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"Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisa sistem distribusi pupuk bersubsidi pada PT. X perihal penentuan lokasi fasilitas distribusi dengan menggunakan metode Location Problem berdasarkan biaya total yang terdiri dari biaya transportasi dan biaya sewa gudang. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menganalisa penentuan lokasi gudang milik produsen dengan beberapa skenario optimasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sistem yang diusulkan dapat mengurangi biaya total sebesar 85% - 91%, dan ketika biaya satuan satuan hasil prediksi bias -20% biaya total bisa berkurang sebesar 74% - 78% sedangkan ketika biaya satuan bias +20%, biaya total berkurang sebesar 87% - 91% dari biaya total eksisting. Berdasarkan hasil optimasi tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa sistem distribusi pupuk bersubsidi yang sudah ada masih bisa diperbaiki dalam hal penentuan lokasi fasilitas distribusinya.

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This study analyzed the distribution systems managed by PT. X using the fixed charged location problem model by analyzing the location warehouses based on the total cost which consist of transportation cost and the producer’s warehouse rental cost. The result of the optimization shows that the proposed systems may reduce the total cost to 85% - 91% of the existing. When the prediction of the transportation unit cost of the proposed links are biased -20%, the cost may reduce to 74% - 78% of the existing.while the biased are +20% it comes to 87% - 91% of the existing. From the result, we can conclude that the existing systems can be improved in therms of restructuring the warehouses number and location."

"[ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi sistem distribusi pupuk bersubsidi yang sudah ada perihal efisiensi sistem distribusi dengan menggunakan metode Minimum Cost Flow (MCF). Besarnya efisiensi akan direpresentasikan dalam bentuk prosentase pengurangan biaya distribusi usulan terhadap total biaya yang dikeluarkan pada jaringan sistem distribusi eksisting. Optimasi dilakukan dengan melakukan restrukturisasi rayon dan membuka ruas through trips. Restrukturisasi rayon yang diusulkan dapat mengurangi biaya total sebesar 1%-6% terhadap eksisting, sistem through trips dapat mengurangi biaya total sebesar 28%-39% dan sistem through trips dengan gudang buffer dapat mengurangi biaya total sebesar 22%-36%. Berdasarkan hasil optimasi tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa sistem distribusi pupuk bersubsidi yang sudah ada masih bisa diperbaiki dengan sistem through trips dengan mengimplementasikan IT yang mendukung

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ABSTRACTThe purpose of this research is to analyse the existing distribution system of subsidized fertilizer in regards to its efficiency by using Minimum Cost Flow (MCF) method. The magnitude of efficiency will be represented in percentage of cost reduction from existing cost of distribution system network against proposed distribution system. The cost covers transportation cost; handling cost; and rental cost of warehouse. The proposed system is based on the idea of restructuring the current clustering system and allowing through trips from plant to distribution?s warehouse. Results of this study indicate that the restructuring scheme can reduce total costs to 1%-6%, through trips scheme can reduce total costs to 28%-39% and through trips with buffer?s warehouse scheme can reduce total costs to 22%-36% of the existing system. Based on the optimization results, we can conclude that subsidized fertilizer distribution system that already exists in the system can be improved by through trip method, supported by information technology.;The purpose of this research is to analyse the existing distribution system of subsidized fertilizer in regards to its efficiency by using Minimum Cost Flow (MCF) method. The magnitude of efficiency will be represented in percentage of cost reduction from existing cost of distribution system network against proposed distribution system. The cost covers transportation cost; handling cost; and rental cost of warehouse. The proposed system is based on the idea of restructuring the current clustering system and allowing through trips from plant to distribution?s warehouse. Results of this study indicate that the restructuring scheme can reduce total costs to 1%-6%, through trips scheme can reduce total costs to 28%-39% and through trips with buffer?s warehouse scheme can reduce total costs to 22%-36% of the existing system. Based on the optimization results, we can conclude that subsidized fertilizer distribution system that already exists in the system can be improved by through trip method, supported by information technology.;The purpose of this research is to analyse the existing distribution system of subsidized fertilizer in regards to its efficiency by using Minimum Cost Flow (MCF) method. The magnitude of efficiency will be represented in percentage of cost reduction from existing cost of distribution system network against proposed distribution system. The cost covers transportation cost; handling cost; and rental cost of warehouse. The proposed system is based on the idea of restructuring the current clustering system and allowing through trips from plant to distribution?s warehouse. Results of this study indicate that the restructuring scheme can reduce total costs to 1%-6%, through trips scheme can reduce total costs to 28%-39% and through trips with buffer?s warehouse scheme can reduce total costs to 22%-36% of the existing system. Based on the optimization results, we can conclude that subsidized fertilizer distribution system that already exists in the system can be improved by through trip method, supported by information technology.;The purpose of this research is to analyse the existing distribution system of subsidized fertilizer in regards to its efficiency by using Minimum Cost Flow (MCF) method. The magnitude of efficiency will be represented in percentage of cost reduction from existing cost of distribution system network against proposed distribution system. The cost covers transportation cost; handling cost; and rental cost of warehouse. The proposed system is based on the idea of restructuring the current clustering system and allowing through trips from plant to distribution’s warehouse. Results of this study indicate that the restructuring scheme can reduce total costs to 1%-6%, through trips scheme can reduce total costs to 28%-39% and through trips with buffer’s warehouse scheme can reduce total costs to 22%-36% of the existing system. Based on the optimization results, we can conclude that subsidized fertilizer distribution system that already exists in the system can be improved by through trip method, supported by information technology., The purpose of this research is to analyse the existing distribution system of subsidized fertilizer in regards to its efficiency by using Minimum Cost Flow (MCF) method. The magnitude of efficiency will be represented in percentage of cost reduction from existing cost of distribution system network against proposed distribution system. The cost covers transportation cost; handling cost; and rental cost of warehouse. The proposed system is based on the idea of restructuring the current clustering system and allowing through trips from plant to distribution’s warehouse. Results of this study indicate that the restructuring scheme can reduce total costs to 1%-6%, through trips scheme can reduce total costs to 28%-39% and through trips with buffer’s warehouse scheme can reduce total costs to 22%-36% of the existing system. Based on the optimization results, we can conclude that subsidized fertilizer distribution system that already exists in the system can be improved by through trip method, supported by information technology.]"

"[Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi jaringan sistem distribusi eksisting pupuk urea bersubsidi PT X, khususnya antara gudang distributor dan gudang pengecer. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan optimasi jaringan eksisting dengan menggunakan beberapa skenario untuk memperkuat analisa dengan didasarkan pada model minimum cost flow, dengan tujuan untuk meminimasi biaya transportasi di dalam jaringan. Berdasarkan optimasi dengan beberapa skenario didapat efisiensi biaya distribusi sebesar 61% s/d 89% terhadap eksisting. Apabila biaya satuan transportasi prediksi bias +20% maka efisiensi biaya distribusi menjadi 70% s/d 106% terhadap biaya eksisting, sedangkan apabila biaya satuan prediksi bias -20% maka efisiensi biaya distribusi menjadi 51% s/d 71% terhadap biaya eksisting. Berdasarkan hasil optimasi ini terlihat bahwa kondisi jaringan sistem distribusi eksisting masih dapat diperbaiki dengan melakukan restrukturisasi rayonisasi gudang pengecer., This study aims to evaluate the distribution system of existing networks of subsidized urea fertilizer in PT X particularly between distributor warehouses and kiosk ones. In this study, the optimization of existing networks is carried out by using several skenarios to strengthen the analysis and it is based on minimum cost flow model which is aimed to minimize transportation costs of the networks. The optimization finds cost efficiency about 61% up to 89% of the existing costs. When the predicted unit cost is biased +20% thus the cost efficiency be 70% up to 106% of the existing costs. On the other hand, when the predicted unit cost is biased -20% thus the cost efficiency be 51% up to 71% of the existing costs. From the optimization is shown that the current system still could be improved by restructuring the clustering system of kiosks of the existing networks.]"

"ABSTRAKSektor retail adalah sektor baru yang dimasuki PT Pupuk Kujang dalam bidang usahanya. Karena sektor retail ini adalah sektor baru bagi PT Pupuk Kujang, maka mereka belum memiliki perencanaan strategi yang matang terkait model distribusi dan fasilitas distribusi dari yang akan digunakan dalam distribusi produk ritel non-subsidi dari PT Pupuk Kujang ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa dan mengajukan strategi distribusi untuk produk ritel non-subsidi PT. Pupuk Kujang. Dalam hal ini maka diajukan enam model distribusi yang bisa digunakan oleh PT Pupuk Kujang dalam distribusi produk ritel non-subsidi mereka yang dilengkapi dengan alternative saluran distribusi yang dapat mereka gunakan terkait dengan pilihan model distribusi yang akan digunakan. Model distribusi ini akan memberikan dampak khusus bagi fasilitas distribusi yang akan ditentukan PT Pupuk Kujang dalam distribusi produk retail non-subsidi mereka. Formulasi strategi distribusi ini menggunakan metode dasar terkait perbandingan performa dari desain jaringan pengiriman, pilihan dalam model jaringan distribusi dan pengambilan keputusan trade-offs terkait dengan aspek biaya logistik pupuk ritel non-subsidi PT Pupuk Kujang. Data yang dikumpulkan bersumber dari laporan dan catatan PT Pupuk Kujang sebagai data sekunder dan hasil wawancara dan diskusi dengan pihak PT Pupuk Kujang sebagai data primer. Metode riset yang digunakan adalah gabungan dari metode kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Metode Analisis proses hirarki digunakan dalam pengolahan data terkait tesis ini berikut dengan metode purpose sampling dalam sampling input data terkait penelitian ini. Dari analisa dan interpretasi terhadap data didapatkan model distribusi yang dapat digunakan dari enam alternative model distribusi yang diajukan beserta dengan fasilitas distribusi yang sesuai dengan pilihan model distribusi yang akan digunakan. Sebagai sebuah perusahaan besar PT. Pupuk Kujang dapat menggunakan kombinasi lebih dari satu model distribusi untuk ke depannya. PT. Pupuk Kujang dalam operasional distribusi untuk pupuk ritel subsidi ini dapat membentuk bagian PPIC, memperbaiki standar upah buruh angkut agar lebih efisien, menentukan jenis moda transportasi angkutan yang lebih efektif dan efisien dan sebagainya.

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ABSTRACTRetail sector is new sector entered by PT Pupuk Kujang in marketing of its products. In retail sector, PT Pupuk Kujang does not have proper planning and strategy related with distribution model and distribution facilities that will use in distribution of its retail non subsidized products. This research objective is to analyze and propose distribution strategy for retail fertilizer products of PT. Pupuk Kujang. In this case, six distribution models have proposed to assist PT Pupuk Kujang in distribution of its retail non subsidized products that will be equipped with alternative of distribution channel that can be used related with distribution model that will choose. Those models will give specific impact to distribution facilities that will be determine by PT Pupuk Kujang in distribution of its retail non subsidized fertilizer products. The formulation of distribution strategy used basic method related with comparative performance of delivery network design, distribution network model option and logistical cost trade offs. The source of data came from reports and records from PT Pupuk Kujang as secondary data and interview result with PT Pupuk Kujang as primary data. Research method used is mixed between quantitative and qualitative method. Analytical hierarchy process has used as data processing in this thesis. From analysis and interpretation of data obtained, it can be inferred for some appropriate distribution model from six alternatives provided along with distribution facilities option with related distribution model. As a prominent national company PT. Pupuk Kujang can use more than one distribution model for its retail products in the future. PT. Pupuk Kujang in retail products distribution operational can establish its PPIC department, improve for efficient labor wage standard, determine appropriate transport carrier, etc."

"Satu parameter distribusi Lindley (𝜃) telah banyak digunakan di berbagai bidang seperti Biologi, teknik, medis, dan industri. Distribusi Lindley mampu memodelkan data dengan tingkat bahaya monoton yang meningkat. Namun, dalam kehidupan nyata, ada situasi di mana tingkat bahaya bukan monoton. Oleh karena itu, untuk meningkatkan kemampuan distribusi Lindley untuk pemodelan data, suatu modifikasi dapat digunakan dengan menggunakan metode transformasi Alpha Power. Hasil dari modifikasi distribusi Lindley biasa disebut distribusi Alpha Power Transformed Lindley (APTL) yang memiliki dua parameter (𝛼, 𝜃). Distribusi APTL baru ini sesuai dalam memodelkan data dengan bentuk pdf menurun atau unimodal dan meningkatkan, mengurangi, dan bak terbalik berbentuk tingkat bahaya. Berbagai sifat dari distribusi yang diusulkan dibahas termasuk kepadatan probabilitas fungsi, fungsi distribusi kumulatif, fungsi survival, fungsi tingkat bahaya, fungsi momen, dan momen r.Parameter model diperoleh dengan menggunakan metode kemungkinan maksimum. Data waktu tunggu digunakan "sebagai ilustrasi untuk menggambarkan kegunaan distribusi APTL"Satu parameter distribusi Lindley (𝜃) telah banyak digunakan di berbagai bidang seperti Biologi, teknik, medis, dan industri. Distribusi Lindley mampu memodelkan data dengan tingkat bahaya monoton yang meningkat. Namun, dalam kehidupan nyata, ada situasi di mana tingkat bahaya bukan monoton. Oleh karena itu, untuk meningkatkan kemampuan distribusi Lindley untuk pemodelan data, suatu modifikasi dapat digunakan dengan menggunakan metode transformasi Alpha Power. Hasil dari modifikasi distribusi Lindley biasa disebut distribusi Alpha Power Transformed Lindley (APTL) yang memiliki dua parameter (𝛼, 𝜃). Distribusi APTL baru ini sesuai dalam memodelkan data dengan bentuk pdf menurun atau unimodal dan meningkatkan, mengurangi, dan bak terbalik berbentuk tingkat bahaya. Berbagai sifat dari distribusi yang diusulkan dibahas termasuk kepadatan probabilitas fungsi, fungsi distribusi kumulatif, fungsi survival, fungsi tingkat bahaya, fungsi momen, dan momen r.Parameter model diperoleh dengan menggunakan metode kemungkinan maksimum. Data waktu tunggu digunakan " sebagai ilustrasi untuk menggambarkan kegunaan distribusi APTL. Satu parameter distribusi Lindley (𝜃) telah banyak digunakan di berbagai bidang seperti Biologi, teknik, medis, dan industri. Distribusi Lindley mampu memodelkan data dengan tingkat bahaya monoton yang meningkat. Namun, dalam kehidupan nyata, ada situasi di mana tingkat bahaya bukan monoton. Oleh karena itu, untuk meningkatkan kemampuan distribusi Lindley untuk pemodelan data, suatu modifikasi dapat digunakan dengan menggunakan metode transformasi Alpha Power. Hasil dari modifikasi distribusi Lindley biasa disebut distribusi Alpha Power Transformed Lindley (APTL) yang memiliki dua parameter (𝛼, 𝜃). Distribusi APTL baru ini sesuai dalam memodelkan data dengan bentuk pdf menurun atau unimodal dan meningkatkan, mengurangi, dan bak terbalik berbentuk tingkat bahaya. Berbagai sifat dari distribusi yang diusulkan dibahas termasuk kepadatan probabilitas fungsi, fungsi distribusi kumulatif, fungsi survival, fungsi tingkat bahaya, fungsi momen, dan momen r.Parameter model diperoleh dengan menggunakan metode kemungkinan maksimum. Data waktu tunggu digunakan sebagai ilustrasi untuk menggambarkan kegunaan distribusi APTL.

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One Lindley distribution parameter (𝜃) has been widely used in fields such as Biology, engineering, medical, and industry. The Lindley distribution is able to model data with an increased level of monotonous danger. However, in real life, there are situations where the level of danger Therefore, to improve Lindleys distribution capabilities for data modeling, a modification can be used using the Alpha Power transformation method. The results of the Lindley distribution modification are commonly called the Alpha Power Transformed Lindley distribution (APTL) which has two parameters (𝛼 , 𝜃) This new APTL distribution is suitable for modeling pdf data in a declining or unimodal form and increasing, reducing, and inverted body in the form of hazard level.The various properties of the proposed distribution are discussed including probability density functions, cumulative distribution functions, survival functions, functions danger level, moment function, and moment r. Parameter model is obtained uh using the maximum likelihood method. Wait time data is used as an illustration to illustrate the usefulness of the APTL distribution. One Lindley distribution parameter (𝜃) has been widely used in fields such as Biology, engineering, medical, and industry. Distribution Lindley is capable modeling data with an increased level of monotonous danger. However, in real life, there are situations where the level of danger is not monotonous. Therefore, to improve Lindleys distribution capabilities for data modeling, a modification can be used using the Alpha Power transformation method. The result of the modification of the Lindley distribution is called the Alpha Power Transformed Lindley (APTL) distribution which has two parameters (𝛼, 𝜃). This new APTL distribution is suitable in modeling data in pdf format in a declining or unimodal form and increasing, reducing, and inverted like a hazard level. Various properties of the proposed distribution are discussed including the probability density function, cumulative distribution function, survival function, hazard level function, moment function, and moment r. Parameter models are obtained using the maximum likelihood method. The waiting time data is used as an illustration to illustrate the usefulness of the APTL distribution. One Lindley distribution parameter (𝜃) has been widely used in fields such as Biology, engineering, medical, and industry. The Lindley distribution is able to model data with an increased level of monotonous danger. However, in real life, there are situations where the level of danger is not monotonous. Therefore, to improve Lindleys distribution capabilities for data modeling, a modification can be used using the Alpha Power transformation method. The result of the modification of the Lindley distribution is called the Alpha Power Transformed Lindley (APTL) distribution which has two parameters (𝛼, 𝜃). This new APTL distribution is suitable in modeling data in pdf format in a declining or unimodal form and increasing, reducing, and inverted like a hazard level. Various properties of the proposed distribution are discussed including the probability density function, cumulative distribution function, survival function, hazard level function, moment function, and moment r. Parameter models are obtained using the maximum likelihood method. Wait time data is used as an illustration to illustrate the usefulness of the APTL distribution. "

"Distribusi Generalized Exponential diperkenalkan oleh Rameshwar D. Gupta dan Debasis Kundu pada tahun 2007. Distribusi Generalized Exponential tersebut merupakan hasil transformasi generalized dari distribusi Exponential. Skripsi ini menjelaskan distribusi Generalized Exponential Marshall Olkin yang merupakan hasil dari perluasan distribusi Generalized Exponential menggunakan metode Marshall Olkin. Distribusi Generalized Exponential Marshall Olkin lebih fleksibel dari distribusi sebelumnya terutama pada fungsi hazardnya yang memiliki berbagai bentuk, baik monoton (naik atau turun) maupun non monoton (bathub atau upside down bathup) sehingga dapat memodelkan data survival dengan lebih baik. Sifat fleksibelitas ini disebabkan karena penambahan parameter baru ke dalam distribusi Generalized Exponential. Selanjutnya dijelaskan beberapa karakteristik dari distribusi Generalized Exponential Marshall Olkin antara lain fungsi kepadatan peluang (fkp), fungsi distribusi kumulatif, fungsi survival, fungsi hazard, momen ke-n, mean, dan variansi. Penaksiran parameter dilakukan dengan metode maximum likelihood. Pada bagian aplikasi ditunjukkan data survival yang berasal dari data Aarset (1987) berdistribusi Generalized Exponential Marshall Olkin. Selanjutnya distribusi Generalized Exponential Marshall Olkin dibandingkan dengan distribusi Alpha Power Weibull untuk mencari distribusi mana yang lebih cocok dalam memodelkan data Aarset (1987). Dengan menggunakan AIC dan BIC distribusi Generalized Exponential Marshall Olkin lebih cocok dalam memodelkan data Aarset (1987).

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Generalized Exponential distribution was introduced by Rameshwar D. Gupta and Debasis Kundu in 2007. Generalized Exponential distribution was generated by generalized transformation of the Exponential distribution. This thesis explained the Generalized Exponential Marshall-Olkin distribution which is the result of the expansion of the Generalized Exponential distribution using the Marshall-Olkin method. The Generalized Exponential Marshall Olkin distribution has a more flexible form than the previous distribution, especially in its hazard function which has various forms that it can represent survival data better. The flexibility characteristic is due to the addition of new parameters to the Generalized Exponential distribution. Futhermore, some characteristics of the Generalized Exponential Marshall Olkin distribution was explained such as, the probability density function (PDF), cumulative distribution function, survival function, hazard function, moment, mean, and variance. Parameter estimation was conducted by using the maximum likelihood method. In the application section was shown survival data from Aarset data (1987) which distributed Generalized Exponential Marshall-Olkin distribution. Futhermore, Generalized Exponential Marshall Olkin distribution was compared with Alpha Power Weibull distribution to decided the prominent distribution in modeling Aarset data (1987). Using AIC and BIC, Generalized Exponential Marshall Olkin distribution more suitable in modeling Aarset data (1987)."

"Listrik merupakan sebuah kebutuhan primer di zaman teknologi saat ini. Tak terkecuali di dalam dunia industri. Karena kebutuhan akan listrik yang memiliki ketahanan terhadap gangguan, maka diciptakanlah alat-alat yang mendukung hal tersebut agar system listrik tidak menganggu kegiatan produksi didunia industri.PT. Chevron Pacific Indonesia yang bergerak dibidang eksplorasi minyak bumi, sangat membutuhkan listrik dengan tingkat kehandalan yang tinggi. Pada tahun 2005, diadakan pembelian produk Static Transfer Switch (STS) untuk meningkatkan produksi minyak mereka. Hal ini diharapkan dapat menjadi solusi akan energy yang efisien dan tahan terhadap gangguan.Static Transfer Switch adalah sebuah alat elektronik yang dapat memindahkan secara cepat sumber tenaga listrik dari satu sumber ke sumber lainnya tanpa harus mematikan beban. Kecepatan waktu perpindahan dapat diartikan, jika satu sumber mati, maka STS mengalihkan sumber ke sumber cadangan dengan sangat cepat sehingga beban tidak dapat merasakan pengalihan tersebut. STS dapat melakukan transfer antara dua sumber dengan kecepatan kerja empat sampai 20 milidetik sehingga dapat digunakan untuk mengamankan beban dalam jumlah besar dan beberapa fasilitas lainnya dari gangguan singkat. Kedua buah sumber harus memiliki karakteristik yang tidak jauh berbeda, sehingga beban akan benar-benar tidak terganggu.

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Electricity is a primary need in this era of technology, including in the industrial sector. Therefore, to fulfill the demand of reliable electricity against disturbance; there is a necessity to create electrical devices which are designed to meet the required standards in the industrial sector in order to keep the production running.

PT. Chevron Pacific Indonesia , a multinational energy company specifically specializes in the oil exploration, is one of the big industries in high needs. In 2005, this company applied the Static Transfer Switch (STS) so that the oil production would keep increasing. The STS is expected to be part of solution of efficient and resilient energy against disturbance.

Static Transfer Switch is an electronic device that functions to switch the supply of electricity instantly from one source to other source without having to deactivate the connected load. The switching is such a rapid-timing process that the load would not even affected. STS can deal a transfer between two sources within only 4 to 20 milliseconds. This allows STS to safely protect even the massive load and other components from brief disturbance. One of the requirements to make the STS work in full capacity is that the both sources must have similar characteristics so that the load will not be greatly affected."

"Di dalam suatu sistem tenaga listrik terdapat suatu faktor yang dinamakan faktor rugi rugi atau penyusutan dari energi. Penyusutan ini dapat ditemui di berbagai tempat pada jaringan tenaga listrik, mulai dari pembangkitan, transmisi, sampai dengan kepada distribusi kepada konsumen.Terdapat dua jenis penyusutan pada sistem tenaga listrik, yaitu penyusutan teknis dan non-teknis. Penyusutan teknis adalah penyusutan yang terjadi sebagai akibat adanya impedansi pada peralatan pembangkitan maupun peralatan penyaluran dalam transmisi dan distribusi sehingga terdapat daya yang hilang. Penyusutan secara non teknis adalah susut yang disebabkan oleh kesalahan dalam pembacaan alat ukur, kesalahan kalibrasi di alat ukur, dan kesalahan akibat pemakaian yang tidak sah (pencurian) atau kesalahan kesalahan yang bersifat administratif lainnya.Penyusutan daya tidak mungkin dihindari karena pada peralatan tidak mungkin memiliki tingkat efisiensi 100%, namun yang perlu mendapatkan perhatian adalah apakah penyusutan yang terjadi di dalam batas kewajaran. Sebagian besar penyusutan yang ada berada pada jaringan distribusi. Hal ini disebabkan karena pada jaringan distribusi, tegangan yang dipakai berada dalam rentang tegangan menengah dan tegangan rendah. Dimana untuk tegangan menengah dan tegangan rendah, arus yang mengalir pada jaringan nilainya besar untuk nilai daya yang sama, sehingga penyusutan energi juga akan besar.

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On power ystem there is a factor known as losses factor of energy. These losses could be found in several places all over power network, from the power plant, transmission system, until the network end in distribution system.

Actually, there are two kinds of losses on power system network, which are technical losses and non-technica losses. Technical losses is losses that happen not only as an effect of impedance on power plant utilities,but also as an effect of impedance on equipment that used in transmission and distribution. In other side, the non-technical losses is a losses that caused by the mistake tha occurred when reading the measurement equipment, the mistake of equipment calibration, and a mistake that caused by illegal user or other administrative mistakes.

We can not avoid energy losses, because the equipment that we used can not possible have 100% efficiency, but there is one thng that should become our primary concern is the losses that occur are still in normal level or not. Mostly the energy losses happen on distribution network. Because on distribution network, the rate of voltage that being used is located in middle voltage and low voltage range. As we know, on middle voltage and low voltage, the amount of current that flow in the cable increasing for the same power. In the simple word, it will cause te energy losses bigger than before."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi biaya yang ditimbulkan dalam strategi distribusi yang digunakan oleh PT. NDI, serta memberikan saran alternatif baru strategi distribusi yang lebih efisien yang dapat digunakan oleh PT. NDI. Dalam proses penelitian teridentifikasi bahwa biaya ? biaya distribusi didominasi oleh biaya upah, bahan bakar minyak, sewa kendaraan dan sewa gudang. Penelitian diarahkan untuk menghitung ulang biaya yang terjadi pada strategi distribusi yang sekarang digunakan dibandingkan dengan biaya yang mungkin terjadi pada alternatif strategi distribusi baru. Penggunaan model optimalisasi serta Microsoft Excel Solver membantu di dalam menyelesaikan penghitungan biaya distribusi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa strategi distribusi yang sekarang digunakan oleh PT. NDI adalah yang lebih efisien dari segi biaya, yaitu dengan membuka empat gudang perwakilan di wilayah Pulogadung, Cibitung, Cipondoh dan Cijantung.

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ABSTRACTThe research is aimed to evaluate the cost of distribution system at PT. NDI and proposes for new alternatives of distribution system which may be efficient to be implemented at PT. NDI. During the research process, it could be identified that the distribution cost are dominated by wages, fuel, warehouse and vehicle rental. The goal of this research is to recalculate the cost of present distribution system compare to the cost of the some of proposed new alternatives of distribution strategy. Optimalization model and Microsoft Excel Solver help to finalize the calculation of the distribution cost. The result of research found that the distribution strategy which is use at PT. NDI is more efficient in distribution costs, that is using four warehouses in the area of Pulogadung, Cibitung, Cipondoh and Cijantung"

"ABSTRAKDistribusi Beta-Burr Tipe X merupakan distribusi kontinu yang mampu memodelkan beberapa jenis distribusi dari data, seperti right skewed, left skewed, atau symmetrical. Distribusi Beta-Burr Tipe X merupakan hasil penggabungan dari fungsi distribusi beta dengan fungsi distribusi Tipe X Burr. Pembentukan distribusi Beta-Burr Tipe X, serta karakteristik distribusi Beta-Burr Tipe X yang meliputi fungsi densitas probabilitas, fungsi distribusi, momen ke - , momen pusat ke-, mean, varians, dan fungsi pembangkit momen dibahas dalam tesis ini. Estimasi parameter distribusi Beta-Burr Tipe X menggunakan metode kemungkinan maksimum dan hasilnya dapat diperoleh dengan metode numerik. Sebagai ilustrasi, data hormon luteinizing digunakan dalam sampel darah wanita yang dimodelkan dengan distribusi Beta-Burr Tipe X.ABSTRACTBeta-Burr Distribution Type X is a continuous distribution that is able to model several types of distributions from the data, such as right skewed, left skewed, or symmetrical. The Type X Beta-Burr distribution is the result of combining the beta distribution function with the Type X Burr distribution function. The formation of the Type X Beta-Burr distribution, as well as the characteristics of the Type X Beta-Burr distribution which include the probability density function, distribution function, th moment, th center moment, mean, variance, and moment generating function are discussed in this thesis. The parameter estimation of Beta-Burr Type X distribution uses the maximum likelihood method and the results can be obtained by numerical methods. To illustrate, luteinizing hormone data were used in a female blood sample modeled with a Type X Beta-Burr distribution."