CO; hubungan antara pajanan CO udara kompresor terhadap peningkatan COHb; besarnya peranan faktor resiko terhadap gambaran hematologi (peningkatan COHb). Parameter gambaran hematologi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah COHb, Hemoglobin, Hematokrit dan Eritrosit. Disain penelitian adalah dengan menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional terhadap 75 subyek. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara terstruktur, pemeriksaan lisik, dan survey lingkungan kerja (laut). Hasil, kesimpulan dan saran : Subyek terpajan dengan CO udara kompresor rata-rata 4,3 ppm, suatu pajanan yang masih tergolong dalam batas-batas aman untuk penyelaman dengan pemakaian kompresor atau SCUBA. Prevalensi intoksikasi CO dalam penelitian ini berada pada tingkat 'sub level CO intoxication'. Terdapat 9,3 % dari subyek menunjukkan gambaran hematologi bawah normal, dan 90,7 % menunjukkan gambaran normal. Efek hematologi yang merupakan peningkatan COHb mempunyai hubungan secara bermakna terhadap faktor resiko kondisi kompresor dengan O.R 15,58 (95 % C.I: 2,16 - 112,38 ), dan terhadap beban penyelaman dengan O.R 7,65 (95 % C.l : 1,30 - 44,93). Hubungan antara faktor resiko tersebut terhadap peningkatan COHb ternyata didukung pula oleh hasil analisis hubungannya terhadap gambaran hematologi secara bermakna pula. Dengan hasil penelitian ini dapatlah disarankan agar nelayan penyelam selalu memperhatikan kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja dan berpedoman pada buku panduan, antara lain tentang hagaimana cara penggunaan dan perawatan kompresor, memperhatikan arah angin, dan beban penyelaman. Subyek perlu menyediakan waktu untuk aktivitas olahraga, melengkapi menu sehari-hari mereka dengan vitamin, dan sedapat-dapatnya dengan gizi yang haik. Perlu dikembangkan kerjasama dengan instansi Departemen Kesehatan, Departemen Pertanian, gubernur KDKI Jakarta, RSAL Dr. Mintoharjo Jakarta, dan Program Studi Kesehatan dan Keselamatan Kerja Universitas Indonesia atau lembaga pendidikan yang terkait untuk membentuk suatu sistem atau organisasi yang dapat dilimpahkan wewenang serta tanggung jawabnya terhadap kesehatan nelayan penyelam, pembangunan chamber (HBO), riset dan pengembangan di bidang kedokteran kelautan di Indonesia umumnya dan di DKI khususnya.

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Scope and methodology : Carbon monoxide is a highly toxic gas which could be produced by a compressor. Fishermen diver applied it as a compressed air producer, which can be used for sub aquatic breathing. Negative impact might be evoked if is used for a long period. Unfortunately, there has never been reported any study refer to this impact, nor any prevalence of carbon monoxide intoxication published concerning to application of compressor in diving, especially in Indonesia.

The objectives of study is to get a description of carbon monoxide level in air breathing of compressor, prevalence of carbon monoxide intoxication, and analysis of connection between car-bon monoxide exposure and hematologic figure or carboxyhemoglobin elevation. The parameters used in this study are carboxyhemoglobin level in blood, hemoglobin, hematocrit and red blood cell count.

The design of study was cross sectional. Data were collected by structured interview, physical examination, and field survey (offshore) over 75 subjects.

Result, conclusion and suggestion : The subjects were exposed to 4,3 ppm carbon monoxide level in average, within safe range in SCUBA diving or compressor's diving. Prevalence of carbon monoxide intoxication was sub level intoxication. Approximately, 9,3 % subjects had an undernormal figure, and 90,7 % showed normal hematologic figure. Hematological effect, which recorded as carboxyhemoglobin elevation exhibited a significant connection to the risk factors, namely compressor condition, with odds ratio 15,58 ( 95 % C.I: 2,16 - 112,38 ), and diving load with O.R 7,65 ( 95 % C.I: 1,30 - 44,93 ). This connection was supported by analysis of these risk factor with significant connection to hematologic figure.

Referring to this result, it might be suggested to the fishermen diver that they have to notice carefully their health and safety work. They are always guided by a diving manual in their duty, far instance, how to care and use the compressor, pay attention to the wind condition, and the load of diving. The subjects have to provide a time for physical exercise, vitamin supplement and good nutrient as much as they could.

A cooperation should be established among Health Department, Agriculture Department, local government ( Jakarta governor), Naval Hospital Dr. Mintoharjo Jakarta, University of Indonesia ( post graduate program of occupational health and safety) or another relevant institutes in developing a system or organization which take care of fishermen diver's health, chamber of LIBO, research and development of hyperbaric medicine in Indonesia, especially in Jakarta."

"Stuttered speech is a dysfluency rich speech, more prevalent in males than females. It has been associated with insufficient air pressure or poor articulation, even though the root causes are more complex. The primary features include prolonged speech and repetitive speech, while some of its secondary features include, anxiety, fear, and shame. This study used LPC analysis and synthesis algorithms to reconstruct the stuttered speech. The results were evaluated using cepstral distance, Itakura-Saito distance, mean square error, and likelihood ratio. These measures implied perfect speech reconstruction quality. ASR was used for further testing, and the results showed that all the reconstru-cted speech samples were perfectly recognized while only three samples of the original speech were perfectly recognized.Shuttered speech adalah speech yang kaya dysfluency, lebih banyak terjadi pada laki-laki daripada perempuan. Ini terkait dengan tekanan udara yang tidak cukup atau artikulasi yang buruk, meskipun akar penyebabnya lebih kompleks. Fitur utama termasuk speech yang berkepanjangan dan berulang-ulang, sementara beberapa fitur sekunder meliputi, kecemasan, ketakutan, dan rasa malu. Penelitian ini menggunakan LPC analysis dan synthesis algoritma untuk merekonstruksi stuttered speech. Hasil dievaluasi menggunakan jarak cepstral, jarak Itakura-Saito, mean square error, dan rasio likelihood. Langkah-langkah ini terkandung kualitas speech reconstruction yang sempurna. ASR digunakan untuk pengujian lebih lanjut, dan hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa semua sampel speech yang terekonstruksi dikenali dengan sempurna sementara hanya tiga sampel dari speech asli dikenali dengan sempurna."

"Unit Straight Run Motor-Gas Compressor (SRM-GC) merupakan unit kompresor yang mendapatkan tenaga dari sebuah motor yang dikopel secara langsung. Dalam sebuah industri pengolahan, unit SRM-GC memiliki fungsi untuk mengkompresi gas yang didapatkan setelah proses pemisahan antara bahan bakar berbentuk padat, cair, dan gas. Dengan adanya pengkompresian maka gas-gas tersebut dapat dipisahkan berdasarkan fraksi karbonnya.Dalam dunia pemeliharaan (maintenance), reliabilitas dapat diartikan sebagai probabilitas dari suatu item untuk dapat melaksanakan fungsi yang telah ditetapkan selama interval waktu tertentu dalam kondisi pengoperasian yang telah ditetapkan. Jika berbicara tentang reliabilitas maka faktor-faktor lain yang ikut mempengaruhinya tidak dapat dilepaskan, seperti availability, kegagalan (failure), laju kegagalan (failure rate), dan maintainability (M).Reliability Block Diagram (RBD) atau yang sering juga disebut sebagai Dependence Diagram (DD) adalah gambaran grapikal dari hubungan reliabilitas antar komponen dalam suatu sistem untuk menentukan reliabilitas keseluruhan dari sistem tersebut. Dalam RBD dikenal beberapa pola hubungan, tiga diantaranya yang sering digunakan adalah seri (chain of component), paralel (alternative component), dan k-out-of-n. Penelitian pada SRM-GC ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui model reliabilitas dari unit tersebut dengan melakukan pengukuran parameter reliabilitas, pencarian model yang tepat, dan melakukan simulasi Reliability Block Diagram (RBD).

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Unit-Straight Run Gas Compressor Motor (SRM-GC) is a compressor unit which is getting power from a motor that is coupled directly. In a processing industry, SRM-GC unit has a function for compressing gas obtained after the separation of solid fuels, liquid, and gas. By the compression, the gases can be separated based on the fraction of carbon.

In the field of maintenance (maintenance), reliability can be defined as the probability of an item to be able to perform the functions that have been established for a specific time interval in a predetermined operating conditions. If we’re talking about the reliability, we can not ignore the other factors that influence it, such as availability, failure, failure rate and maintainability (M).

Reliability Block Diagram (RBD) or known well as Dependence Diagram (DD) is a grapichal image of the reliability relationship between components in a system to determine the overall reliability of the system. In the RBD, we known some pattern of relationships, three of which are commonly used are the series (chain of component), parallel (alternative component), and k-out-of-n. This SRM-GC study was conducted to determine the reliability models of the unit by measuring the reliability parameters, searching the right model, and simulate Reliability Block Diagram (RBD)."

"In the current study, two experiments are reported that investigated the effects of simple white noise and mixture of white noise and other sounds on perception of speech. In both experiments, university students were recruited to listen to short sentences under various sound masking conditions. Experiment 1, where standard sets of speakers were used for both speech and masking stimuli, has shown that, compared to baseline where there was no masking sound, the participants had significantly greater difficulties in understanding the sentences where the average level of understanding was 28% for the white noise condition and 20% for the mixed noise condition in which white noise was mixed with pink noise and sounds of running water. In Experiment 2, a test model of the specially designed sound masking speaker was used to present the masking noise. Further, sounds of tweeting birds and healing music were added to the mixed noise from Experiment 1 to create the three masking noise conditions. The average level of understanding for the mixed noise condition was 14%, while that for the bird and music conditions were 24% and 30% respectively. The higher understanding rates for the latter conditions were due to lower volume of the mixed white noise in order to keep the overall volume including the birds and music at 55dB. There were also significant effects of sentence type and reading voice gender, suggesting that auditory legibility does not solely depend on the speech-to-noise sound level ratio, but also on other variables, such as, predictability of the sentences, and clarity of the speech. Feedback at the end of the sessions revealed that the participants found mixed noise less irritating than pure white noise, and they preferred mixed noise with bird tweeting or music even better. Thus, it was concluded that mixed noise with occasional sounds of tweeting birds, was the most suitable masking sound for commercial use, being efficient and not unpleasant."

"ABSTRAKImplementasi sistem pengenalan wicara berbasis jaringan, seperti: Internet, akan mengalami degradasi yang disebabkan oleh kehilangan dan keterlambatan data. Sebagian aplikasi pengenalan wicara lebih memilih keterlambatan data demi ketersediaan seluruh data wicara secara kalimat-per-kalimat. Ketersediaan seluruh data akan membantu sistem pengenalan wicara menjaga kinerja akurasi yang semestinya. Akan tetapi, pengguna biasanya lebih menghendaki batas keterlambatan yang wajar sebagai syarat dari kinerja memuaskan aplikasi.Dalam disertasi ini, sebuah model analitik dikembangkan untuk menginvestigasi batas waktu-tunda wajar sebuah skema aplikasi pengenal wicara berbasis TCP yang menempatkan sebuah pemenggal data wicara di klien. Batas waktu-tunda wajar didefinisikan sebagai keterlambatan maksimal yang diperkenankan dalam pengiriman seluruh data setiap kalimat wicara via TCP. Pengembangan model dilakukan melalui analisis transien berdasarkan kajian model discrete-time Markov dari multi-media streaming via TCP. Selanjutnya, sebuah metode perhitungan dari model distribusi keterlambatan paket aliran TCP pada kondisi steady-state diuji dengan membandingkan hasil-hasil perhitungannya dengan hasil investigasi dari model berbasis analisis transien. Hasil perbandingan menunjukan bahwa analisis transien adalah metode investigasi yang lebih tepat.Pada target penelitian berikutnya, sebuah kerangka kerja menggunakan protokol HTTP/2 plus Server Sent Event SSE diajukan sebagai solusi ketepatan waktu aplikasi pengenal wicara berbasis TCP. Kerangka kerja ini dibangun berdasarkan pada kerangka kerja pengenal wicara full-duplex yang dikembangkan dengan menggunakan teknologi WebSocket. Berdasarkan pada hasil percobaan, aplikasi menggunakan HTTP/2 plus SSE memiliki angka perbandingan kinerja latensi sebesar 3,6 lebih baik daripada aplikasi menggunakan WebSocket. Walaupun angka ini masih lebih kecil daripada angka kualitatif perbandingan ketepatan waktu yang lebih baik, yakni sebesar 5 , ada beberapa alasan dikemukakan yang berasal dari keunggulan-keunggulan fitur-fitur HTTP/2 dalam mengurangi latensi aplikasi dan juga dari kelemahan WebSocket bila ditempatkan dalam jaringan dengan proxy server, untuk menyimpulkan bahwa kerangka kerja aplikasi menggunakan HTTP/2 plus SSE dapat menjadi alternatif lebih baik daripada kerangka kerja aplikasi dengan WebSocket.

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ABSTRACTImplementation of network based speech recognition, such as Internet, will suffer degradation due to packet loss and delays. Most of network speech recognition applications prefer to tolerate delay in order to receive all speech data completely that is delivered sentence by sentence. The availability of all speech data helps the application to save the expected acuraccy of recognition in case of no packet loss. However, users practically require an acceptable delay to have satisfactory performance of the application.In this research, an analytical model is developed to investigate the acceptable delay of TCP based speech recognition that employs a speech segmenter at the client. The acceptable delay is defined as a maximum allowable delay in sending all data for each speech sentence via TCP. For the purpose of model development, there are two analytical methods, i.e., transient analysis and steady state analysis. In the transient analysis, the investigation model is developed based on the discrete time Markov model of multimedia streaming via TCP, whereas in the steady state analysis, the investigation uses a calculation method of packet delay distribution model. Furthermore, the results of transient analysis experiment are compared with the calculation of packet delay distribution model at the steady state. The comparison shows that the transient analysis is more appropriate method of investigation.Next work, a framework using HTTP 2 protocol plus Server Sent Event SSE is proposed as a real time solution for TCP based speech recognition applications. This framework is developed on the basis of a full duplex speech recognition framework using WebSocket. Based on the experimentation results, the application of HTTP 2 plus SSE has a comparison factor of latency performance in amount of 3.6 better than the application of WebSocket. Although this factor is still smaller than a qualitative factor 5 that can state a better latency performance, there are some reason from the advantages of HTTP 2 features in reducing latency as well as from the limitation of WebSocket in a network with proxy server, to conclude that the framework of HTTP 2 plus SSE is a better alternative than the framework using WebSocket."