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"Dengan dinamika pasar negara berkembang, pengambilan keputusan strategis sangat penting untuk menjamin kesuksesan dan keberlanjutan dalam berbisnis. Laporan ini dibuat sebagai analisis komprehensif awal untuk Twiga; sebuah platform berbasis teknologi Kenya yang merevolusi rantai pasokan pertanian. Dalam posisi saat ini, Twiga memiliki kekuatan seperti rantai pasokan yang kuat dan portofolio layanan yang beragam. Namun, kelemahan seperti jangkauan geografis yang terbatas dan ketergantungan pada pendanaan eksternal juga harus dipertimbangkan. Twiga masih memiliki kesempatan unik untuk mengeksplorasi peluang seperti adanya mitra potensial untuk integrasi vertikal dan perluasan pasar. Akan tetapi, masih banyak ancaman yang ditimbulkan oleh persaingan yang ada, gangguan pasokan, variabilitas dari regulasi regional, keterbatasan infrastruktur, maupun faktor- faktor makroekonomi lainnya.Untuk menilai ambisi Twiga dalam ekspansi lintas-regional, laporan ini juga menganalisis lebih lanjut dua pasar potensial, yakni Nigeria dan Afrika Selatan. Dengan menggunakan Porter's Five Forces, Nigeria muncul sebagai pilihan yang lebih menguntungkan. Hal ini disebabkan oleh sistem pertanian yang masih terpecah belah, kehadiran pemain pasar yang terorganisir, hingga kesamaan pasar Nigeria dengan kondisi pasar Kenya pada saat awal Twiga diciptakan. Kemitraan strategis dengan pengecer lokal dan penyedia logistik direkomendasikan sebagai langkah awal, diikuti oleh integrasi vertikal dan distribusi yang efisien. Laporan ini menggarisbawahi perlunya studi kelayakan lanjutan maupun analisis pasar menyeluruh sebelum ekspansi, terkait dengan: infrastruktur, regulasi, budaya, serta akuisisi maupun manajemen sumber daya manusia yang memadai.Ekspansi pasar Twiga ke Nigeria adalah sebuah kesempatan untuk memperkuat kehadiran pasarnya di Afrika. Hal ini dapat dijalankan bersama dengan komitmen Twiga untuk mempertahankan dan meningkatkan mata pencaharian produsen dan pengecer lokal melalui sistem ritel bahan makanan yang terorganisir. Namun, perencanaan yang bijaksana dan lebih lanjut, riset pasar yang lebih mendalam dinilai sangat penting untuk memastikan adanya integrasi yang lancar ke pasar yang terlihat kurang dieksplorasi tersebut.

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Examining the dynamic landscape of emerging markets, business strategic decision-making is crucial for the overarching goal of success and sustainability. This report aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of Twiga; a Kenyan tech-driven platform revolutionizing the agricultural supply chain. Assessing Twiga's current position, we can highlight strengths such as a robust supply chain and diverse service portfolio, while acknowledging weaknesses such as limited geographic reach and reliance on external funding. Opportunities like vertical integration and market expansion can be explored, factoring in the threats posed by existing and future competition, supply disruptions, regulatory variations, infrastructural limitations, and macroeconomic factors.

To assess Twiga's cross-regional expansion ambitions, this report further analyses two potential markets, Nigeria and South Africa, with the help of Porter's Five Forces. Nigeria emerges as the more favourable choice due to its fragmented agricultural landscape, limited presence of organized players, and similarities to Twiga's initial Kenyan market conditions. Strategic partnerships with local retailers and logistics providers are recommended as a preliminary step, further complemented by vertical integration and efficient distribution. The report underscores the need for further feasibility studies and thorough market analysis before expansion, encompassing: infrastructure, regulations, culture, and talent acquisition.

Expanding to Nigeria presents Twiga with a unique opportunity to strengthen its market presence in Africa while maintaining its commitment to improving the livelihoods of local producers and retailers through formalized grocery retailing. However, prudent planning and further, more in-depth market research are imperative for seamless integration into the seemingly under-explored market."

"Model Strategi Kemitraan mengusulkan integrasi antara teori manajemen stratejik dengan kemitraan yang didorong oleh kewirausahaan dalam membangun agribisnis untuk menghasilkan produk yang unggul bersaing sebagai aplikasi dari teori keunggulan bersaing.Model Strategi Kemitraan paling sesuai untuk diterapkan dalam Proposal Kemitraan Agribisnis Jagung Karo karena kepentingan strategis agribisnis jagung, biaya yang dikeluarkan dalam pembentukan kemitraan, ketersediaan sumber daya di pasar, dan daya tarik bisnis jagung bagi para pemasok untuk membuka usaha sendiri juga dinilai dalam tingkatan moderat.Keritraan Agribisnis Jagung Kara sangat sesuai dijadikan pilihan investasi karena: (1) Pasar sedang tumbuh tinggi (10-15%). (2) Hasil keuangan tinggi: tingkat imbalan investasi (ROI) rata-rata 207% per tahun selama lima tahun operasi; jangka waktu pengembalian investasi (PBP) sangat singkat (7 bulan untuk arus kas atau 11,54 bulan untuk iaba bersih); ketahanan tinggi terhadap perubahan harga dan biaya (hingga 40%). (3) layak menurut Metode Tujuan, Manfaat dan Biaya, dan (4) Sumberdaya agribisnis jagung telah tersedia dalam berbagai alternatif.Model Strategi Kemitraan dapat dijadikan alternatif pembangunan pertanian di Indonesia untuk mengubah paradigma status pertanian yang kurang menarik menjadi agribisnis yang primadona untuk karir dan profesi bagi generasi muda dan pada akhimya meningkatkan kesejahteraan rakyat Indonesia, khususnya para petani dan mengangkat status dari negara miskin menjadi negara kaya.

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Strategic Partnering Model proposes integration between strategic management with partnership theory driven by entrepreneurship to establish agribusiness enterprises to produce champions' product in applying competitive advantage strategic theory.

Strategic Partnering Model is the best choice of business processing strategic to execute Karo Corn Agribusiness Partnering in line with strategic interest, cost to establish partnering, availability of productions input, and business attractiveness to supplier consider in moderat level.

Karo Corn Agribusiness Partnering is the best destination of investment due to: (1) high growing market (10-15%), (2) very high return on investment 207% annually average for five years operation, (3) short term pay back period (7 months by cash flow or 11.54 months by net profit), (4) feasible by goal, benefit and cost method assesstment, and (5) supporting by available technology in wide alternatives.

Strategic Partnering Model proposes as effective business processing strategic and powerful) method to change bad image of agriculture to attractive fields of agribusiness for careers and professions for young generations and ultimately increase Indonesia people prosperity, especially for the farmers and shift their status from poor nation to rich nation."

"Keberhasilan program pemberdayaan dan pengembangan usaha agribisnis LM3 dilndikasikan dengan kemandlrlan usaha LM3 yang dlharapkan akan berdampak pada (1) tumbuhnya LM3 sebagai embrio pembentukan inti kawasan agriblsnis; (2) berkembangnya usaha agribisnis dan agrolndustri di sekitar lokasi LM3; (3) terjadinya penlngkatan pendapatan dan kesejahteraan LM3 dan masyarakat sekitamya; serta (4)berfungsl LM3 model sebagai pusat pelatlhan pertanian·pedesaan. Dalam perjalanannya pelaksanaan dan implementasl program pemberdayaan dan pengembangan usaha agribisnis LM3 belum memperilhatkan hasil yang optimal. Kegiatan pembinaan yang dilakukan tidak berkesinambungan serta pembinaan yang dilakukan selama ini masih bersifat parsial dan kurang sinergls. Ketiadaan instrumen sebagal pengukur ttngkat kemandtrian usaha LM3 merupakan salah satu kendala dalam melakukan evaluasi dan analisis terhadap kebljakan dalam penyelenggaraan program tersebut.Tesis ini bertujuan menyusun suatu indeks komposit yang diharapkan btsa menjadi salah satu altematif usulan instrumen pengukur kemandirian usaha LM3 yang selanjutnya dlsebut Indeks Kemandirlan Usaha (IKU) sebagat indikator keberhasilan pemberdayaan dan pengembangan usaha agrlbtsnis LM3. Melalui representast dari indikator-indikator yang membangun indeks tersebut dilakukan ujt coba dan analisis pada empat LM3 yang terpilih."

"Sebagai salah satu negara yang unggul di bidang agroindustri, Indonesia memiliki berbagai macam biomassa yang bermanfaat untuk dikonversi menjadi komoditas bernilai tambah. Jenis biomassa di Indonesia sangat bervariasi, mulai dari kelapa sawit hingga tebu. Namun, industri pengolahan biomassa juga menghasilkan limbah yang mengandung berbagai komposisi selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan lignin tergantung dari jenis biomassanya. Pada penelitian ini, jenis biomassa yang dipilih adalah tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS), brangkasan jagung, dan ampas tebu karena banyak dijumpai di Indonesia. Penelitian ini difokuskan pada simulasi bioproduksi asam ferulat yang merupakan produk hidrolisis hemiselulosa, khususnya arabinoxylan dengan bantuan katalis enzim ferulic acid esterase (FAE). Enzim FAE diproduksi oleh jamur Aspergillus niger CBS 120.49 dalam batch fermentor, dimana biomassa substrat dihidrolisis. Proses ini disimulasikan menggunakan perangkat lunak SuperPro Designer v9.0 dan menggunakan tiga skenario berbeda yang melibatkan TKKS, brangkasan jagung, dan ampas tebu sebagai bahan baku, serta dua sub-skenario di mana biomassa dikeringkan dengan mesin pengering di sub-skenario pertama dan dikeringkan di bawah sinar matahari pada ruang terbuka di sub-skenario kedua. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemanfaatan TKKS yang dikeringkan menggunakan mesin sebagai bahan baku merupakan skenario yang paling menjanjikan dengan rendemen asam ferulat sebesar 26.97% pada konsentrasi 627.76 gram per liter, gross margin sebesar 55.64%, dan pengembalian investasi (ROI) 35,59% serta payback period dalam 2.81 tahun dengan IRR sebesar 26.02% dibandingkan hasil dari skenario lainnya. Oleh karena itu, penggunaan TKKS yang dikeringkan dengan bantuan mesin sebagai substrat menunjukkan hasil terbaik dalam evaluasi dan simulasi secara keseluruhan.

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As one of the leading countries in the agroindustrial sector, Indonesia has a broad range of biomass that are useful to be converted into value-added commodities. The biomass types range from oil palm to sugarcane. However, the agroindustrial processing of biomass also produces waste that contains various compositions of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin depending on the type of biomass. In this study, the chosen types of biomasses are oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB), corn stover, and sugarcane bagasse since they are very common in Indonesia. The research is focused on the bioproduction simulation of ferulic acid, which is a product of hemicellulose, specifically arabinoxylan hydrolysis with the help of ferulic acid esterase (FAE) enzyme catalyst. The enzyme is produced and excreted by Aspergillus niger CBS 120.49 strain in a batch fermenter, where the biomass is being hydrolysed. The process is simulated using SuperPro Designer v9.0 software and employs three different scenarios involving OPEFB, corn stover, and sugarcane bagasse as the raw materials, as well as two sub-scenarios where the biomass is dried with a machine dryer in the first sub-scenario and is dried using open-air sun drying method in the second sub-scenario. The results of this research have shown utilization of machine dried OPEFB as the raw material is the most promising scenario with the ferulic acid yield of 26.97% at a concentration of 627.76 grams per litre, a gross margin of 55.64%, and 35.59% return of investment (ROI) as well as a payback period of 2.81 years at IRR of 26.02% compared to the results from other scenarios. Therefore, the use of OPEFB as the substrate with machine drying method shows the best results in overall assessment and simulation."

"Agrosilvo ekosistem hutan rakyat (HR) adalah bentuk pengelolaan sumber daya alam berkelanjutan dan adaptif terhadap perubahan. Penelitian ini merumuskan model keberlanjutan dan adaptasi pengelolaan agrosilvo ekosistem HR, sebagai dasar konsep strategi pengelolaan lahan kritis DAS serta strategi adaptasi perubahan iklim berbasis ekosistem hutan. Penelitian ini menggunakan tiga tahapan analisis. Pertama, analisis statistik deskriptif untuk menggambarkan karakteristik dan fungsi agrosilvo ekosistem HR. Kedua, Analisis Multi Dimensional Scaling menggunakan aplikasi Rapid Appraisal HR (RAP-HR) untuk mengetahui status dan faktor pengungkit keberlanjutan dan adaptasi pengelolaan HR. Ketiga, analisis prospektif untuk merumuskan model keberlanjutan pengelolaan dan adaptasi agrosilvo ekosistem HR dalam rekayasa skenario masa depan. Karateristik agrosilvo ekosistem HR dicirikan oleh pola penanaman multispecies dan multilayer yang mampu memenuhi fungsi sosial ekonomi dan hidrologis lahan dalam perubahan pola iklim yang terjadi. Karateristik agrosilvo ekosistem HR dibentuk oleh inisiatif adaptasi subsistem sosial. Keberlanjutan dan adaptasi pengelolaan HR pada unit analisis cukup adaptif dan berkelanjutan didukung keberlanjutan variabel perencanaan tanaman, karateristik agrosilvo ekosistem, dan kelembagaan. Variabel pola silvikultur dan pola pemanenan berada dalam status kurang adaptif dan kurang berkelanjutan. Keberhasilan model keberlanjutan dan adaptasi pengelolaan agrosilvo ekosistem HR digerakkan oleh faktor program penguatan kelembagaan dan diungkit oleh faktor aktivitas pengendalian lahan, penetapan jarak tanam, serta stratifikasi tanaman dan kesinambungan produksi yang berlangsung dalan skenario optimistik progresif.

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Agrosilvo ecosystem of privately owned forest (PoF) is a form of sustainable and adaptive natural resource management. This study formulates a model of sustainability and adaptive management of PoF agrosilvo ecosystems, as a basis for formulating the strategic concept of degraded watersheds management and rehabilitation and also forest ecosystem-based climate change adaptation strategies. This study uses three phases of analysis. First, descriptive statistical analysis to describe the characteristics and functions of PoF agrosilvo ecosystem. Secondly, multi dimensional scaling analysis using Rapid Appraisal HR (RAPHR) application to determine the status and leverage factors of sustainability and adaptive management of PoF. Third, prospective analysis to formulate a model of sustainability and adaptive management of agrosilvo ecosystems in engineered future scenarios. Agrosilvo ecosystem of PoF are characterized by multispecies and multilayer planting that is able to meet socio-economic needs and continuously maintain the carrying capacity of land in a changing climate pattern. The characteristic of agrosilvo ecosystem of POF were formed by autonomous adaptation initiatives of social subsystems. The sustainability and adaptation of PoF management on the unit of analysis is quite adaptive and sustainable, which are supported by the sustainability of plants planning, agrosilvo ecosystem characteristics, and institutional variables. Silvicultural pattern and harvesting pattern are less adaptive and less sustainable. The model of sustainability and adaptive management of PoF are driven by institutional strengthening program and supported by land management activities, plant spacing determination, plant stratification, and sustainability of production factors in progressive optimistic future scenario."

"Agricultural material piracy as an illegal and imperialistic act may cause negative impacts such as: (a) violation on a country's sovereignty, (b) negatively affects the economics of local communities, and (c) decrease or even destroy particular species or plant varieties. Such a piracy may be prevented by developing related laws and rules as well as enforcement policy. In a center-periphery relation, the primary problem of Indonesian scientific community lies on weak discursive power and lobbying capability. Furthermore, Indonesia's position on socio-politics, economy and technology is also weak. Some alternatives to prevent biological piracy are developing related laws and rules, applying affirmative policy and social campaign on related action program."

"Setiap manusia berhak untuk mendapatkan akses air minum dan sanitasi layak, karena mempengaruhi aspek kesehatan sampai dengan aspek kesejahteraan. Pemerintah Indonesia melakukan berbagai macam program untuk mencapai target Universal Access (UA), yaitu mencapai 100% akses layak air minum"

"This research is intended to describe the efficiency level of rice agriculture in Central Java. Agribusiness approaches enable to explain the agriculture sector more comprehensively, focusing on agriculture with its backward and forward subsystems. This research employs DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) to compute efficiency level, and covers fourteen districts with land productivity above the province average level. This research finds that only four districts perform efficiency level 100 percent relative to other districts. The solution for this inefficiency problem can be achieved by employing managerial simulation generated by DEA."

"Tobacco is one of the world's important commodities in trading. The main products of tobacco are tobacco leaf and cigarette. Since 2000's world agribusiness of tobacco tended to decrease after experiencing a light growth in few decades. This was indicated by the decreasing growth of harvested area, production and consumption of tobacco leaves and cigarettes. This situation was primarily affected by the increasing public pressure against tobacco, mainly in developed countries, due to health and environmental aspects. developed countries responded the dynamics by the application of a policy to restrict tobacco in their land and move the production to developing countries. Production of tobacco decreased faster than its consumption causing larger gaps between supply and demand of tobacco leaf. On the other hand, the market of tobacco supply and demand grow along with the growth of population triggering the increase of tobacco leaf world price. The potential market would be available in developing countries such as Indonesia, in short and intermediate terms. Indonesia is a potential market for cigarette. This fact is in line with the number of population and its smoking culture. Large cigarette companies and multinational corporations take huge advantages from such promising market in Indonesia. The existence of both could raise investment instead of disadvantaged public and government of Indonesia by causing unexpected negative impacts and social costs. Indonesia should redirect industrial products of tobacco from domestic to export markets. The export potential could be empowered by: (a) strengthening priority on the existing marketable products, (b) prioritize the competitiveness of the Na Oogst (cigars), and (c) shift production of cigarettes from the unfiltered and filtered to the light and ultra light cigarettes and promote the export markets. In a long term, it is necessary to antcipate the decrease of tobacco/cigarettes' demand by introducing alternative high value crops to substitute tobacco. The substitution effort must be supported by all stakeholders at whom the decision makers could guarantee the substitute crops market and price."

"The research aimed to role out the genetic variability and the classification of Java Salacca based on its morphological and molecular characters and to find out the genetic relationship among salacca cultivars that can be selected as parental material for breeding program. The salacca from Manonjaya (West Java), Banjarnegara, Bejalen, Lawu and Saratan (Central Java), Super Pondoh, Black Pondoh, Gading, Kembangarum, Madu and Manggala (Sleman-Yogyakarta) and Suwaru (East Java) were used in our study. Morphological characters and classification analysis by RAPD method with six random primers (OPA-11, OPA-16, OPA-17, OPA-18, OPX-15, OPX-17) were used as classification variable. The genetic variability among cultivars of Java Salacca was presented by the similarity matrixes and dendogram. Based on the morphological classification, the twelve salacca cultivars was divided at four clusters: 1) Manonjaya, Manggala, Suwaru and Kembangarum, 2) Super Pondoh and Black Pondoh, 3) Banjarnegara, Saratan and Bejalen, 4) gading, Madu and Lawu. Based on the molecular-RAPD method, the twelve salacca cultivars was also divided into four clusters but difference member of cultivars: 1) Super Pondoh, Banjarnegara, Black Pondoh, gading, Kembangarum and Suwaru, 2) Bejalen, Saratan and Lawu, 3) madu and Manggala, and 4) Manonjaya. Based on the two classification system used in the study I found the close relationship of Saratan Salacca and Bejalen Salacca from Central Java origin also Super Pondoh Salacca and Black Pondoh Salacca from Sleman-Yogyakarta origin."