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"Hidrokarbon merupakan bahan yang mudah terbakar yang dapat menyebabkan kecelakaan besar kecelakaan dan ledakan di instalasi anjungan lepas pantai pengolahan hidrokarbon. Kebakaran dan ledakan di anjungan lepas pantai adalah kecelakaan yang relatif jarang terjadi tetapi dapat memiliki konsekuensi tak terduga yang berdampak signifikan terhadap kematian dan kehilangan aset. Metode: Metode deskriptif dengan desain kuantitatif dari data sekunder tahun 2020 (cross sectional) dan studi literatur tanpa melakukan intervensi pada objek penelitian (non-experimental) dianalisis menggunakan perangkat lunak (PHAST) untuk mengevaluasi model konsekuensi kebakaran dan ledakan. Analisis frekuensi dengan metode fault tree dan event tree analysis, untuk menganalisa kemungkinan terjadinya overpressure dan terjadi nya kecelakaan besar pada fasilitas pengolahan hidrokarbon gas dan minyak di anjungan lepas pantai yang merupakan Major Hazard Plant. Hasil: Tingkat risiko tertinggi untuk kematian personel yang bekerja di anjungan lepas pantai tersebut berada pada tingkat ALARP Region dari kontributor skenario terbesar flash fire dengan jumlah fatality sebanyak 10 orang dan nilai frekuensi 3,26E-08/year artinya 1 dari 30.674.847 peluang skenario flash fire dalam 1 tahun dapat terjadi hingga menyebabkan kematian 10 orang, sedangkan risiko terhadap aset berada pada tingkat risiko yang dapat diterima/Acceptable dari kontributor skenario terbesar jet fire dengan nilai kehilangan aset sebesar 40.590.800,00 dan nilai frekuensi tertinggi 6,31E-08/year artinya 1 dari 15.847.861 peluang skenario jet fire dalam 1 tahun dapat terjadi hingga menyebabkan kehilangan aset sebesar $ 40.590.800 dari kebakaran dan ledakan skenario overpressure yang berpotensi terjadi di anjungan baru lepas pantai dengan mempertimbangkan beberapa sistem pengaman yang telah ditentukan dalam desain. Kesimpulan: Tidak diperlukan adanya tambahan mitigasi dikarenakan sistem pengaman yang telah ditentukan dalam desain cukup untuk mencegah kecelakaan besar yang dapat terjadi sehingga anjungan baru lepas pantai dinyatakan aman untuk dioperasikan

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Hydrocarbons are flammable materials can cause major accidents and explosions at offshore platform hydrocarbon processing. Fires and explosions on offshore platforms are relatively rare accidents but can have unforeseen consequences that can have a significant impact on fatality and loss of assets. Methods: Descriptive method with quantitative design from secondary data in 2020 (cross sectional) and literature study without intervention on the research object (non-experimental) using software (PHAST) to evaluate the consequences of fire and explosion models. Frequency analysis with fault tree and event tree analysis methods, to analyse the possibility of overpressure and major accidents events on offshore platforms hydrocarbon processing facilities which are Major Hazard Plants. Result: The highest risk level for the personnel fatality working on the offshore platform is in the ALARP Region level from the largest contributor to the flash fire scenario with the number of fatalities as many as 10 peoples and the frequency value of 3.26E-08/year means 1 out of 30,674,847 flash fire scenario opportunities in 1 year can occur to cause fatality of 10 people, while the risk to assets is in an acceptable risk level from the largest contributor to the jet fire scenario with loss of assets 40,590,800.00 and the highest frequency value is 6.31E-08/year) means that 1 in 15,847,861 opportunities of a jet fire scenario in 1 year can occur to cause asset loss of $ 40,590,800 from fires and explosions in overpressure scenarios that have the potential to occur on the new offshore platform taking into account some of the safety systems that have been defined in the design. Conclusion: There is no need for additional mitigation because the safety system that has been determined in the design is sufficient to prevent major accidents that can occur so that the new offshore platform is declared safe to operate"

"Teknik Amplitude Variation Offset (AVO) sudah sering digunakan dalam memprediksi pengendapan hidrokarbon. Knott dan Zoeppritz mengembangkan metode AVO dengan menggunakan nilai dari kecepatan gelombang primer (vp), kecepatan gelombang sekunder (vs) dan densitas. Kemudian, Rutherford dan William membagi AVO menjadi 4 kelas berdasarkan grafik intercept dan gradien. Metode ini telah sukses digunakan dibeberapa kasus dalam memprediksi keberadaan hidrokarbon. Namun, dibeberapa kasus masih ada ambiguitas dan misinterpretasi seperti yang terjadi pada respon minyak dan air dimana nilai porositas yang besar dan karakter yang mirip, sehingga pada penelitian ini diperlukan AVO attribute baru yang diberi nama J-atribut untuk memprediksi keberadaan hidrokarbon dan mengurangi ambiguitas pada hasil interpretasi. Metode J-attribut belum banyak diaplikasikan di lapangan Indonesia. Metode ini dilakukan pada Lapangan Fauna yang berlokasi di Daratan Cekungan Sumatera Utara. Data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu data 3 sumur yang dilengkapi dengan well marker dan data log seperti Gamma Ray, SP, Caliper, Neutron Porosity, Density, Resistivity, DT, Photoelectric, dan checkshot.

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The Amplitude Versus Offset (AVO) technique has often been used to predict the occurrence of hydrocarbons. Knott and Zoeppritz developed the AVO method by using values of primary wave velocity (vp), secondary wave velocity (vs) and density. Rutherford and William divide AVO into 4 classes based on intercept and gradient attributes. This method has been successfully used to predict hydrocarbons. However, in some cases there are still ambiguities and misinterpretations such as those occurred in oil and water zones have large porosity but with similar characters. In this study we have used a new AVO attribute approach the so called J-attribute to reduce ambiguities in the interpretation. The J-attribute has not yet been tried in the Indonesian fields. This method was carried out in the Fauna Field, which is located in the North Sumatra Basin. The data used in this study consist of 3 wells completed by markers and log data such as Gamma Ray, SP, Caliper, Neutron Porosity, Density, Resistivity, DT, Photoelectric, and checkshot surveys."

"Hidrokarbon merupakan susunan senyawa utama pembentuk bahan bakar minyak di kehidupan kita sehari-hari. Produksi hidrokarbon secara konvensional menimbulkan isu lingkungan dan persaingan kebutuhan energi untuk sektor lainnya, seperti industri pangan, pertanian, perindustrian, dan lain-lain. Maka dari itu, sumber energi alternatif mikroalga sebagai bioenergi generasi ke-tiga marak dikembangkan contohnya Chlorella variabilis untuk pengembangan Fatty Acid Phototdecarboxylase (CvFAP). CvFAP ini akan mengkatalisasi proses dekarboksilasi dan mensintesis hidrokarbon dengan kondisi proses yang lebih efektif dan ramah lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh variasi parameter proses yang terbagi menjadi tiga tahapan yaitu kultur mikrolaga dalam photobioreactor bubble (laju volumetrik gas, yield CO2, dan jenis sparger), purifikasi protein Chlorella variabilis dengan ion-exchange chromatography (porositas bed, porositas adsorben, dan kecepatan interstitial), dan sintesis hidrokarbon berbasis asam palmitat dalam fixed-bed reactor (konsentrasi substrat, kecepatan superfisial, temperatur, panjang reaktor, diameter reaktor, dan diameter partikel bed) untuk mendapatkan parameter optimum. Dengan melakukan simulasi model diferensial dan penetapan kondisi optimum terhadap ketiga tahapan tersebut, didapati parameter optimum seperti peningkatan konsentrasi 767,97% dari konsentrasi awal mikroalga hasil kultivasi, sebanyak 99,75% terpurifikasi dari crude protein, dan 38,80% konversi dengan selektivitas produk pentadekana 76,79% dan heksadekana 23,21% dari total produk hasil konversi

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Hydrocarbons are the main compounds forming fuel oil in our daily lives. Conventional hydrocarbon production raises environmental issues and competition for energy needs for other sectors, such as the food industry, agriculture, industry, and others. Therefore, alternative energy sources of microalgae as third-generation bioenergy are being developed, for example, Chlorella variabilis for the development of Fatty Acid Phototecarboxylase (CvFAP). CvFAP will catalyze the decarboxylation process and synthesize hydrocarbons with more effective and environmentally friendly process conditions. This study aims to analyze the effect of variations in process parameters which are divided into three stages, which are microalgae culture in the photobioreactor bubble (gas volumetric rate, CO2 yield, and type of sparger), purification of Chlorella variabilis protein by ion-exchange chromatography (bed porosity, adsorbent porosity, and interstitial velocity), and synthesis of hydrocarbons based on palmitic acid in the fixed-bed reactor (substrate concentration, superficial velocity, temperature, reactor length, reactor diameter, and particle bed diameter) to obtain the optimum parameters. By simulating the differential model and determining the optimum conditions for the three stages, optimum parameters were found such as an increase in the concentration of 767.97% from the initial concentration of cultivated microalgae, as much as 99.75% purified from crude protein and 38.80% conversion with product selectivity. pentadecane 76.79% and hexadecane 23.21% of the total converted product"

"Laporan Praktik Keinsinyuran ini disajikan mengingat pentingnya untuk meningkatkan produksi gas didalan negeri Indonesia.  Adapun tujuan dari laporan praktik ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi dan mengoptimalkan kinerja sebuah fasilitas produksi dalam mengolah gas alam sehingga dapat meningkatkan kapasitas produksinya dengan cara menentukan kondisi operasi yang optimal dari Katup Joule-Thompson yang digunakan untuk mengontrol titik embun hidrokarbon dan juga kandungan air dalam gas selain juga untuk menurangi pemakaian bahan bakar gas. Metode yang dipakai adalah dengan membuat model simulasi yang mewakili kondisi operasi sesungguhnya dilapangan dan kemudian dilakukan intervensi dan mofidikasi pada model tersebut untuk menemukan model konfigurasi dan kinerja fasilitas yang optimum dan kemudian mengimplementasikannya di lapangan melalui uji coba lapangan. Dari hasil analisis ini dapat dilihat bahwa terdapat kenaikan produksi sebesar 8% dengan pengurangan konsumsi bahan bakar gas secara rata-rata sebesar 16.1 MMscf/bulan dan pengurangan emisi karbon rata-rata 883.06 kiloton setara CO2.

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The internship activity is presented due to the urgency of boosting the gas industry in Indonesia. The purpose of this engineering work activity is to evaluate and optimize the performance of the dew point control unit in the production facility in treating the natural gas with the expectation that, by optimizing the JT-Valve used in the dew point control unit, it can provide a production gain and increase production while reducing carbon emissions by lowering fuel gas consumption. The method used in this activity is preparing a simulation model that reflects the actual field condition, intervening and modifying the model to find the optimized configuration and performance of the plant, implementing the optimization result onsite, and performing a series of field trials to verify the simulation results and implement the modification proposed. This engineering analysis shows that there is an average of 8% production increase, while the opportunity for fuel gas reduction is an average of 16.1 MMscf per month and an average of 883.06 kton CO2 equivalent of GHG gas reduction."

"Refrigeran hidrokarbon merupakan salah satu golongan refrigeran dengan potensi pemanasan global dan potensi penipisan ozon yang rendah sehingga dinilai sebagai refrigeran yang ramah lingkungan. Kendati demikian, penggunaan refrigeran hidrokarbon masih jarang dijumpai dikarenakan karakteristik refrigeran hidrokarbon yang mudah terbakar. Penelitian ini akan mengidentifikasi dan menilai aspek-aspek risiko yang berhubungan dengan risiko kebakaran dari penggunaan refrigeran hidrokarbon pada sistem AC (air conditioner) tipe split dan chiller. Penilaian bersumber dari praktik yang sudah dilakukan di Indonesia dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui komponen aspek risiko apa yang paling berisiko dan bagaimana cara memitigasinya. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode semi-kuantitatif menggunakan media kuesioner. Penelitian ini menghasilkan penilaian dan pemeringkatan untuk empat kategori aspek risiko yakni: titik kebocoran, sumber ignisi, penyebab kebocoran, dan ketidaksesuaian dengan standar. Metode mitigasi risiko yang diperoleh hampir seluruhnya diaplikasikan pada tahapan instalasi, perbaikan, perawatan, dan pembuangan.

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Hydrocarbon refrigerant is a class of refrigerant with a low global warming potential and ozone depletion potential, so much so they are categorized as environmentally friendly refrigerants. Nevertheless, the use of hydrocarbon refrigerant is still rare due to it’s flammable characteristics. This research will identify and assess risk aspects related to fire risk from hydrocarbon refrigerants usage in split type AC (air conditioner) system and chiller system. The assessment comes from practices that have been carried out in Indonesia, with the aim of knowing which component of the risk aspect is most at risk and how to mitigate it. The research was conducted using a semiquantitative method using a questionnaire. This research resulted in an assessment and ranking for four categories of risk aspects, namely: leakage points, ignition sources, causes of leaks, and non-compliance with standards. The risk mitigation methods obtained are almost entirely applied to the stages of installation, repair, maintenance and disposal."

"Industri farmasi merupakan industri yang memiliki risko kebakaran dan ledakan yang sangat besar karena penanganan beragam bahan kimia cair, padatan, dan gas yang mudah terbakar serta bahan kimia berbahaya lainnya. Tujuan umum dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengklasifikasikan area berbahaya berdasarkan standar IEC 60079-10-2 serta menganalisis tingkat risiko kebakaran dan ledakan debu dalam proses granulasi pada fasilitas Non Betalactam (Multi Product Facility). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif semi kuantitatif yang bertujuan untuk mengklasifikasikan area berbahaya pada proses granulasi berdasarkan standar IEC 60079-10-2 dan menentukan tingkat risiko kebakaran dan ledakan debu dalam tahapan pencampuran (mixing) dengan menggunakan metode Dow’s Fire Explosion Index. Populasi ini melibatkan semua bahan kimia berbahaya dan peralatan yang digunakan pada proses pembuatan obat di PT. X. Combustible dust yang digunakan dalam proses granulasi pada fasilitas Non Betalactam Facility (Multi Product Facility) berupa bahan aktif farmasi dan eksipien, seperti methyldopa hydrate, paracetamol, loperamide hydrochloride, diazepam, domperidone, prednisolone micronised, magnesium stearate. polyvidone 30, sodium starch glycolate, dan amylum maydis. Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE) yang dimiliki oleh semua bahan aktif berbeda-beda nilainya sesuai hasil uji laboratorium eksternal dengan nilai yang paling sensitif terhadap penyalaan, yaitu diazepam, methyldopa hydrate, loperamide hydrochloride, domperidone dan prednisolone micronised yang mempunyai nilai MIE 1-3 mj yang dapat menyebabkan ledakan kuat hingga sangat kuat jika memenuhi konsentrasi Minimum Explosive Concentration (MEC). Sehubungan dengan hal itu, sebelum menentukan klasifikasi area berbahaya, sangat penting untuk mengidentifikasi sumber penyalaan di area proses tersebut. Adapun sumber penyalaan tersebut bersumber dari peralatan listrik, listrik statis, dan friction/mechanical spark. Klasifikasi area berbahaya dengan kategori zona dalam proses granulasi pada fasilitas Non Betalactam (Multi Product Facility) terdiri dari zona 20 di setiap dalam chamber/container peralatan, zona 21 di setiap bukaan hopper/charging unit, tempat perilisan debu dengan radius satu meter dan zona 22 di luar zona 21 di dalam ruangan proses granulasi. Tingkat risiko kebakaran dan ledakan debu pada proses granulasi (mixing) dengan menggunakan metode granulasi basah (hybrid mixture) berdasarkan metode Dow’s Fire and Explosion Index adalah risiko sedang (moderate) dengan total skor 95,1762 dengan radius paparannya sebesar 29,010 meter dan estimasi kerugiannya mencapai Rp 1.467.276.735.672. Oleh karenanya, sangat penting untuk melakukan mitigasi risiko sehingga risiko kebakaran dan ledakan debu di area proses ini berada pada risiko yang rendah.

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The pharmaceutical industry is an industry that has a very large risk of fire and explosion due to the handling of a variety of flammable liquid, solid and gaseous chemicals as well as other hazardous chemicals. The general objective of this study is to classify hazardous areas based on IEC 60079-10-2 standards and to analyze the risk level of fire and dust explosion in the granulation process at the Non Betalactam facility (Multi Product Facility). This research is a semi-quantitative descriptive study that aims to classify hazardous areas in the granulation process based on IEC 60079-10-2 standards and determine the risk level of fire and dust explosion in the mixing stage using the Dow's Fire Explosion Index method. This population includes all hazardous chemicals and equipment used in the drug manufacturing process at PT. X. Combustible dust used in the granulation process at the Non Betalactam Facility (Multi Product Facility) is in the form of active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients, such as methyldopa hydrate, paracetamol, loperamide hydrochloride, diazepam, domperidone, micronised prednisolone, magnesium stearate. polyvidone 30, sodium starch glycolate, and amylum maydis. The Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE) that all active ingredients have a different value according to the results of external laboratory tests with values that are most sensitive to ignition, namely diazepam, methyldopa hydrate, loperamide hydrochloride, domperidone and micronised prednisolone which have an MIE value of 1-3 mj which can cause a strong to very strong explosion if it meets the Minimum Explosive Concentration (MEC) concentration. In this regard, before determining the classification of a hazardous area, it is very important to identify the source of ignition in the process area. The ignition sources come from electrical equipment, static electricity, and friction/mechanical spark. Classification of hazardous areas with the category of zones in the granulation process at Non Betalactam facilities (Multi Product Facility) consists of zone 20 in each equipment chamber/container, zone 21 in each opening of the hopper/charging unit, a dust release area with a radius of one meter and zone 22 outside zone 21 in the granulation process room. The risk level of fire and dust explosion in the granulation process (mixing) using the wet granulation method (hybrid mixture) based on the Dow's Fire and Explosion Index method is moderate risk with a total score of 95.1762 with an exposure radius of 29.010 meters and an estimated loss of IDR 1,467. 276,735,672. Therefore, it is very important to carry out risk mitigation so that the risk of fire and dust explosion in this process area is at a low risk."

"LNG (Liquified Natural Gas) memiliki risiko kebakaran dan ledakan yang besar. Kebutuhan LNG domestik yang meningkat memaksa beberapa alternatif baru dalam proses pengiriman LNG ke konsumen diseluruh Indonesia. Transportasi LNG di Indonesia perlahan sudah mulai beralih dari yang skala besar menjadi skala kecil dengan alternatif menggunakan ISO Tank, sehingga dapat menjangkau lokasi yang tidak memiliki fasilitas pelabuhan khusus LNG. PT. X adalah salah satu kilang LNG di Indonesia yang saat ini melayani pengiriman LNG dengan kargo maupun ISO Tank. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menilai risiko kebakaran dan ledakan pada LNG ISO Tank 40 ft yang melakukan pengisian dan penyimpanan sementara di fasilitas yang dimiliki oleh PT. X. Metode penilaian potensi kebakaran dan ledakan pada LNG ISO Tank dilakukan secara kuantitatif deskriptif dengan menggunakan metode Dow’s Fire and Explosion Index 7th Edition. Hasil analisis didapatkan nilai F&EI pada fasilitas yang ada di PT.X adalah sebesar 139.48 sehingga termasuk kategori tingkat bahaya heavy. Nilai kemungkinan kehilangan hari kerja akibat kebakaran dan ledakan adalah selama 39 hari. Nilai kerugian yang diterima akibat berhentinya bisnis karena kebakaran dan ledakan adalah sebesar $ 3.800.050.

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LNG (Liquified Natural Gas) has a high risk of fire and explosion. The increasing domestic demand for LNG has forced several new alternatives in the process of delivering LNG to consumers throughout Indonesia. LNG transportation in Indonesia is slowly starting to shift from large scale to small scale with the alternative of using ISO Tanks, so that it can reach locations that do not have special LNG port facilities. PT. X is one of the LNG refineries in Indonesia which currently serves LNG shipments by cargo or ISO Tanks. This paper aims to assess the risk of potential for fire and explosion in a 40 ft LNG ISO Tank that performs filling and temporary storage at facilities owned by PT. X. The fire and explosion potential assessment method for the LNG ISO Tank is carried out quantitatively using the Dow's Fire and Explosion Index 7th Edition method. The results of the analysis obtained that the F&EI value at the facilities at PT. X was 139.48 so that it was included in the category of severe hazard level. Maximum probable days outage due to accident fire and explosion is 39 days. Business interruption value due to fire and explosion index is $ 3.800.050"

"Berbagai jalur produksi biohidrokarbon telah diteliti untuk mengembangkan potensi sumber energi terbarukan. Salah satu bentuk pengembangan ini dilakukan melalui reaksi konversi asam lemak dengan bantuan biokatalis fotodekarboksilase asam lemak dari mikroalga Chlorella variabilis (CvFAP). Meski potensinya besar, kekerabatan genetik spesies serta metode ekstraksi yang tepat untuk biomassa menjadi tantangan yang cukup signifikan. Potensi isolat mikroalga lokal Nannochloropsis sp. dalam menghasilkan biokatalis serupa yang dapat membantu reaksi sintesis hidrokarbon dari asam lemak selanjutnya diteliti. Mikroalga dikultur dan dipanen pada hari ke-7 untuk kemudian diekstraksi kandungan protein targetnya melalui pemisahan tiga fasa dengan bantuan sonikasi. Pengaruh pengeringan beku dilihat terhadap biomasssa yang diekstraksi (0,17 gr protein/L) dan memberikan nilai 54,5% lebih banyak daripada biomassa kondisi segar (0,11 gr protein/L); keduanya terkonsentrasi pada fasa tengah sistem ekstraksi pemisahan tiga fasa dengan bantuan sonikasi. Analisis SDS PAGE memberikan profil berat molekul serupa terhadap protein target (CvFAP) dengan pita-pita pemisahan senilai 60 kDa; 63 kDa; 64 kDa; dan 65 kDa. Hasil uji aktivitas enzim yang dilakukan pada substrat asam palmitat menunjukkan pembentukan hidrokarbon dari analisis GCMS dengan protein fresh culture (kelimpahan 5,06% sampel) maupun dengan protein freeze dry (kelimpahan 24,55% sampel). Adapun alkana yang terbentuk terbagi menjadi dua yakni alkana aromatik dan alkana bercabang (golongan rantai pendek) serta alkana rantai panjang dari rentang C20 hingga C30. Pentadekana (C15) tidak dihasilkan dalam reaksi konversi tersebut.

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Various biohydrocarbon production lines have been investigated to develop potential renewable energy sources. One form of this development is carried out through a fatty acid conversion reaction with the help of a fatty acid photodecarboxylase biocatalyst from the microalgae Chlorella variabilis (CvFAP). Despite the great potential, the genetic kinship of species and the appropriate extraction method for biomass pose a significant challenge. This study then researched the potential of local microalgae isolates Nannochloropsis sp. in producing similar biocatalysts that can assist in the synthesis of hydrocarbons from fatty acids. Microalgae were cultured and harvested on the 7th day and then the target protein content was extracted through ultrasound-assisted three phase partitioning (UATPP). The effect of freeze drying was seen on the extracted biomass (0.17 g protein/L) and gave a value of 54.5% more than the fresh biomass (0.11 g protein/L); both are concentrated in the middle phase of the UATPP system. SDS PAGE analysis provided a similar molecular weight profile of the target protein with 60 kDa main target bands of separation; 63 kDa; 64 kDa; and 65 kDa. The results of enzyme activity tests carried out with palmitic acid as a substrate showed the formation of hydrocarbons from GC-MS analysis with fresh culture protein (5.06% sample abundance) and freeze dried protein (24.55% abundance sample). The alkanes formed are divided into two, namely aromatic alkanes and branched alkanes (short chain alkanes group) and long chain alkanes (higher alkanes group) from the C20 to C30 range. Pentadecane (C15) was not formed during the conversion reaction."

"[ABSTRAKRisiko kebakaran dan ledakan mengakibatkan kerugian terhadapkeselamatan pekerja, pencemaran lingkungan, kerusakan perangkat kerja dankredibilitas perusahaan. Fasilitas gas memiliki risiko kebakaran dan ledakankarena natural gas merupakan highly flammable dari campuran metana (utama :70-90%), etana dan sedikit senyawa lain. Oleh karena itu, sebagai dasar upayapencegahan dan pengendalian terhadap konsekuensi yang ditimbulkan dari risikokebakaran dan ledakan dengan menurunkan dampak/konsekuensi ketingkat yangbisa diterima (aceptable level) pada fasilitas pengolahan gas (separation system,gas processing system dan fuel gas system), diperlukan analisis semi-kuantitatifrisiko kebakaran dan ledakan.Teknik yang digunakan adalah melakukan analisis data sekunder (studiHAZID, studi HAZOP, Bow-tie Analysis dan simulasi PHAST). Hasil penelitianini sebagai dasar upaya mengetahui faktor-faktor dominan yang menyebabkankejadian kebakaran dan ledakan pada fasilitas pengolahan gas. Dari hasil simulasicrystal ball didapat total forecast memiliki angka 4.30 dimana jika dilihat dimatriks resiko maka berada dilevel medium risk yang berati bahwa fasilitaspengolahan gas termasuk katagori risiko masih dapat diterima. Untuk sensitivity,perubahan tekanan (16.0%), perubahan suhu (15.9%) dan kelebihan tekanan(15.8%) merupakan faktor yang paling sensitif terhadap perubahan dibandingkanfaktor-faktor lainnya. Selain itu, dapat membantu dalam menentukan rekomendasiyang tepat untuk diterapkan pada fasilitas pengolahan gas tersebut.

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ABSTRACTRisk of fire and explosion resulted in the loss of the worker safety,environmental pollution, damage to the work and credibility of the company. Gasfacility has a risk of fire and explosion because natural gas is a highly flammablemixture of methane (major: 70-90%), ethane and a bit of other compounds.Therefore, as a basis for prevention and control of the consequences arising fromthe risk of fire and explosion by reducing the impact / consequences to the levelthat can be accepted (aceptable level) with a precise cost on gas processingfacilities (separation systems, gas processing system and fuel gas system), a semiquantitativeanalysis is required the risk of fire and explosion.The technique used is to conduct a secondary data analysis (HAZID andHAZOP studies, Bow-tie Analysis and PHAST simulation). The results of thisstudy as a basis for efforts to determine the dominant factors that cause theoccurrence of fire and explosion at a gas processing facility. From the simulationresults obtained crystal ball that total forecast has the number 4.30 which whenseen in the risk matrix was at medium risk which means that the gas processingfacility including the safe category/tolerable risk. For sensitivity, pressure changes(16.0%), themperature changes (15.9%) and excess pressure (15.8%), are thefactors that are most sensitive to change than other factors. In addition, it canassist in determining the appropriate recommendations to be applied to the gasprocessing facility.;Risk of fire and explosion resulted in the loss of the worker safety,environmental pollution, damage to the work and credibility of the company. Gasfacility has a risk of fire and explosion because natural gas is a highly flammablemixture of methane (major: 70-90%), ethane and a bit of other compounds.Therefore, as a basis for prevention and control of the consequences arising fromthe risk of fire and explosion by reducing the impact / consequences to the levelthat can be accepted (aceptable level) with a precise cost on gas processingfacilities (separation systems, gas processing system and fuel gas system), a semiquantitativeanalysis is required the risk of fire and explosion.The technique used is to conduct a secondary data analysis (HAZID andHAZOP studies, Bow-tie Analysis and PHAST simulation). The results of thisstudy as a basis for efforts to determine the dominant factors that cause theoccurrence of fire and explosion at a gas processing facility. From the simulationresults obtained crystal ball that total forecast has the number 4.30 which whenseen in the risk matrix was at medium risk which means that the gas processingfacility including the safe category/tolerable risk. For sensitivity, pressure changes(16.0%), themperature changes (15.9%) and excess pressure (15.8%), are thefactors that are most sensitive to change than other factors. In addition, it canassist in determining the appropriate recommendations to be applied to the gasprocessing facility., Risk of fire and explosion resulted in the loss of the worker safety,environmental pollution, damage to the work and credibility of the company. Gasfacility has a risk of fire and explosion because natural gas is a highly flammablemixture of methane (major: 70-90%), ethane and a bit of other compounds.Therefore, as a basis for prevention and control of the consequences arising fromthe risk of fire and explosion by reducing the impact / consequences to the levelthat can be accepted (aceptable level) with a precise cost on gas processingfacilities (separation systems, gas processing system and fuel gas system), a semiquantitativeanalysis is required the risk of fire and explosion.The technique used is to conduct a secondary data analysis (HAZID andHAZOP studies, Bow-tie Analysis and PHAST simulation). The results of thisstudy as a basis for efforts to determine the dominant factors that cause theoccurrence of fire and explosion at a gas processing facility. From the simulationresults obtained crystal ball that total forecast has the number 4.30 which whenseen in the risk matrix was at medium risk which means that the gas processingfacility including the safe category/tolerable risk. For sensitivity, pressure changes(16.0%), themperature changes (15.9%) and excess pressure (15.8%), are thefactors that are most sensitive to change than other factors. In addition, it canassist in determining the appropriate recommendations to be applied to the gasprocessing facility.]"

"Penggunaan biogas dalam mendukung aktivitas pembangunan memiliki risiko kebakaran dan ledakan karena struktur komposisi penyusunnya. Tingkat kecelakaan karena biogas di Eropa tercatat cukup signifikan dalam rentang waktu tahun 2007 – 2014, yaitu sebanyak 144 kasus dimana 17 kasus di dalamnya mengakibatkan kematian. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis risiko kebakaran dan ledakan pada biogas plant di PT X dengan pendekatan kuantitatif melalui analisis tingkat kemungkinan, konsekuensi, serta mengestimasikan tingkat risiko kebakaran dan ledakan pada instalasi biogas PT X. Analisis kemungkinan risiko kebakaran dan ledakan menggunakan metode Event Tree Analysis (ETA) dan untuk analisis konsekuensi menggunakan perangkat lunak Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmosphere (ALOHA) v.5.4.7. Hasil penelitian ini adalah adanya skenario kebocoran gas dari pipa pada saat operasional biogas yang berdampak jet fire, flash fire dan ledakan dengan kemungkinan 1,08,E-06 untuk jet fire, 1,30,E-05 untuk flash fire, dan 8,64,E-06 untuk ledakan. Dampak kebakaran jet fire mencapai 20 meter, vapor cloud mencapai 63 meter, ledakan 26 meter, dan toxic threat zone kurang dari 10 meter. Risiko individu untuk pekerjaan dengan waktu kerja 10 jam seperti asisten operasional biogas adalah sebesar 6,935 x 10-9 dan untuk pekerjaan dengan waktu kerja 12 jam seperti operator biodigester, gas engine dan security adalah 8,322 x 10-9. Total Potential Loss of Life (PLL) adalah 1,304 x 10-7. Dengan demikian risiko individu dan sosial masih dalam level dapat terima. Rekomendasi yang dapat diberikan adalah menerapkan pengendalian preventif berbasis risiko, evaluasi sistem proteksi kebakaran, mengembangkan program manajemen krisis dan tanggap darurat baik dari segi sumber daya manusia dan fasilitas.

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The use of biogas in supporting development activities has the risk of fire and explosion due to the structure of its constituent composition. The accident rate due to biogas in Europe was recorded quite significantly in the period 2007 – 2014, there are 144 cases of which 17 fatalities. This study aims to analyze the risk of fire and explosion at the biogas plant at PT X with a quantitative approach through analysis of the likelihood, consequence, and estimating the level of risk of fire and explosion at the biogas plant at PT X. Analysis of the possibility of fire and explosion risk using the Event Tree Analysis method (ETA) and for the analysis of consequences using the software Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmosphere (ALOHA) v.5.4.7. The result of this research is that there is a scenario of gas leakage from the pipeline during biogas operation which has an impact on jet fire, flash fire and explosion with a probability of 1.08, E-06 for jet fire, 1.30, E-05 for flash fire, and 8, 64,E-06 for explosion. The impact of the jet fire was 20 meters, the vapor cloud reached 63 meters, the explosion was 26 meters, and the toxic threat zone was less than 10 meters. The individual risk for a job with a working time of 10 hours such as a biogas operational assistant is 6.935 x 10-9 and for a job with a working time of 12 hours such as a biodigester, gas engine and security operator is 8.322 x 10-9. Total Potential Loss of Life (PLL) is 1,304 x 10-7. Thus, individual and social risks are still at an acceptable level. Recommendations that can be given are implementing risk-based preventive controls, evaluating fire protection systems, developing crisis management and emergency response programs both in terms of human resources and facilities."