Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"This book presents a system of critical appraisal applicable to clinical, epidemiological and public health studies and to many other fields. It assumes no prior knowledge. The methods are relevant to students, practitioners and policymakers. The book shows how to assess if the results of one study or of many studies show a causal effect. The book discusses study designs: randomised and non-randomised trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, and surveys, showing the presentation of results including person-time and survival analysis, and issues in the selection of subjects. The system shows how to describe a study, how to detect and assess selection biases, observation bias, confounding, and chance variation, and how to assess internal validity and external validity (generalisability). Statistical methods are presented assuming no previous knowledge, and showing applications to each study design. Positive features of causation including strength, dose-response, and consistency are discussed. The book shows how to do systematic reviews and meta-analyses, and discusses publication bias. Systems of assessing all evidence are shown, leading to a general method of critical appraisal based on 20 key questions in five groups, which can be applied to any type of study or any topic. Six chapters show the application of this method to randomised trials, prospective and retrospective cohort studies, and case-control studies. An appendix summarises key statistical methods, each with a worked example. Each main chapter has self-test questions, with answers provided."

"Summary:Critical appraisal is now accepted as central to the development of rational health care and evidence-based medicine, by applying it to questions of aetiology, clinical therapy, and health care management. The reader will learn how to assess the strengths and weaknesses of new studies, and how to conduct their own studies"

"This is the fifth edition of a very successful textbook on clinical trials methodology, written by recognized leaders who have long and extensive experience in all areas of clinical trials. The three authors of the first four editions have been joined by two others who add great expertise. Most chapters have been revised considerably from the fourth edition. A chapter on regulatory issues has been included and the chapter on data monitoring has been split into two and expanded. Many contemporary clinical trial examples have been added. There is much new material on adverse events, adherence, issues in analysis, electronic data, data sharing, and international trials. This book is intended for the clinical researcher who is interested in designing a clinical trial and developing a protocol. It is also of value to researchers and practitioners who must critically evaluate the literature of published clinical trials and assess the merits of each trial and the implications for the care and treatment of patients. The authors use numerous examples of published clinical trials to illustrate the fundamentals.The text is organized sequentially from defining the question to trial closeout. One chapter is devoted to each of the critical areas to aid the clinical trial researcher. These areas include pre-specifying the scientific questions to be tested and appropriate outcome measures, determining the organizational structure, estimating an adequate sample size, specifying the randomization procedure, implementing the intervention and visit schedules for participant evaluation, establishing an interim data and safety monitoring plan, detailing the final analysis plan, and reporting the trial results according to the pre-specified objectives."

"Mathematical models can be very helpful to understand the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases. This book presents examples of epidemiological models and modeling tools that can assist policymakers to assess and evaluate disease control strategies. Contents: Development and Analysis of Models for Infectious Diseases; Application of Models to Real Disease Data; User-Friendly Modeling Tools for Public Health Policymakers. Readership: Researchers in mathematical biology, mathematical modeling, infectious diseases and complex systems."

"This book places much emphasis on the need to assure relevance by principles-guided objects design for the studies, which now remains conspicuously absent from epidemiologists’ concerns. And as for methods design, this book exposes the fallacies in the still-common ‘cohort’ and ‘case-control’ studies, defines the essentials of all etiogenetic studies, and then addresses the true options for design in this framework of shared essentials."

"Jakarta Selatan bukan merupakan daerah endemis filariasis namun pada tahun 2013 ditemukan delapan kasus baru filariasis sehingga perlu dilakukan pencegahan agar penyakit tersebut tidak meluas. Agar dapat melakukan pencegahan filariasis dengan baik, petugas puskesmas perlu penyuluhan mengenai filariasis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui efektivitas penyuluhan kesehatan mengenai manifestasi klinis filariasis pada petugas puskesmas di Jakarta Selatan. Desain penelitian adalah pre-post study dengan pengambilan data pada 26 Juni 2013 di Kantor Walikota Jakarta Selatan. Semua petugas puskesmas yang hadir dijadikan subyek penelitian dan diminta mengisi kuesioner berisi enam pertanyaan mengenai manifestasi klinis filariasis sebelum dan sesudah penyuluhan. Data diproses dengan SPSS versi 20 dan diuji dengan marginal homogeneity. Terdapat 54 subyek, 24 (50%) laki-laki dan 24 (50%) perempuan. Pada pre-test, jumlah subyek dengan pengetahuan kurang 47 (87%), sedang 6 (11%) dan cukup 1 (1,9%). Setelah post-test, subyek dengan pengetahuan kurang 17 (31,5%), sedang 24 (44,4%) dan cukup 13 (24,1%). Ada perbedaan bermakna pada tingkat pengetahuan sebelum dan sesudah penyuluhan (p<0.001). Disimpulkan penyuluhan efektif dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan petugas puskesmas mengenai manifestasi klinis filariasis.

---

South Jakarta is not a filarias endemic area, however in 2013 there were eight new cases of filarisis being founded. In order for health care personnel to conduct prevention effectively, an education about filariasis needs to be given. The main purpose of this research was to find the effectiveness of health education in increasing the level of knowledge on filariasis clinical manifestations among primary health care workers in South Jakarta. The design of this research was pre-post study with data collection held on 26 June 2013. All attending health personnel during that day were taken as participants. Data collection is conducted via questionnaire with six questions regarding filarial clinical manifestations that wre given before and after health education. The data was then analyzed using SPSS version 20 for Macintosh and tested with marginal homogeneity. The result showed 54 participants, 24 (50%) male and 24 (50%) female. During the pre-test, there were 47 (87%) participants with poor knowledge, 6 (11%) with moderate knowledge and 1 (1.9%) with good knowledge. In post-test, there were 17 (31.5%) participants with poor knowledge, 24 (44%) with moderate knowledge and 13 (24.1%) with good knowledge. Marginal homogeneity test showed that there are significant difference in pre-test and post test. It can be concluded that health education is an effective ways to increase knowledge on filariasis clinical manifestations. "