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"It is widely use of air-conditioning systems in Thailand due to its location. It is located in a tropical zone with relatively high temperatures all year round, with high humidity and high intensity of sunlight. In order to save electrical energy for air-conditioning systems, preventing heat transfer into the building is required. The objective of this study is to investigate the physical and thermal properties of concrete blocks. An attempt is made to increase heat resistance of concrete blocks. Foam beads (0−0.30% by weight) and kaolin (0−70% by weight) were added in concrete block mixture to increase discontinuous voids in concrete. Compressive strength and water absorption of concrete blocks were tested. The testing results indicated that compressive strength decreased when foam beads and kaolin were added. Water absorption increased when foam beads were added. In contrast, the more kaolin added the less water absorption. The thermal conductivity coefficient of concrete blocks was also investigated. The results confirmed that the higher the amount of foam beads or kaolin added, the higher the thermal resistance of concrete blocks. Thermal time-lag behavior was also investigated. The results indicated that concrete block with kaolin took the longest time in heating and took the shortest time in cooling. These properties are good for heat prevention in hot climate regions. These concrete blocks which were developed and tested in this research conform to the Thai Industrial Standard. Finally, it can be concluded that because of its thermal behavior, concrete block with kaolin is a suitable energy-saving concrete block for hot and humid climates."

"It is widely use ofair-conditioning systems in Thailand due to its location. It is located in atropical zone with relatively high temperatures all year round, with highhumidity and high intensity of sunlight. In order to save electrical energy forair-conditioning systems, preventing heat transfer into the building isrequired. The objective of this study is to investigate the physical andthermal properties of concrete blocks. An attempt is made to increase heatresistance of concrete blocks. Foam beads (0-0.30% by weight) and kaolin (0-70% by weight) wereadded in concrete block mixture to increase discontinuous voids in concrete.Compressive strength and water absorption of concrete blocks were tested. Thetesting results indicated that compressive strength decreased when foam beadsand kaolin were added. Water absorption increased when foam beads were added.In contrast, the more kaolin added the less water absorption. The thermalconductivity coefficient of concrete blocks was also investigated. The resultsconfirmed that the higher the amount of foam beads or kaolin added, the higherthe thermal resistance of concrete blocks. Thermal time-lag behavior was alsoinvestigated. The results indicated that concrete block with kaolin took thelongest time in heating and took the shortest time in cooling. These propertiesare good for heat prevention in hot climate regions. These concrete blockswhich were developed and tested in this research conform to the Thai IndustrialStandard. Finally, it can be concluded that because of its thermal behavior,concrete block with kaolin is a suitable energy-saving concrete block for hotand humid climates."

"Today, the air-conditioning and refrigeration industry is still searching for environmentally friendly refrigerants that could replace hazardous, ozone-depleting coolants – refrigerants that behave similarly, if not better, than the present ones. The present study examines optimization of the frictional pressure drop of R22 and R290 using genetic algorithm. Outcomes are compared against the measured pressure drop obtained from a horizontal 7.6 mm channel with a length of 1.07 meters. Three equations have been used for calculating the Darcy friction factor and two-phase flow pressure drop for both laminar and turbulent flow regimes in smooth and rough tubes. The effects of the different correlations for the friction factor and pressure drop utilized are demonstrated. The results illustrate that the differences between values of the Darcy friction factor are very small for the two refrigerants examined, with the frictional pressure of R-290 higher than R-22. Use of a smaller channel induced a much higher frictional pressure drop, as well."

"Dampak negatif yang dapat ditimbulkan dari industri beton adalah pajanan debu partikulat terhadap pekerja yaitu Particulate Matter 2,5 mikron PM2,5 karena dapat terhirup ke dalam paru hingga masuk ke dalam peredaran darah. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk menganalisis risiko kesehatan pekerja di Concrete Batching Plant PT. X akibat pajanan inhalasi debu partikulat PM2,5. Risiko dihitung menggunakan metode Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan ARKL untuk mengetahui nilai Risk Quotient RQ. Nilai RQ diperoleh dengan membagi Asupan pajanan perberat badan perhari dengan nilai reference Concentration RfC. Jika nilai RQ>1 maka perlu dilakukan manajemen risiko. Penelitian ini menghitung risiko pajanan PM2,5 pada 59 pekerja di Batching Plant PT. X. Sampling dilakukan di 4 titik selama 1 jam menggunakan HVAS, masing-masing titik dilakukan 2 kali sampling yaitu pada siang hari dan malam hari dengan konsentrasi rata-rata 120 Konsentrasi tersebut setelah dikonversi berada diatas baku mutu. Perhitungan risiko dengan durasi real time secara rerata tidak berisiko namun berisiko bagi 5 orang pekerja. Perusahaan akan terus berjalan, maka perlu dilakukan penilaian risiko pada durasi life time 25 tahun dengan hasil rerata berisiko paling tidak selama 9 tahun kedepan. Maka, perlu dilakukan manajemen risiko untuk 25 tahun kedepan dengan cara menurunkan konsentrasi PM2,5 menjadi jika kondisi masih sama yaitu pekerja dengan rata-rata berat badan 66,85kg bekerja 12 jam perhari dalam 317 hari pertahun.

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The negative impact that can be generated from the Concrete industry is particulate dust exposure to workers which is Particulate Matter 2.5 micron PM2,5 because it can be inhaled into the lungs and enter the blood circulation. This research has purpose to analyze worker health risk in Concrete Batching Plant PT. X due to inhalation exposure of particulate dust of PM2.5. The risk is calculated using the Environmental Health Risk Analysis method ARKL to determine the value of Risk Quotient RQ. The RQ value is obtained by dividing body exposure intake by reference concentration RfC. If the value of RQ 1 then it is necessary to do risk management. This study calculated the risk of PM2,5 exposure on 59 workers in Batching Plant PT. X. Sampling is done at 4 points for 1 hour using HVAS, each point is done 2 times that is during day and night with concentration average 120 mg m3. The concentration after converting is above the quality standard. The average calculation of risk with real time duration is not risky but only risky for 5 workers. The company will continue to run so it is necessary to do risk assessment on life time duration 25 years with the average yield at least for the next 9 years. Thus, risk management is required for the next 25 years by reducing the concentration of PM2,5 to 0.039mg m3 if the condition is still the same for workers with average weight are 66,85kg, working 12 hours per day in 317 days per year."

"Rumah sakit merupakan tempat berkumpulnya orang sehat maupun orang sakit fungsinya sebagai tempat penyembuhan penyakit dan pemulihan kesehatan, serta dapat menjadi sumber infeksi oleh mikroba patogen terutama Staphylococcus aureus yang pertumbuhannya dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor seperti kualitas fisik udara, kebersihan ruangan, kepadatan hunian, jumlah pengunjung, ventilasi frekuensi pemebersihan lantai. Rumusan masalah bagaimana gambaran kualitas udara rumah sakit dan keberadaan angka bakteri Staphyloccocus aureus di ruang rawat inap RSUD dr.Slamet Garut ndash; 2017. Penelitian ini bersifat deskiptif yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran kualitas udara rumah sakit keberadaan angka bakteri Staphylococcus aureus di ruang rawat inap RSUD dr.Slamet Garut. Pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian adalah total populasi ruang rawat inap sebanyak 17 Ruang Rawat Inap. Hasil penelitian di ruang rawat inap ini 100 temperatur tidak memenuhi syarat, 64.7 kelembaban tidak memenuhi syarat, 41,2 Pencahayaan tidak memenuhi syarat, 47 Kepadatan hunian tidak memenuhi syarat, jumlah pengunjung 11.8 tidak memenuhi syarat, ventilasi 100 tidak memenuhi syarat, Frekuensi pembersihan lantai 100 memenuhi syarat, kebersihan ruangan 11.8 tidak memenuhi syarat dan keberadaan angka bakteri staphylococcus aureus 53 tidak memenuhi syarat. Temperatur dan kelembaban yang tinggi di ruang rawat inap tersebut diperlukan pendingin ruangan agar temperatur dapat dipertahankan sesuai kebutuhan. Sedangkan untuk masalah pencahayaan yang tidak masuk ke ruangan dan tingginya angka bakteri Staphylococcus aureus diperlukan perbaikan ventilasi agar cahaya dapat masuk menerangi ruangan dan untuk pencahayaan yang tinggi melapisi ventilasi dengan gorden dan melakukan desinfeksi baik secara fisik maupun kimia selain itu untuk jumlah pengunjung, kepadatan hunian serta kebersihan ruangan lebih ditertibkan.

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The hospital is a gathering place for healthy people as well as ill people as a place of healing illness and health restoration, and can be a source of infection by pathogenic microbes especially Staphylococcus aureus whose growth is influenced by several factors such as physical quality of air, room cleanliness, occupancy density, Ventilation frequency of floor cleaning. The formulation of the problem how is the air quality hospitals and the existence of Staphyloccocus aureus bacterial numbers in the inpatient unit dr.Slamet Garut Hospital deskiptif 2017. This study is aimed to find a picture of the air quality hospitals and the presence of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria numbers in the inpatient hospital Dr.Slamet Garut. The samples in the study was the total population were 17 inpatient ward patient wards.

The results of the research in the inpatient unit is 100 temperature not eligible, 64.7 moisture does not qualify, 41.2 Lighting ineligible, 47 occupancy density is not eligible, the number of visitors 11.8 do not qualify, the vents 100 no qualify, frequency of cleaning the floor 100 qualified, room cleanliness 11.8 do not qualify and the presence of staphylococcus aureus bacteria figure 53 are not eligible. Temperature and high humidity in the inpatient unit of the required cooling the room so the temperature can be maintained as required. As for the lighting issues that do not get into the room and the high number of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria needed repair ventilation so that light can enter the light the room and for a high luminance lining vents with curtains and perform disinfection, both physically and chemically in addition to the number of visitors, occupancy density and Cleanliness of the room is more disciplined."

"Saat ini, kualitas udara ruangan menjadi salah satu ancaman kesehatan bagi masyarakat modern. Penelitian oleh Kleipes et.al, 2001 menujukan bahwa manusia modern menghabiskan hampir 90% waktunya dalam ruangan. Kualitas udara ruang dipengaruhi oleh berbagai macam polutan yang terdiri dari CO2, CO, VOC, Radon dan partikulat. .Thermal Precipitator adalah salah satu alat yang dapat gunakan untuk membersihkan udara dan bekerja berdasarkan prinsip thermophoresis, yaitu gaya yang bekerja akibat adanya gradien temperatur. Untuk memahami karakteristik efek thermophoresis pada suatu thermal precipitator dengan ukuran partikel dan temperatur yang divariasikan, dilakukan suatu simulasi berdasarkan prinsip computational fluid dynamics, perpindahan kalor dan particle tracing. Variasi beda temperatur yang dilakukan adalah sebesar 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 dengan ukuran partikel 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1,1.5, 2 dan 2.5 µm Simulasi tersebut dilakukan pada perangkat lunak COMSOL Multiphysics 5.4.Hasil yang didapat berbentuk distribusi partikel, jarak tempuh partikel dan kebutuhan energi precipitator. Terdapat perbedaan yang besar yang diakibatkan perbedaan posisi plat panas dan dingin. Selain itu, pada rentang partikel 0.05-0.25 µm, thermophoresis menjadi driving force pergerakan partikel. Sedangkan efisiensi pada seluruh ukuran partikel sebesar 100% didapat pada beda temperatur diatas 50K untuk plat panas diletakan pada bagian atas dan 70K pada kasus plat panas diletakan pada bagian bawah. Sehingga, thermal precipitator berpotensi untuk menangkap partikel – partikel berukuran kecil untuk meningkatkan kualitas udara ruang. Kebutuhan energi precipitator adalah sebesar 150506.70 J/ m3 untuk beda temperatur 80 K dan 53044 J/m3 untuk beda temperatur 30 K. =Indoor air quality has been raised as one of the most pressing health issues facing the urban society. According to Klepeis et.al, 2001 Modern human spends nearly 90% of their time in enclosed spaces or in commuting spaces. IAQ(Indoor Air Quality) is affected by various factors with pollutants ranging from CO2, CO, Radon and particulate matter.One of the available technologies in air cleaning is thermal precipitators that works by utilizing thermophoresis effect. Thermophoresis effects is a force due a temperature gradient existing around a particle. To understand the characteristic and feasibility of the aforementioned technology for indoor air cleaning, a simulation based on the principle of computational fluid dynamics, heat transfer and particle tracing was done on COMSOL 5.4 Software. The parameters concerning the thermal precipitators were varied with temperature difference of 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 K with particle diameter of 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1,1.5, 2 dan 2.5 µm. The simulation results in data regarding particle displacement, particle deposition count and heat transfer.A large difference in precipitator performance was observed, due to heated plate position. Furthermore, Thermophoresis was observed as the driving force for particles ranging between 0.05 to 0.25 µm in size. An efficiency number of 100% across all particle sizes was achieved with a temperature difference of 50 K with the heated plate place above the colder plate while a temperature difference of 70K was required in order to achieve same effect when the heated plate is below the colder plate. Due to the high precipitation efficiency, themal precipitator possesses a high potential to collect fine particulate matter in order to improve indoor air quality. In addition, energy consumption was simulated, peaking at 150506 J/m3 of air cleaned with a temperature difference of 80K and 50344 J/m3 with a temperature difference of 30K"

"Proses sintesis busa bio poliuretan berbasis pati dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode one shot method. Bahan dasar yang digunakan dalam sintesis busa bio poliuretan adalah poliol berupa Polipropilen Glikol (PPG) 2000 dan diisosianat berupa 'Toluene Diisocyanate' 80 (TDI 80). Persentase penambahan pati sebanyak 1, 2, dan 3 pbw, beserta penambahan Metilen Klorida sebanyak 7, 8, 9 pbw menjadi variabel bebas dari penelitian ini. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa penambahan pati dan Metilen Klorida dapat membentuk struktur sel yang terbuka. Hasil percobaan DSC dan TGA menunjukan Penambahan pati sebagai 'chain extender' menambah nilai temperatur transisi gelas (Tg), dari 165ºC ke 179.38ºC. Penambahan pati menaikkan nilai 'tensile strength', sementara penambahan Metilen Klorida menurunkan nilai 'tensile strength'. Penambahan pati menurunkan nilai elongasi, sementara penambahan Metilen Klorida menaikkan nilai elongasi. Penambahan pati menurunkan nilai 'airflow', sementara penambahan Metilen Klorida menaikkan nilai.

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The synthesis process of starch-based bio polyurethane foam was carried out using the one shot method. The basic materials used in the synthesis of bio-polyurethane foam are Polypropylene Glycol (PPG) 2000 as polyol and Toluene Diisocyanate 80 (TDI 80) as diisocyanate. The starch additions of 1, 2, and 3 pbw and Methylene Chloride additions of 7, 8, 9 pbw became the independent variables to study the change in mechanical properties. Bio-PU foam sample was also compared to virgin PU sample without the addition of starch to study the effects of starch as chain extender to foam morphology and thermal properties. The results obtained indicate that the addition of Methylene Chloride as physical blowing agent and starch as chain extender forms opened celled bio-PU foam. The addition of starch as chain extender increases glass transition temperature, from 165ºC (sample without starch) to 179.38ºC. The addition of starch increases tensile strength, while the addition of Methylene Chloride decreases tensile strength. The addition of starch decreases elongation, while the addition of Methylene Chloride increases elongation. The addition of starch decreases air flow, while the addition of Methylene Chloride increases air flow."

"Dampak penting dari semburan Lumpur panas adalah pencemaran lingkungan salah satunya adalah kenaikan intensitas bau. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui konsentrasi H2S, persepsi masyarakat tentang gangguan kesehatan dari H2S, menghitung perkiraan risiko dan pencegahannya. Variabel penelitian adalah konsentrasi H2S, persepsi tentang gangguan kesehatan (iritasi mata, sakit kepala, dizzines, hyperpnoea, apnoea, asphyxia).Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan pengukuran langsung dan kuesioner. Pemilihan lokasi adalah purposive dan responden dengan simple random. Hasil dan pembahasan dari penelitian ini adalah konsentrasi H2S diatas bakumutu Kep-50/MENLH/11/1996. Uji Pearson Chi Square adalah Ҳ<0,05 antara konsentrasi H2S dengan iritasi mata, sakit kepala, dizzines dan hyperpnoea (Ҳ<0,05). Pajanan risiko tinggi sebesar 0?0,91 mgkg-1hari-1 (HQ 0- 1825,3) dan risiko rendah 0-0,0011 mgkg-1hari-1 (HQ 0-3,29). Pencegahan risiko dengan meningkatkan kondisi, nutrisi dan penggunaan APD.Kesimpulan dan saran penelitian ini rata-rata konsentrasi H2S di atas 0,2 ppm. Karakterisasi risiko pajanan sebagaian besar adalah diatas dosis harian yang aman, untuk itu disarankan meningkatkan kondisi dan tidak sering kontak langsung pada sumber.

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The major impacts of the Torrent of Hot Mud which happened in May 2006 in Sidoarjo are the changes in environment, social and economy. Another impact which has been identified is the increase of odor intensity which is suspected to be originated from an air pollutan H2S. A smelling disorder happened in which the intensity of odor is predicted to have caused the air pollution in areas surrounding the spewing of hot mud in Sidoarjo.Based on the result of the test conducted by Ministry of Environmental (KLH), it is discovered there are a number pollutants the concentration which are above the standard quality of odor and H2S is one of them. H2S gas is a colorless gas with a strong odor similar to the smell of a rotten egg. A high concentration of H2S can react with tears and sweat resulting sulfuric acid and bring about impacts such as eyes and skin irritation. In addition, exposure to H2S with the concentration 0f 0,025?25 ppm in human requires human to use breathing aid. Problem this research is there isn?t environmental pollution for study of health risk mon environment.Based on evaluation result of the acquired data, the topics of the destination in this research are 1) to find out about the concentration of H2S in the affected areas and to find out about the difference of H2S concentration in the areas with a high risk and the areas with a low risk, 2) to find out about perception of community about odor intensity 3) to find out about perception of community about health problems or not and whether there is a difference between concentration of H2S with the distribution 6 health problems and the duration of stay, age, education, income and job, 4) to calculation about the level of exposure from the pollutan indicator H2S, 5) to calculation about the level characterization of risk from the pollutan indicator H2S,6) to choice about alternative prevention and control. The variables of this research are H2S, distance from the center of torrent of the mud to the points of sampling location, the data on the 6 health problems (eyes irritation, headache, dizziness, asphyxia, apnea and hyperpnoea) which the community suffer and the data consisting of duration of stay, age, sex, education, job and income.The data collection is conducted by direct measurement, and interview with a xii questionnaire. The calculation of exposure and risk characterization (hazard quotient (HQ)) is to determine the exposure level of the pollutan H2S. The selection of location for the research is based on the areas affected by purposive sampling. The size of sample is determined by the size of the population and 10% of trust level, and the selection of respondents is based on the simple random.The data analysis is conducted to find out about the significant difference on the fourth problems. Result for this research is concentration of H2S in that location is above the standard quality as established by the decree of Kep-50/MENLH/11/1996 especially for Siring District, perception of community about health problems gotten there is different significant between concentration of H2S with eye irritation, headache, dizziness and hyperpnoea (Ҳ<0,05). Pollution of H2S not influence with losing of job, education and income. Risk assessment with a high risk had intake 0-0,91 mgkg-1day-1(HQ=0-1825,3) and area with a low risk had intake 0,0011 mgkg-1day-1. Average HQ score above from reference concentration. To control effort with wear self protection equipment, masks, glasses and avoiding frequent, direct contacts with the source.Conclusion from this research are 1) The result of the analysis in the location with a low risk shows that the concentration of H2S in that location is above the standard quality as established by the decree of Kep-50/MENLH/11/1996, 2) perception of community in high risk area about smell of odor is seldom (57%) smell (57%) and in the low risk area is often (63%) strong of smell (76%), 3) Pearson Chi square test show there is significant difference in concentration of H2S with 4 health problems are eye irritation, headache, dizziness and hyperpnoea (Ҳ<0,05), 4) The calculation of the exposure score in the area with the highest risk is 0-0,91 mgkg- 1day-1 and in an area with a low risk it is 0, 0011 mgkg-1day-1, 5) the HQ score in a high risk is 0-1825,3 and in a low risk it is 0-3,29. In a high risk environment, it shows that the HQ score is much bigger than the HQ score in a low risk environment, 6) HQ score > 1 shows that there is a risk of health problems in the affected community. For the reason, it is necessary to carry out the alternative control effort both in areas with a high risk and in areas with a low risk with to wear self protection equipment, masks, glasses and avoiding frequent, direct contacts with the source and decides desease vector are to correct environment , quality of drinking and to correct immune of host. From the result and the discussion, the recommendation is: Regulatory of H2S had intake above reference concentration, avoid recommending re-investigate and necessary to integrated study of environment risk assessment."

"ABSTRAKPenghuni di hunian vertikal perkotaan lebih rentan mengalami Building Related Illness karena sistem tata udara Air Conditioning (AC) yang mengalami penyusutan mutu. Ini menyebabkan Kualitas Udara Dalam Ruang (KUDR) di unit hunian perkotaan cenderung lebih buruk daripada hunian horisontal di Jakarta. Tujuan penelitian ini menyusun model dimensi manusia penghuni dan pengelola dengan pengetahuan, persepsi, dan partisipasi untuk mencapai hunian vertikal perkotaan yang sehat dan berkelanjutan dengan KUDR. Metode riset yang digunakan ialah korelasional multivariat dengan analisis PLS-SEM (Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Model) dan mengaplikasikan model dengan ANN-SOM (Artificial Neural Network-Self Organizing Map). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kesatuan dimensi penghuni dan dimensi pengelola yang efektif untuk KUDR adalah dengan konstruk dimensi pengelola sebagai variabel penekan kepada dimensi penghuni yang mempengaruhi KUDR. Kompetensi pengelola sangat mempengaruhi penghuni untuk mengupayakan KUDR dan mendorong perubahan perilaku sehat di hunian vertikal perkotaan. Keselarasan dalam pengetahuan, persepsi, dan partisipasi. Pemenuhan kenyamanan fisik dan psikis penghuni oleh pengelola mempengaruhi perilaku partisipasi dalam kesehatan dan menggerakkan keberlanjutan hunian perkotaan.

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ABSTRACT

Residents in urban vertical housing are more susceptible to Building Related Illness due to the depreciation of air conditioning (AC) systems, causing Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) in urban residential units is worse than in horizontal housing in Jakarta. The purpose of this study is to develop a model of the human dimensions of the residents and the managers with knowledge, perception, and participation to achieve the healthy and sustainable urban vertical housing with the IAQ. The research method is a multivariate correlation, analyze with Partial Least Square-Structural Equation model (PLS-SEM) and application to the model with Artificial Neural Network-Self Organizing Map(ANN-SOM). The result of the study shows the unity of the resident and manager dimensions is effective with the construct of the manager dimensions as the suppressing variable of the resident dimensions that influence IAQ. The manager competency significantly affects the residents to strive for IAQ and encourage healthy behavioral changes in urban vertical housing. The conformity of knowledge, perception, and participation then the fulfillment of the physical and psychological comfort for the residents by the managers influences the behavior of participants in health and drives the sustainability of urban housings."