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"Today, the air-conditioning and refrigeration industry is still searching for environmentally friendly refrigerants that could replace hazardous, ozone-depleting coolants – refrigerants that behave similarly, if not better, than the present ones. The present study examines optimization of the frictional pressure drop of R22 and R290 using genetic algorithm. Outcomes are compared against the measured pressure drop obtained from a horizontal 7.6 mm channel with a length of 1.07 meters. Three equations have been used for calculating the Darcy friction factor and two-phase flow pressure drop for both laminar and turbulent flow regimes in smooth and rough tubes. The effects of the different correlations for the friction factor and pressure drop utilized are demonstrated. The results illustrate that the differences between values of the Darcy friction factor are very small for the two refrigerants examined, with the frictional pressure of R-290 higher than R-22. Use of a smaller channel induced a much higher frictional pressure drop, as well."

"It is widely use of air-conditioning systems in Thailand due to its location. It is located in a tropical zone with relatively high temperatures all year round, with high humidity and high intensity of sunlight. In order to save electrical energy for air-conditioning systems, preventing heat transfer into the building is required. The objective of this study is to investigate the physical and thermal properties of concrete blocks. An attempt is made to increase heat resistance of concrete blocks. Foam beads (0−0.30% by weight) and kaolin (0−70% by weight) were added in concrete block mixture to increase discontinuous voids in concrete. Compressive strength and water absorption of concrete blocks were tested. The testing results indicated that compressive strength decreased when foam beads and kaolin were added. Water absorption increased when foam beads were added. In contrast, the more kaolin added the less water absorption. The thermal conductivity coefficient of concrete blocks was also investigated. The results confirmed that the higher the amount of foam beads or kaolin added, the higher the thermal resistance of concrete blocks. Thermal time-lag behavior was also investigated. The results indicated that concrete block with kaolin took the longest time in heating and took the shortest time in cooling. These properties are good for heat prevention in hot climate regions. These concrete blocks which were developed and tested in this research conform to the Thai Industrial Standard. Finally, it can be concluded that because of its thermal behavior, concrete block with kaolin is a suitable energy-saving concrete block for hot and humid climates."

"Kualitas udara yang buruk sebagian besar disebabkan oleh emisi gas kendaraan bermotor telah menjadi permasalahan dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Gas karbon monoksida (CO), karbon dioksida (CO2), dan hidrokarbon (HC) menjadi komponen terbesar pada pencemaran udara. Jika terpapar lama oleh gas tersebut dapat menyebabkan dampak buruk bagi kesehatan dan lingkungan. Hal inilah menjadi alasan utama untuk dilakukannya penelitian pembuatan karbon aktif untuk menjerap gas CO, CO2 dan HC. Cangkang kelapa sawit memiliki potensi yang besar dari segi jumlah dan komposisi. Kandung kabon yang dimiliki cangkang kelapa sawit sebesar 49,5% dan kadar ash-nya adalah 0,9%. Sementara, ketersediaannya sebanyak 2.205.970 ton pada tahun 2017. Cangkang kelapa sawit melalui tahap preparasi, karbonisasi, aktivasi, dan impregnasi. Setelah dikeringkan dan direduksi ukurannya, cangkang kelapa sawit direndam pada H3PO4 selama 24 jam dan dilanjutkan dengan karbonisasi pada suhu 350 ºC selama 30 menit. Lalu diaktivasi kimia oleh H3PO4 dengan adanya variasi rasio massa aktivator dan diaktivasi fisika oleh gas N2 pada suhu 600 ºC selama 1 jam di tubular furnace. Karbon aktif dengan karakteristik terbaik dihasilkan oleh aktivasi kimia kedua kali dengan rasio massa 2:1. Bilangan iodin, luas permukaan, dan yield berturut-turt adalah 1164 mg/g, 1158 m2/g, dan 50,3%. Optimisasi penjerapan gas uji dilakukan dengan impregnasi dan memvariasikan persentase loading logam MgO sebesar 0,5%, 1%, dan 2%. Hasil adsorpsi gas uji terbaik ditunjukkan oleh variasi loading 1% dengan persentase adsorpsi CO, CO2, dan HC berturut-turut adalah 72,62%, 70,33%, dan 62,77%. Bilangan iodin dan luas permukaan dari karbon aktif 1% MgO ini adalah 933 mg/g dan 928 m2/g.

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Poor air quality is largely due to motor vehicle emissions have become a problem in peoples lives. Carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrocarbon (HC) gases are the biggest components in air pollution. A high level of exposure to those gasses causes adverse effects on health. This is the main reason for researching the producing of activated carbon to adsorb CO, CO2, and HC gasses. Palm shells have great potential quantity and composition. Carbon content of palm kernel shell is 49.5% and the ash content is 0.9%. While its availability is 2,205,970 tons in 2017. Palm kernel shells through preparation, carbonization, activation, and impregnation. After being dried and reduced in size, the palm shell is immersed in H3PO4 for 24 hours and continued with carbonization at 350 ºC for 30 minutes. Then chemical activated by H3PO4 with activator mass variations and activated physics by N2 gas at 600 ºC for 1 hour in a tubular furnace. Activated carbon with the best characteristics is produced by second chemical activation with a mass ratio of 2:1. The iodine number, surface area, and yield are 1164 mg/g, 1158 m2/g, and 50.3%. Optimization of the gas adsorption is carried out by impregnation and varying the percentage of MgO metal loading by 0.5%, 1%, and 2%. The best gas trial results for variations containing 1% with the percentage of CO, CO2, and HC adsorption contributing to each other were 72.62%, 70.33%, and 62.77%. The iodine number and surface area of 1% MgO activated carbon are 933 mg/g and 928 m2/g"

"Refrigeran pada suatu unit mesin pendingin, dapat diumpamakan sebagai darah pada manusia. Jenis dan jumlah refrigeran yang diberikan pada suatu unit mesin pendingin akan berpengaruh pada kapasitas pendinginan yang akan dihasilkan oleh mesin pendingin tersebut.Penggunaan refrigeran R22 sudah begitu luas penerapannya pada mesin pendingin berkapasitas rendah contohnya pada air conditioner ruangan tipe jendela atau window dan tipe split atau terpisah antara indoor dan out door.Seiring dengan kesadaran manusia akan kondisi lingkungan maka pada jenis-jenis refrigeran yang merusak lingkungan khususnya ozon, mulai dicari alternartif penggantinya. Salah satu refrigeran yang dapat menggantikan refrigeran R22 adalah refrigeran hidrokarbon.Untuk mengetahui seberapa besar kernampuan dari refrigeran hidrokarbon ini untuk menggantikan refrigeran R22, maka kami melakukan pengujian parameter psycrometric dengan pada air conditioner tipe split yang berkapasitas 1.5 kW.

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The Refrigerant in the Refrigeration Machine that its can describe like a blood in human body. The kind and quantity of reirigerant which its give in refrigeration machine can influence of the cooling capacity which its can produce by refrigeration machine.

The refrigerant R22 have been using in low capacity of refrigeration machine on longtime, for example in the room air conditioner window type and split type.

When the human starting to care with good environment condition, they know that refrigerant R22 have not good influence at the ozon, because they can damage on the ozon surface and area. So, we looking for alternative change of refrigerant R22 to the other. And we find refrigerant hydrocarbon have same properties that its can change refrigerant R22.

We necessary to test refrigerant hydrocarbon with the psycrometric test room that to know the cooling capacity of these refrigerant to change refrigerant R22."

"Textile ducting merupakan saluran udara yang menggunakan material lain selain metal atau logam. Biasanya terbuat bahan tekstil seperti katun atau polyester. Kelebihan textile ducting yaitu pada sistem outlet yang tidak membutuhkan diffuser seperti ducting berbahan metal. Sistem outlet pada textile ducting terdapat di sepanjang permukaan ducting sehingga distribusi udara dalam ruangan merata dan dapat menyaring debu yang berada di dalam aliran udara serta tersedia dalam berbagai pilihan warna menarik. Selain itu, Textile Ducting juga berfungsi sebagai penyaring udara. Penelitian ini menggunakan Textile ducting jenis orifis berbahan polyester. Bahan polyester dipilih karena mudah diperoleh dan memiliki tenunan yang lebih rapat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan karakteristik tekanan statis dan air friction chart dari ducting tersebut dan membandingkannya dengan air friction chart konvensional. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen untuk mengambil data kemudian dilakukan analisa matematika untuk mendapatkan Air friction chart. Kemudian dibandingkan dengan air friction chart konvensional yang didapat dari literatur. Ternyata terdapat perbedaan yang cukup berarti dalam hal bentuk kurva yang didapatkan antara air friction chart konvensional dan air friction chart yang didapat dari analisa matematik. Hal ini disebabkan perbedaan rumus yang digunakan dalam perhitungan pressure loss.

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Textile ducting is an air duct system using material beside metal. Generally it is made from textile materials such as cotton or polyester. The advantages of this textile ducting are at the outlet system which is not need diffuser such as metal ducting. The outlet system in textile ducting is located along the surface of the ducting, thus the air distribution inside the room be spread evenly, filter dust inside air stream and available in various choices of attractive colors. Beside that, textile ducting also have function as air filter. This research uses orifice textile ducting made from polyester. Polyester is chosen because it is easy to get and the fabric of polyester is denser. The objective of this research is to know the characteristics of static pressure and air friction chart from the ducting then comparing it with conventional air friction chart. The method used to collect data is experimental method which is then analyzed mathematically to get air friction chart. Then the experimental air friction chart is compared with conventional air friction chart gotten from literature. In fact there is a fair different in the curve shape between conventional air friction chart and experimental air friction chart. This is caused by the difference of formula used in calculation of pressure loss."

"Due to certain advantages, natural refrigerants have recently become more popular. Environmental issues motivate this study, focused on the characteristics of propane (R-290) as a replacement for conventional refrigerants. The aim of the present research is to characterize the pressure drop of evaporative R-290 in a microchannel of 500µm diameter and 0.5 m length. The variables of the experimental conditions are mass flux between 155 and 1071 kg/m2s and vapor quality between 0 and unity. The results show a laminar flow for liquid R-290 and a turbulence flow for vapor. Some existing correlations of two-phase flow viscosity were used to predict the pressure drop. For homogeneous model, Dukler et al.’s (1964) prediction viscosity correlation best predicted the present experimental pressure drop."

"Dampak penting dari semburan Lumpur panas adalah pencemaran lingkungan salah satunya adalah kenaikan intensitas bau. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui konsentrasi H2S, persepsi masyarakat tentang gangguan kesehatan dari H2S, menghitung perkiraan risiko dan pencegahannya. Variabel penelitian adalah konsentrasi H2S, persepsi tentang gangguan kesehatan (iritasi mata, sakit kepala, dizzines, hyperpnoea, apnoea, asphyxia).Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan pengukuran langsung dan kuesioner. Pemilihan lokasi adalah purposive dan responden dengan simple random. Hasil dan pembahasan dari penelitian ini adalah konsentrasi H2S diatas bakumutu Kep-50/MENLH/11/1996. Uji Pearson Chi Square adalah Ҳ<0,05 antara konsentrasi H2S dengan iritasi mata, sakit kepala, dizzines dan hyperpnoea (Ҳ<0,05). Pajanan risiko tinggi sebesar 0?0,91 mgkg-1hari-1 (HQ 0- 1825,3) dan risiko rendah 0-0,0011 mgkg-1hari-1 (HQ 0-3,29). Pencegahan risiko dengan meningkatkan kondisi, nutrisi dan penggunaan APD.Kesimpulan dan saran penelitian ini rata-rata konsentrasi H2S di atas 0,2 ppm. Karakterisasi risiko pajanan sebagaian besar adalah diatas dosis harian yang aman, untuk itu disarankan meningkatkan kondisi dan tidak sering kontak langsung pada sumber.

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The major impacts of the Torrent of Hot Mud which happened in May 2006 in Sidoarjo are the changes in environment, social and economy. Another impact which has been identified is the increase of odor intensity which is suspected to be originated from an air pollutan H2S. A smelling disorder happened in which the intensity of odor is predicted to have caused the air pollution in areas surrounding the spewing of hot mud in Sidoarjo.Based on the result of the test conducted by Ministry of Environmental (KLH), it is discovered there are a number pollutants the concentration which are above the standard quality of odor and H2S is one of them. H2S gas is a colorless gas with a strong odor similar to the smell of a rotten egg. A high concentration of H2S can react with tears and sweat resulting sulfuric acid and bring about impacts such as eyes and skin irritation. In addition, exposure to H2S with the concentration 0f 0,025?25 ppm in human requires human to use breathing aid. Problem this research is there isn?t environmental pollution for study of health risk mon environment.Based on evaluation result of the acquired data, the topics of the destination in this research are 1) to find out about the concentration of H2S in the affected areas and to find out about the difference of H2S concentration in the areas with a high risk and the areas with a low risk, 2) to find out about perception of community about odor intensity 3) to find out about perception of community about health problems or not and whether there is a difference between concentration of H2S with the distribution 6 health problems and the duration of stay, age, education, income and job, 4) to calculation about the level of exposure from the pollutan indicator H2S, 5) to calculation about the level characterization of risk from the pollutan indicator H2S,6) to choice about alternative prevention and control. The variables of this research are H2S, distance from the center of torrent of the mud to the points of sampling location, the data on the 6 health problems (eyes irritation, headache, dizziness, asphyxia, apnea and hyperpnoea) which the community suffer and the data consisting of duration of stay, age, sex, education, job and income.The data collection is conducted by direct measurement, and interview with a xii questionnaire. The calculation of exposure and risk characterization (hazard quotient (HQ)) is to determine the exposure level of the pollutan H2S. The selection of location for the research is based on the areas affected by purposive sampling. The size of sample is determined by the size of the population and 10% of trust level, and the selection of respondents is based on the simple random.The data analysis is conducted to find out about the significant difference on the fourth problems. Result for this research is concentration of H2S in that location is above the standard quality as established by the decree of Kep-50/MENLH/11/1996 especially for Siring District, perception of community about health problems gotten there is different significant between concentration of H2S with eye irritation, headache, dizziness and hyperpnoea (Ҳ<0,05). Pollution of H2S not influence with losing of job, education and income. Risk assessment with a high risk had intake 0-0,91 mgkg-1day-1(HQ=0-1825,3) and area with a low risk had intake 0,0011 mgkg-1day-1. Average HQ score above from reference concentration. To control effort with wear self protection equipment, masks, glasses and avoiding frequent, direct contacts with the source.Conclusion from this research are 1) The result of the analysis in the location with a low risk shows that the concentration of H2S in that location is above the standard quality as established by the decree of Kep-50/MENLH/11/1996, 2) perception of community in high risk area about smell of odor is seldom (57%) smell (57%) and in the low risk area is often (63%) strong of smell (76%), 3) Pearson Chi square test show there is significant difference in concentration of H2S with 4 health problems are eye irritation, headache, dizziness and hyperpnoea (Ҳ<0,05), 4) The calculation of the exposure score in the area with the highest risk is 0-0,91 mgkg- 1day-1 and in an area with a low risk it is 0, 0011 mgkg-1day-1, 5) the HQ score in a high risk is 0-1825,3 and in a low risk it is 0-3,29. In a high risk environment, it shows that the HQ score is much bigger than the HQ score in a low risk environment, 6) HQ score > 1 shows that there is a risk of health problems in the affected community. For the reason, it is necessary to carry out the alternative control effort both in areas with a high risk and in areas with a low risk with to wear self protection equipment, masks, glasses and avoiding frequent, direct contacts with the source and decides desease vector are to correct environment , quality of drinking and to correct immune of host. From the result and the discussion, the recommendation is: Regulatory of H2S had intake above reference concentration, avoid recommending re-investigate and necessary to integrated study of environment risk assessment."

"ABSTRAKPenghuni di hunian vertikal perkotaan lebih rentan mengalami Building Related Illness karena sistem tata udara Air Conditioning (AC) yang mengalami penyusutan mutu. Ini menyebabkan Kualitas Udara Dalam Ruang (KUDR) di unit hunian perkotaan cenderung lebih buruk daripada hunian horisontal di Jakarta. Tujuan penelitian ini menyusun model dimensi manusia penghuni dan pengelola dengan pengetahuan, persepsi, dan partisipasi untuk mencapai hunian vertikal perkotaan yang sehat dan berkelanjutan dengan KUDR. Metode riset yang digunakan ialah korelasional multivariat dengan analisis PLS-SEM (Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Model) dan mengaplikasikan model dengan ANN-SOM (Artificial Neural Network-Self Organizing Map). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kesatuan dimensi penghuni dan dimensi pengelola yang efektif untuk KUDR adalah dengan konstruk dimensi pengelola sebagai variabel penekan kepada dimensi penghuni yang mempengaruhi KUDR. Kompetensi pengelola sangat mempengaruhi penghuni untuk mengupayakan KUDR dan mendorong perubahan perilaku sehat di hunian vertikal perkotaan. Keselarasan dalam pengetahuan, persepsi, dan partisipasi. Pemenuhan kenyamanan fisik dan psikis penghuni oleh pengelola mempengaruhi perilaku partisipasi dalam kesehatan dan menggerakkan keberlanjutan hunian perkotaan.

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ABSTRACT

Residents in urban vertical housing are more susceptible to Building Related Illness due to the depreciation of air conditioning (AC) systems, causing Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) in urban residential units is worse than in horizontal housing in Jakarta. The purpose of this study is to develop a model of the human dimensions of the residents and the managers with knowledge, perception, and participation to achieve the healthy and sustainable urban vertical housing with the IAQ. The research method is a multivariate correlation, analyze with Partial Least Square-Structural Equation model (PLS-SEM) and application to the model with Artificial Neural Network-Self Organizing Map(ANN-SOM). The result of the study shows the unity of the resident and manager dimensions is effective with the construct of the manager dimensions as the suppressing variable of the resident dimensions that influence IAQ. The manager competency significantly affects the residents to strive for IAQ and encourage healthy behavioral changes in urban vertical housing. The conformity of knowledge, perception, and participation then the fulfillment of the physical and psychological comfort for the residents by the managers influences the behavior of participants in health and drives the sustainability of urban housings."

"DKI Jakarta adalah salah satu- :'kota Yang mengalami masalah pencemaranudara. Yang cukup serius, di antaranya terdapat pencemaran debu pada tingkatYang cukup tinggi (persentase hari melebihi baku mutu 20-60 %). Sejauh iniinformasi kualitas udara Yang disajikan hanya berupa angka dan tabel,schingga. fenomena. kuahtas udara secara spasial belum terungkap denganjelas. Penehtian ini ber-usaha mengungkapkan adanya variasi pola persebaranpolutan S02, NO., dan SPMo antar periode musim Yang memiliki perbedaanrata-rata jumlah dan fluktuasi curah hujan Yang berperan sebagal faktorpencuci (dilution) polutan, dengan menyertakan faktor angin dan persebaranbangunan tin.zRi di DKI Jakarta sebagai faktor kontrol.Masalah Yang diajukan adalah: Bagaimana kaitan musim terhadap polapersebaran kualitas udara di DIC Jakarta pada tahun 1997? Untuk menjaxvabmasalah tersebut dilakukan pembagian periode musim selama tah, un 1997berdasarkan rata-ratajumlah dan fluktuasi curah huian per dasarian, sehinggadiperolch periode akhir musim hujan - awal musim kema -rau (Januari dasarian,III - April dasaria-n 11), periode puncak musim kemarau (April dasarian III -November dasarian 11), dan periode akhir m usim kemarau - awal. musim hujan,(November dasarian III - Desember dasarian 11). Selanjutnya dibuat petaisopleth tiap jenis polutan per periode musim dengan mempertimbangkanfaktor angin dan sebaran bangunan tinggi. Kemudian dilakukan ouerlay antar peta isopleth tiap jenis polutan, schingga diperoleh persebaran kualitas udara.untuk tiap periode musim.Penclitian ini menunjukkan adanya kaitan erat antara periode musim dengan.variasi persebaran kuahtas udara di DKI Jakarta selama tahun 1 ,997. Polutan.udara NOx, S02, dan SPMjo cender-ung mengalami peningkatan kadarnya padapuncak musim kemarau dengan jenis polutan SPMio secara umum memilikinilai kadar tertinggi dan polutan S02 relatif memiliki kadar terenclah. Untukperiode akhir musim hujan - awal musim kemarau di DKI Jakarta terdapatkelas kualitas udara SEHAT, CUKUP SEHAT, dan TIDAK SEHAT. Selanjutnyaselama periode puncak musim kemarau meh-puti kualitas udara TIDAK SEHATdan. SANGAT TIDAK SEHAT. Sedangkan pada periode akhir musim kemarau -awal musim huian meliputi kuahtas udara CUKUP SEHAT dan. TIDAK SERAT.Secara umum dapat dilihat bahwa kualitas udara pada periode puncak musimkemarau adalah paling buruk (sangat tidak schat) bila dibandingkan. dengan.kedua periode lainnya. Selain itu hampir seluruh wilayah Jakarta Pusat danAncol di Jakarta Utara selalu mengalami kualitas udara paling buruk biladibandingkan dengan wilayah lainnya. Sedangkan kualitas udara terbaik(sehat) terdapat pada periode ak-hir musim hujan - awal musim kemarau diwilayah Pondok Gede di Jakarta Timur hingga ,Cipedak Jakarta Selatan. ke arahSelatan."

"Kualitas udara pada ruang rawat inap merupakan poin penting yang perlu diperhatikan untuk menghindari risiko dan gangguan kesehatan yang dapat tersebar melalui udara. Indikator bioaerosol dalam ruangan yang dipakai adalah bakteri dan jamur. Alat yang digunakan untuk pengambilan sampel bakteri dan jamur pada Gedung A RSCM adalah EMS dan media kultur TSA serta MEA. Sampel bakteri diinkubasi pada suhu ±37oC selama ±24 jam, sedangkan jamur diinkubasi pada suhu ±27oC selama ±48 jam. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan konsentrasi bakteri dan jamur pada ruang perawatan kelas 1, VIP, dan VVIP dan menganalisis faktor lingkungan yang dapat mempengaruhi keberadaan bioaerosol dalam ruangan. Dari penelitian yang telah dilakukan, hasil uji perbedaan konsentrasi bakteri pada ruang rawat inap yang diperoleh adalah 0,02 dengan tingkat signifikansi (α) 0,05 dengan menggunakan uji Kruskal-Wallis, sedangkan untuk jamur sebesar 0,002. Sehingga ada perbedaan konsentrasi bakteri dan jamur pada ruang perawatan kelas 1, VIP, dan VVIP. Suhu dan kelembaban diketahui sebagian besar tidak memiliki hubungan dengan kualitas bioaerosol dalam ruang rawat inap. Hasil uji korelasi Spearman untuk suhu dan bakteri adalah 0,085; 0,567; 0,000, sedangkan untuk suhu dan jamur adalah 0,058; 0,168; 0,05. Uji korelasi Spearman untuk kelembaban dan bakteri 0,095; 0,688; 0,320, sedangkan untuk kelembaban dan jamur adalah 0,399; 0,008; 0,920. Dari data tersebut dapat dijelaskan bahwa pada beberapa ruangan rawat inap tidak ada hubungan antara faktor lingkungan dengan konsentrasi bakteri dan jamur.

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Air quality in the patient room is an notable point that need to be considered to avoid risk and some health problems that can be spread through the air. Bioaerosol indicator for indoor air pollutants are bacteria and fungi. Air samples were taken by EMS with TSA and MEA culture media. This research was taken in Gedung A RSCM. Bacteria sampel would be incubated at 37oC for 24 hours, while fungi would be incubated at ±27oC for ±48 hours. This research wanted to know the difference between bacteria and fungi concentration at kelas 1, VIP, and VVIP inpatient rooms. The results showed that there is a difference of bacteria and jamur concentration between the class of inpatient rooms, because the level significant of Kruskal-Wallis (α = 0,05) for bacteria concentration is 0,02 and 0,002 for fungi concentration. Temperature and humidity mainly did not have any specific relation with bioaerosol quality in inpatient rooms. The results for Spearman’s corelation for humidity and bacteria are 0,085; 0,567; 0,000. Meanwhile, for temperature and bacteria area 0,095; 0,688; 0,320 and for humidity and fungi are 0,399; 0,008; 0,920. From those data known that some of the inpatient rooms were not had relation between environment factors with bacteria and fungi concentration."