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"Faced with ever-shrinking reserves of fossil-based energy, in addition to the damaging impacts of the use of fossil-based energy sources, such as the greenhouse effect and global warming, efforts are needed to find energy alternatives. Currently under development as an alternative source of renewable energy, utilizing solar energy as its source, is a device incorporating the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC), which works using the simple photosynthetic-electrochemical principle at the molecular level. In this type of device, inorganic oxide semiconductors such as titanium dioxide (TiO2) offer great potential for the absorption of photon energy from the solar energy source, especially in the form of a TiO2 nanoparticle structure. In this study, a commercial TiO2 nanoparticle was used. The as-received TiO2 nanoparticle was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). For sensitizer, a natural dye extracted from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarps was used. The extracted natural dye was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) for the functional groups, whereas ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) was used to examine the absorption activity of the extracted natural dye. Performance of the DSSC was analyzed through a precision current versus potential difference (I-V) curve analyzer. The maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the mangosteen natural dye was obtained using ethanol containing 20% distilled water as compared to commercial organic dye with a PCE of 4.02%. This result is convincing and promising for the next development."

"Saat ini kebutuhan manusia akan energi semakin meningkat. Energi berbahan bakarfosil masih menjadi sumber utama energi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan manusia.Namun, karena sifatnya yang tidak dapat diperbaharui, energi fosil tersebut lamakelamaan akan habis. Oleh karena itu diperlukan energi alternatif yang dapatdiperbaharui dan juga ramah lingkungan. Energi alternatif tersebut salah satunyaadalah energi surya. Energi surya dapat dikonversi menjadi energi listrik denganmenggunakan perangkat Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC). Pada penelitian iniakan dibuat perangkat DSSC dengan menggunakan ekstrak antosianin dari kolmerah sebagai dye sensitizer, TiO2 nanorod sebagai semikonduktor, larutanelektrolit (I-/I3-), serta platina sebagai elektroda pembanding. TiO2 nanorod yangdigunakan untuk menyusun rangkaian DSSC disiapkan dengan cara hidrotermaldan dengan tiga variasi suhu kalsinasi diantaranya tanpa perlakuan kalsinasi,dikalsinasi pada suhu 450oC, dan dikalsinasi pada suhu 900oC. Waktu perendamandeposisi pasta TiO2 dalam dyes dilakukan selama 36 jam. Seluruh rangkaian DSSCyang disusun ditentukan efesiensinya secara fotoelektrokimia, denganmenggunakan evaluasi berdasar I – V dan didapatkan nilai efesiensi DSSC TiO2nanorod tanpa kalsinasi, dikalsinasi pada suhu 450oC, dan dikalsinasi pada suhu900oC berturut-turut sebesar 1,125%, 0,399%, dan 0,306%. Nilai efesiensi tertinggididapatkan pada rangkaian DSSC TiO2 nanorod tanpa kalsinasi yaitu sebesar1,125%

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Human need for energy is increasing over time. Fossil fuel energy is still the mainsource of energy. However, due to its non-renewable nature, this fossil energy willrun out. Therefore we need alternative energy that can be renewed as well asenvironmentally friendly. One of the alternative energy is solar energy. Solarenergy can be converted into electrical energy using a Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell(DSSC) device. In this research, a DSSC device will be constructed usinganthocyanin extract from red cabbage as a dye sensitizer, TiO2 nanorod as asemiconductor, I- / I3- redox couple as electrolyte solution, and Pt as a counterelectrode. TiO2 nanorod used to assemble the DSSC device was prepared byhydrothermal method, followed by heat treatment into three variations of thecalcination temperature, these were without calcination treatment, calcined at atemperature of 450oC, and calcined at a temperature of 900oC. The immersion timeof TiO2 paste deposition in dyes solution for the deposition was carried out for 36hours. The three constructed DSSCs series were tested for their efficiency usingphotoelectrochemical system, by evaluating their resulted the I-V curves and theefficiency values of the DSSC TiO2 nanorod without calcination, calcined at atemperature of 450oC, and calcined at 900oC were 1.125%, 0.399%, and 0.306%respectively. The highest efficiency value was obtained in the DSSC TiO2 nanorodwithout calcination with efficiency of 1.125%."

"Solar cells are excellent devices which enable the provision of renewable energy in a safe and easy way. A dye sensitized solar cell (also referred as dye solar cell) is a new type of solar cell, whose operation is based on photoelectronic chemically activated mechanism. The fabrication of dye sensitized solar cells is generally simpler and cheaper compared to the conventional silicon-based solar cells. This paper aims to fabricate and analyze the performance of dye solar cell by comparing the utilization of transparent and opaque TiO2 pastes for the photoelectrodes. In addition, we also perform an analysis on the use of two different red ruthenium based dye, i.e. N-719 and Z-907. The current-voltage (I-V) measurements were performed by using an artificial sun-simulator on AM1.5 irradiation. As for the counter-electrode, platinum (Pt) was used as the catalyst which was deposited using DC-sputtering technique. Our results revealed that the cells featuring transparent TiO2 paste achieved better photoconversion efficiencies compared to that of the opaque paste. The best average efficiency achieved was 3.78% for cells with a total active area of 2 cm2 . In addition, transparent cells produced on average up to 3 mA higher photocurrent compared to that of the opaque cells. We suspected that such behavior was affected by the discrepancy in the crystallite size."

"DSSC merupakan sel surya generasi baru. Pengembangannya pada dye akan sangat beragam. Dye dengan menggunakan bahan alami telah menjadi pilihan dalam pembuatan DSSC. Namun, beragam kesulitan muncul pada saat menggunakan dye alami. Salah satunya adalah pemrosesan bahan alami tersebut, seperti untuk melarutkan dan menempelkannya pada DSSC. Tulisan ini menunjukkan perbedaan DSSC dengan dye yang dilarutkan dalam tiga pelarut berbeda, yaitu H2O, CH3COOH dan C2H5OH, serta tanpa pelarut yang mana Voc dan Isc yang terukur lebih baik untuk DSSC tanpa pelarut, yaitu 278 mV dan 62 μA.

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DSSC is the new generation of solar cell. The development of dye will be very varied. Dye using natural ingredient has been choosen for creating DSSC. However, varied difficulties appear from using natural dye. One of them is the processing of its natural ingredient like dissolving and patching it to DSSC.

This thesis shows the different of DSSC which is dissolved in three different solvent, that H2O, CH3COOH and C2H5OH, and without solvent which natural dye without solvent measured Voc and Isc is better than anothers with solvent, that is 278 mV and 62 μA."

"Indonesia sangat bergantung pada sumber daya energi tidak terbarukan dimana 35% pembangkit listrik di indonesia berasal dari batubara dan sebanyak 19% berasal dari gas bumi dimana emisi karbon yang dihasilkan menyebabkan terjadinya efek gas rumah kaca. Pada Perjanjian Paris, indonesia telah menyampaikan untuk mengurangi emisi karbon yang dihasilkan sebesar 29% pada tahun 2030 yang tentunya menjadi dorongan bagi bangsa indonesia untuk mengembangkan energi terbarukan salah sastunya adalah sel surya. Penelitian ini menawarkan pembuatan sel surya generasi ketiga yaitu sel surya tersensitisasi pewarna (DSSC) dari ekstrak buah kesumba (Bixa orellana. L) dan menggunakan semikonduktor TiO2 yang disintesis dengan metode sintesis hijau (green synthesis). Capping agent yang digunakan berasal dari ekstak bunga melati dengan pelarut etil asetat dan air. Variabel yang digunakan adalah Eth0 (100% air suling), Eth30 (etil asetat 30%), dan Eth50 (etil asetat 50%). Proses sintesis dilakukan dengan reaksi yang diberikan antara hasil ekstrak bunga melati dengan perkursor TiO2 yaitu TTIP serta dilanjutkan pada proses pengeringan pada suhu 100 oC dan kalsinasi pada suhu 500 oC. Karakterisasi partikel nano TiO2 dilakukan menggunakan XRD, SEM dan UV-DRS serta karakterisasi ekstrak bunga melati menggunakan FTIR dan ekstrak buah kesumba menggunakan FTIR dan UV-Vis. Pengujian efisiensi perangkat sel surya dilakukan dengan alat Keithley source meter yang dihubungkan dengan Sunlite® Solar Simulator. Hasil yang didapatkan ekstrak bunga melati menghasilkan fasa anatase 100% dan semakin tinggi konsentrasi etil asetat yang digunakan akan menurunkan ukuran partikel dimana ukuran partikel terkecil terdapat pada kondisi pengasaman 50% dengan ukuran rata-rata 131 nm. TiO2 yang disintesis dengan kondisi pengasaman 50% memiliki ukuran partikel dan kristalit terkecil dibandingkan yang lain yaitu sebesar 131 nm dan 10,91 nm pada bidang (101). Nilai band gap yang didapatkan pada TiO2 kondisi asam 30% sebesar 3,01 eV. Efisiensi terbesar didapatkan pada divais dengan kondisi pengasaman 30% yaitu sebesar 0,745%. 

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Indonesia has high dependent on non-renewable energy in which 35% of power plant come from coal and 19% come from natural gases. These dependencies result in carbon emissions and greenhouse effect. In the Paris Agreement, Indonesia has stated that it will reduce its carbon emissions by 29% in 2030, which is certainly an encouragement for the development of renewable energy, one of which is solar cells. This work manufactured third generation of solar cells, i.e., dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) from titanium dioxide (TiO2) synthesized using environmentally friendly method (green synthesis) and sensitized using kesumba fruit extract (Bixa orellana. L). The green synthesis used capping agent from jasmine flowers extract under various acid condition 0%, 30%, and 50%. The synthesis process was carried out using precursor of titanium tetra isopropoxide (TTIP) followed by drying process at 100 oC and calcination at 500 oC. Characterization of TiO2 nanoparticles was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) fo the crystal structure, scanning electron microscope (SEM) for surface topography, and ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV-DRS) for absorbance. Functional groups of the jasmine flower and kesumba fruit extracts were by using infrared (FTIR). Device performance and solar cell efficiency were carried out using Keithley source meter interfaced with Sunlite® solar simulator. The synthesis of TiO2 using jasmine flower extract produced 100% of anatase phase, and the higher the acid concentration, the lower the particle size. TiO2 synthesized using 50% acid concentration has the smallest particles and crystallites size compared to the others, namely 131 nm and 10.91 nm in the plane (101). The highest band gap energy of 3.1 eV was obtained from 30% acid condition. The highest efficiency of 0.745% was obtained from TiO2 synthesized under 30% acid condition."

"Sel surya tersensitasi zat warna (dye-sensitized solar cell, DSSC) merupakan perangkat yang dapat mengkonversi cahaya matahari menjadi arus listrik dengan menggunakan elektroda kerja berupa semikonduktor TiO2 yang dilapisi oleh zat warna dan kaca ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) sebagai elektroda counter. Lapisan tipis TiO2 dipreparasi di atas plat Ti dengan cara anodisasi dalam larutan NH4F dalam gliserol pada bias potensial 25 volt selama 4 jam dan dikalsinasi pada suhu 500°C selama 3 jam. Karakterisasi dengan SEM menunjukkan bahwa TiO2 yang terbentuk mempunyai morfologi nanotube dengan diameter tabung yang teratur, yaitu 40-60 nm. Karakterisasi dengan XRD dan DRS UV-Vis menunjukkan bahwa kristal TiO2 yang terbentuk berupa fasa anatase. Zat warna yang digunakan sebagai photosensitizer adalah zat warna alami cyanidin yang diekstrak dari buah black mulberry (Morus nigra L) dengan pelarut metanol:HCl (99:1). Karakterisasi cyanidin dengan UV-Vis menunjukkan serapan kuat paada panjang gelombang 513 nm. Cyanidin diadsorpsikan ke dalam TiO2 nanotube menggunakan metode elektroforesis, dengan variasi bias potensial dan waktu. Plat Ti/TiO2- nanotube/cyanidin dirangkai menjadi DSSC dengan larutan elektrolit Iˉ/I3ˉ dan kaca ITO. Nilai efisiensi konversi cahaya menjadi arus listrik tertinggi adalah 0,2678 % dan 0,2672%, ditunjukkan oleh plat Ti/TiO2-nanotube/cyanidin yang masing-masing dielektroforesis pada tegangan 20 volt selama 12 menit dan 25 volt selama 8 menit.

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Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a device that can convert the sunlight to electrical current, by employing dyes coated TiO2 semiconductor as working electrode and ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) glass as counter electrode. TiO2 thin film was prepared by anodization of Ti plate in NH4F/glycerol at potential 25 volt for 4 hours and then heated at 500°C for 3 hours. Characterization by SEM showed the TiO2 has a nanotube morphology having internal diameter of 40-60 nm. Characterization by XRD and DRS UV-Vis indicated that the TiO2 is in anatase crystal phase. Cyanidin, a natural dye, that was used as photo sensitizer was extracted from black mulberry fruit (Morus nigra L) in methanol:HCl (99:1) solvent. The extracted cyanidin showed a strong absorption at wavelength of 513 nm, which is suitable to absorb visible light. The cyanidin is coated into TiO2 nanotube by using electrophoresis method, at various bias potential and time. The Ti/TiO2-nanotube/cyanidin plate was assembled into DSSC using Iˉ/I3ˉ electrolyte solution and ITO glass. The highest efficiency values were 0.2678 % and 0.2672%, for Ti/TiO2-nanotube/cyanidin which were prepared by electrophoresis at 20 volt for 12 minutes and 25 volt for 8 minutes, respectively."

"Peningkatan kebutuhan terhadap energi dan kesadaran akan ancaman polusi lingkungan, medorong kebutuhan akan adanya solusi terhadap energi yang bersih dan berkelanjutan. Material semikonduktor TiO2 merupakan material yang diharapkan dapat memainkan peran penting untuk membantu menyelesaikan masalah krisis energi melalui pemanfaatan energi matahari berbasis perangkat fotovoltaik. Dye sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) merupakan sel surya alternatif yang lebih murah dibandingkan dengan sel fotovoltaik berbasis silikon. Pada penelitian ini dilaporkan proses fabrikasi DSSC menggunakan TiO2 nanotube serbuk yang diperoleh dari anodisasi plat Ti dengan teknik Rapid Breakdown Anodization (RBA) dalam elektrolit HClO4 0,15 M. Beberapa variasi potensial yang diberikan, yaitu 10, 13, 14, 15 dan 20 V dengan tujuan untuk memperoleh area permukaan yang lebih luas dengan waktu sintesis yang cepat, sehingga menghasilkan DSSC dengan efisiensi yang lebih tinggi. Berdasarkan waktu sintesis yang diamati, TiO2 nanotube dapat dihasilkan dalam waktu yang relatif cepat adalah yang diperoleh dari hasil sintesis pada potensial 15 V dan 20 V, yaitu kurang dari 3 jam. Dari hasil karakterisasi TiO2 nanotube serbuk yang diperoleh tersebut diketahui TiO2 hasil sintesis dengan teknik RBA pada potensial 15 V pada suhu kalsinasi 500oC memiliki area permukaan yang lebih luas, yaitu 69,723 m2/g dibandingkan dengan potensial 20 V pada suhu kalsinasi 500oC, yaitu 63,824 m2/g. TiO2 nanotube-serbuk tersebut kemudian diaplikasikan sebagai perangkat DSSC untuk mengetahui pengaruhnya pada konversi energi surya ke energi listrik. Pada aplikasinya sebagai DSSC, elektroda pendukung yang digunakan dibuat dari deposisi larutan 5 mM H2PtCl6 sebagai partikel Pt pada substrat kaca fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) yang memiliki hambatan < 11 Ω/cm2. TiO2/FTO pada sistem DSSC dikarakterisasi gdengan menggunakan FESEM, diperoleh ketebalan film TiO2 sekitar 1,6-1,7 μm dan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Sedangkan pengujian nilai efisiensinya diukur dengan metoda Linier Sweep Voltametry menggunakan potensiostat. Iluminasi pada bagian depan (Frontside Illumination) kemudian dibandingkan dengan iluminasi pada bagian belakang pada system DSSC (Backside Illumination). Nilai efisiensi tertinggi yang diperoleh adalah 2,63% dibawah sumber cahaya lampu halogen 150 watt pada kondisi Frontside Illumination. Nilai tersebut diperoleh dari DSSC berbasis TiO2 yang disintesis dengan potensial 15 V dengan menggunakan zat warna Alizarin Red S. Kondisi yang sama untuk untuk DSSC dengan TiO2 dari proses sintesis pada 20 V menghasilkan efisiensi hanya 0,006%.

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An increasing energy demand and environmental pollution concern, lead to a pressing need for a clean and sustainable energy solutions. TiO2 semiconductor material is expected to play an important role in helping solve the energy crisis through effective utilization of solar energy based on photovoltaic devices. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are potentially lower cost alternative to inorganic silicon-based photovoltaic cells. In this study, we report on the fabrication of DSSCs, which was constructed by TiO2 nanotubes powder, produced by rapid breakdown anodization (RBA) of Ti foil. The RBA was conducted in 0.15 M HClO4 electrolyte with variations voltage, namely 10, 13 14, 15 and 20 V to obtain better surface area in order to increase efficiency of DSSC in a quickly synthesize.

Based on the observation during anodizing process, nanotube TiO2 powder can be obtained in rapid condition, less than 3 hours by anodization potential applied at 15 and 20 V. Characterization of morphology and surface area of these nanotube titania powder showed the best TiO2 nanotube was obtained by the RBA technique with applied potential 15 V, 69,723 m2/g, meanwhile for potential 20 V is 63,824 m2/g in the same calcination temperature. These Titania will be utilized as DSSC to compare its performance. The counter electrode was made by electrodeposition of Pt from an aqueous solution of 5 mM H2PtCl6 onto fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrate. The TiO2/FTO were characterized by FESEM which is obtained thin film of TiO2 is around 1,6-1,7 μm and Spectrofotometer DRS UV-Vis, while efficiency was measured by Linier Sweep Voltametry method using potensiostat.

The frontside of illuminated DSSCs were compared with the backside one. The highest cell efficiency was 2,63% under 150 W using halogen as light source at frontside illumination which is obtained from TiO2 which is synthesized on 15 V and using Alizarin Red S as sensitizer. That efficiency is higher than TiO2 on 20 V in the same condition (0,006%)."

"Different morphologies of zinc oxide (ZnO) can be obtained through various synthesizing methods, such as that of the water bath. By synthesizing under various conditions, different ZnO morphologies can be seen as the result of the water bath method. Replacing ZnO nanoparticles with vertically aligned ZnO nanorods results in a much higher energy conversion efficiency. Yet vertically aligned nanorods can only be grown through difficult and expensive methods. Several researchers have studied the growth of one-dimensional (1D) nanorods on homogeneous film with various growth conditions. However, there has been little in the way of research on ZnO nanorods grown on ZnO seed layers using the water bath method. In this research, vertically aligned nanorods with an optimum size ratio were formed through a simple water bath method. This method reveals that the ZnO nanorods are well aligned and grown with a high density and uniformity on the substrate. Their X-ray diffraction patterns reveal that the nanorods are grow in the [001] direction. The density, diameter, and length of the ZnO nanorods can be altered by changing the growing condition. All of the samples were characterized using a scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, and micro Raman spectroscopy. To investigate crystal growth, zinc nitrate and zinc acetate were used when preparing the solution. The results demonstrate that the morphology and alignment of ZnO nanorods are determined by the precursor’s type and deposition time."