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"Karbon di Indonesia semakin meningkat setiap tahunnya, hal ini memberikan dampak buruk bagi kehidupan manusia. Salah satu langkah untuk mengurangi CO2 di alam adalah dengan meningkatkan jumlah penyerapan CO2, dan hutan mangrove merupakan salah satu tempat penyimpanan CO2 di bumi. Mangrove dapat menyerap CO2 di tegakan mangrove, sedimen, dan fauna mangrove seperti T. palustris. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis perbandingan simpanan karbon T. palustris dan sedimen serta pengaruh pH, salinitas, dan suhu terhadap jumlah karbon yang dapat disimpan oleh T. palustris di Pulau Rambut, DKI Jakarta pada tahun 2022 dan 2023. Sampel diambil dari 4 stasiun, lalu sampel cangkang dan tubuh T. palustris dipisahkan. Siput dan sedimen dikeringkan di oven, kemudian ditumbuk menggunakan alu mortar. Sedimen disaring menggunakan sieve net. Cangkang diberi larutan HCl 1N, tubuh dan sedimen di furnace. Perhitungan nilai karbon dihitung menggunakan rumus dari masing-masing sampel. Data yang diperoleh dihitung nilai korelasi dan uji-T dengan menggunakan SPSS. Hasil Rata-rata karbon tahun 2022 untuk cangkang T. palustris adalah 10,559 ± 0,201, tubuh T. palustris 26,019 ± 2,697, sedimen 148,185 ± 11, 683. Tahun 2023 rata-rata karbon untuk cangkang T. palustris adalah 10,398 ± 0,588, tubuh T. palustris 22,162 ± 1,838, dan sedimen 143,671 ± 11, 442. Korelasi antara cangkang dan tubuh T. palustris, dan T. palustris terhadap sedimen dapat dikatakan tidak memiliki korelasi, terdapat korelasi negatif di cangkang dan tubuh T. palustris tahun 2023, dan hasil perbandingan yang diperoleh pada tahun 2022 dan 2023 untuk cangkang, tubuh, dan sedimen menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan.

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Carbon in Indonesia is increasing every year, this has a negative impact on human life. One of the steps to reduce CO2 in nature is to increase the amount of CO2 absorption, and mangrove forests are one of the CO2 storage places on earth. Mangroves can absorb CO2 in mangrove stands, sediments, and mangrove fauna such as T. palustris. This study aims to determine and analyze the comparison of T. palustris and sediment carbon storage and the influence of pH, salinity, and temperature on the amount of carbon that can be stored by T. palustris on Rambut Island, DKI Jakarta in 2022 and 2023. Samples were taken from 4 stations, then the shell and body samples of T. palustris were separated. The snails and sediments were oven dried, then crushed using a mortar and pestle. Sediment was filtered using a sieve. The shell was given a 1N HCl solution, the body and sediment in the furnace. Calculation of carbon value was calculated using the formula of each sample. The data obtained were calculated the correlation value and T-test used SPSS. Average carbon results in 2022 for T. palustris shells amounted to 10.559 ± 0.201, T. palustris body 26.019 ± 2.697, sediment 148.185 ± 11.683. In 2023 the average carbon for T. palustris shell was 10.398 ± 0.588, T. palustris body 22.162 ± 1.838, and sediment 143.671 ± 11.442. The correlation between T. palustris shell and body, and T. palustris with sediment can be said to have no correlation, there is a negative correlation in T. palustris shell and body in 2023, and the comparison results obtained in 2022 and 2023 for shell, body, and sediment show no significant difference."

"Mangrove memiliki kemampuan menyimpan dan menyerap karbon dalam biomassa hidup maupun mati, dan sedimen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besarnya produktivitas serasah, besar serasah yang dilepas ke perairan, laju dekomposisi serasah, potensi karbon yang dapat diserap dan disimpan oleh hutan mangrove Pulau Rambut. Penelitian dilakukan dari bulan September-November 2020 dan Maret-Juni 2021. Metode pengambilan data terkait komposisi vegetasi dan stok karbon menggunakan purposive sampling dan dihitung dengan persamaan allometrik. Produktivitas serasah dan laju dekomposisi diukur selama 42 hari dengan pengamatan setiap 2 minggu sekali. Serasah yang dilepas ke perairan diukur dengan menyaring serasah ketika air laut surut. Karbon pada sedimen diukur dengan mengambil sedimen pada kedalaman 0—30 cm. Vegetasi pohon dan pancang didominasi oleh Rhizophora mucronata dan semai oleh Excoecaria agallocha. Stok karbon dan serapan karbon pada hutan mangrove Pulau Rambut sebesar 278,60 ton/ha dan 951,41 ton/ha. Stok karbon pada sedimen sebesar 19,36 ton/ha. Besarnya produktivitas serasah dan potensi karbonnya sebesar 2,741 g/m2/hari dan 9,72 g/m2/hari. Laju dekomposisi paling cepat diraih oleh Rhizophora mucronata yaitu 0,191 g/hari. Besar serasah yang dilepas ke perairan adalah 21,27 g/m3/hari dengan kandungan karbon sebesar 50,82%.

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Mangroves have the ability to store and absorb carbon in living and dead biomass, and sediments. This study aims to determine the amount of litter productivity, the amount of litter released into the waters, the rate of litter decomposition, the potential for carbon that can be absorbed and stored by the Rambut Island mangrove forest. The research was conducted from September-November 2020 and March-June 2021. Methods of collecting data related to the composition of vegetation and carbon stock using purposive sampling and calculated by allometric equations. Litter productivity and decomposition rate were measured for 42 days with observations every 2 weeks. Litter released into the waters is measured by filtering litter when the sea water recedes. Carbon in the sediment was measured by taking sediment at a depth of 0-30 cm. Tree vegetation and saplings were dominated by Rhizophora mucronata and seedlings by Excoecaria agallocha. Carbon stock and carbon sequestration in Rambut Island mangrove forest were 278.60 tons/ha and 951.41 tons/ha, respectively. Carbon stock in sediment is 19.36 ton/ha. The amount of litter productivity and carbon potential are 2.741 g/m2/day and 9.72 g/m2/day. The fastest decomposition rate was achieved by Rhizophora mucronata, which was 0.191 g/day. The amount of litter released into the waters is 21.27 g/m3/day with a carbon content of 50.82%."

"Increased plastic waste in the environment, particularly in the mangrove forest of Pulau Rambut, Jakarta Bay, has the potential to affect the abundance of microplastics in the surrounding waters. Microplastics, which are very small in size (<5mm), can be accidentally ingested by marine organisms such as Terebralia palustris and have negative effects on marine life, the environment, and humans. This study aims to analyze the comparison of microplastic abundance in T.palustris and sediment in the mangrove forest of Pulau Rambut, Jakarta Bay, in 2022 and 2023, as well as to determine the correlation between microplastic abundance in T.palustris and sediment. Twenty samples of T.palustris and sediment were collected at four stations in 2022 and 2023. The body tissue of T.palustris was separated from its shell, then dissolved with HNO3 and added to saturated NaCl. Sediment samples were dissolved with saturated NaCl. Microplastic abundance was observed and calculated using a Sedgwick Rafter Chamber under a microscope. Four forms of microplastics were observed in the T. palustris and sediment samples, namely fibers, fragments, films, and granules. The results showed an increase in microplastic abundance from 2022 to 2023. In 2022, the microplastic abundance was 363,592 ± 11,511 particles/g in T. palustris and 66,69 ± 7,638 particles/g in sediment, while in 2023, it reached 406,574 ± 6,154 particles/g in T. palustris and 79,7 ± 12,992 particles/g in sediment. From 2022 to 2023, the abundance of microplastic in T.palustris (particle/g) increased by 5%, T.palustris (particle/individual) increased by 37%, and sediment by 19%. There is a positive correlation between the microplastic abundance of T.palustris and sediment, with value of 0,768 obtained from the Spearman correlation test.Increased plastic waste in the environment, particularly in the mangrove forest of Pulau Rambut, Jakarta Bay, has the potential to affect the abundance of microplastics in the surrounding waters. Microplastics, which are very small in size (<5mm), can be accidentally ingested by marine organisms such as Terebralia palustris and have negative effects on marine life, the environment, and humans. This study aims to analyze the comparison of microplastic abundance in T.palustris and sediment in the mangrove forest of Pulau Rambut, Jakarta Bay, in 2022 and 2023, as well as to determine the correlation between microplastic abundance in T.palustris and sediment. Twenty samples of T.palustris and sediment were collected at four stations in 2022 and 2023. The body tissue of T.palustris was separated from its shell, then dissolved with HNO3 and added to saturated NaCl. Sediment samples were dissolved with saturated NaCl. Microplastic abundance was observed and calculated using a Sedgwick Rafter Chamber under a microscope. Four forms of microplastics were observed in the T. palustris and sediment samples, namely fibers, fragments, films, and granules. The results showed an increase in microplastic abundance from 2022 to 2023. In 2022, the microplastic abundance was 363,592 ± 11,511 particles/g in T. palustris and 66,69 ± 7,638 particles/g in sediment, while in 2023, it reached 406,574 ± 6,154 particles/g in T. palustris and 79,7 ± 12,992 particles/g in sediment. From 2022 to 2023, the abundance of microplastic in T.palustris (particle/g) increased by 5%, T.palustris (particle/individual) increased by 37%, and sediment by 19%. There is a positive correlation between the microplastic abundance of T.palustris and sediment, with value of 0,768 obtained from the Spearman correlation test.

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Increased plastic waste in the environment, particularly in the mangrove forest of Pulau Rambut, Jakarta Bay, has the potential to affect the abundance of microplastics in the surrounding waters. Microplastics, which are very small in size (<5mm), can be accidentally ingested by marine organisms such as Terebralia palustris and have negative effects on marine life, the environment, and humans. This study aims to analyze the comparison of microplastic abundance in T.palustris and sediment in the mangrove forest of Pulau Rambut, Jakarta Bay, in 2022 and 2023, as well as to determine the correlation between microplastic abundance in T.palustris and sediment. Twenty samples of T.palustris and sediment were collected at four stations in 2022 and 2023. The body tissue of T.palustris was separated from its shell, then dissolved with HNO3 and added to saturated NaCl. Sediment samples were dissolved with saturated NaCl. Microplastic abundance was observed and calculated using a Sedgwick Rafter Chamber under a microscope. Four forms of microplastics were observed in the T. palustris and sediment samples, namely fibers, fragments, films, and granules. The results showed an increase in microplastic abundance from 2022 to 2023. In 2022, the microplastic abundance was 363,592 ± 11,511 particles/g in T. palustris and 66,69 ± 7,638 particles/g in sediment, while in 2023, it reached 406,574 ± 6,154 particles/g in T. palustris and 79,7 ± 12,992 particles/g in sediment. From 2022 to 2023, the abundance of microplastic in T.palustris (particle/g) increased by 5%, T.palustris (particle/individual) increased by 37%, and sediment by 19%. There is a positive correlation between the microplastic abundance of T.palustris and sediment, with value of 0,768 obtained from the Spearman correlation test."

"Pemanasan global dapat berasal dari gas rumah kaca, salah satunya adalah emisi karbon. DKI Jakarta menjadi salah satu wilayah di Indonesia yang memberikan dampak besar dalam peningkatan emisi karbon. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui potensi serapan dan cadangan karbon biomassa dan sedimen mangrove, pengaruh faktor lingkungan dan INP terhadap cadangan karbon mangrove, serta menganalisis spesies mangrove yang memiliki cadangan karbon tertinggi pada Pulau Rambut. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan metode purposive sampling untuk data vegetasi mangrove, cadangan karbon biomassa menggunakan DBH, dan cadangan karbon sedimen menggunakan metode pengambilan sampel tanah di kedalaman 0—30 cm. Cadangan karbon yang didapat akan dianalisis melalui analisis Spearman untuk melihat pengaruh dari faktor lingkungan dan INP. Potensi serapan dan cadangan karbon biomasa yang yang didapatkan masing-masing sebesar 14.233 ton/ha dan 3.878 ton/ha, sedangkan pada sedimen cadangan karbon dapat mencapai 14.929 ton/ha. Spesies mangrove yang teranalisis memiliki serapan dan cadangan karbon tertinggi adalah Rhizophora mucronata. Pengaruh cadangan karbon terhadap faktor lingkungan dan INP yaitu cadangan karbon tidak berkorelasi signifikan terhadap faktor lingkungan, namun berkorelasi signifikan terhadap INP pada setiap spesies mangrove.

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Global warming can come from greenhouse gases, one of which is carbon emissions. DKI Jakarta is one of the areas in Indonesia that has a big impact on increasing carbon emissions. The purpose of this study was to determine the absorption potential and carbon stocks of mangrove biomass and sediments, the influence of environmental factors and INP on mangrove carbon stocks, and to analyze the mangrove species that have the highest carbon stocks on Pulau Rambut. Data collection was carried out using a purposive sampling method for mangrove vegetation data, biomass carbon stocks using DBH, and sediment carbon stocks using soil sampling methods at a depth of 0–30 cm. The carbon stocks obtained will be analyzed through Spearman analysis to see the influence of environmental factors and INP. The potential absorption and carbon stocks of the biomass obtained are 14.233 tons/ha and 3.878 tons/ha, respectively, while in sediments the carbon stocks can reach 14.929 tons/ha. The mangrove species analyzed with the highest carbon absorption and stock was Rhizophora mucronata. The effect of carbon stocks on environmental factors and INP is that carbon stocks do not have a significant correlation with environmental factors, but are significantly correlated with INP in each mangrove species."

"Mitigasi perubahan iklim terkait dengan pengelolaan hutan mangrove telah mendapat perhatian yang signifikan di dunia internasional selama dekade terakhir namun mengalami kesulitan akibat kurangnya data yang dapat diandalkan untuk melakukan kuantifikasi seberapa banyak kandungan karbon yang ada. Hutan mangrove di Provinsi Bali terbagi menjadi 3 jenis habitat yaitu teluk terbuka yang terletak di Taman Nasional Bali Barat, teluk semi tertutup yang berada di Tahura Ngurah Rai dan pulau kecil yang berada di Hutan Lindung Nusa Lembongan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara kandungan karbon hutan mangrove dengan tipe dan morfologi habitat hutan mangrove yang berbeda. Perhitungan biomassa dilakukan dengan menggunakan rumus alometrik namun persamaan alometrik yang sama dapat menghasilkan akurasi yang berbeda pada lokasi habitat yang berbeda. Perhitungan kandungan karbon hutan mangrove untuk tipe habitat teluk semi tertutup memiliki nilai estimasi tertinggi yaitu 51,35 ton/ha dengan pola hubungan positif sebesar 60%, sedangkan nilai estimasi karbon terendah berada pada habitat teluk terbuka sebesar 26,28 ton/ha dengan pola hubungan positif sebesar 48%. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa setiap tipe habitat hutan mangrove memiliki karakteristiknya sendiri terhadap ekosistem yang hidup di wilayahnya dan hal ini berpengaruh terhadap nilai karbon yang dikandungnya.

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Climate change mitigation regarding mangrove forest management has received significantly in international attention over the past decade, but it is lack of reliable data to quantify how much carbon stock is available. The mangrove forest in Bali Province is divided into three habitat types such as open bay beach located in West Bali National Park, semi closed bay beach located in Tahura Ngurah Rai and small island beach located in protected forest of Nusa Lembongan. The research aim is to analyze the relationship between carbon stock characteristics of mangrove forest with the different type and morphology of mangrove forest habitat. Biomass calculations was carried out using the allometric formula, however the similar allometric equations can produce different accuracy at different locations. The calculation of mangrove forest carbon stock for semi closed bay beach habitat has the highest estimation value of 51.35 tons/ha with a positive relationship pattern of 60%, in the other hand, the lowest carbon stock value is in open bay beach is 26.28 tons/ha with positive pattern of relation equal to 48%. This study indicates that each type of mangrove forest habitat has it's own charasteristics to the living ecosystem in it's territory and this affects to the carbon value."

"Hutan mangrove merupakan salah satu penyimpan cadangan karbon terbesar. Kabupaten Kebumen memiliki hutan mangrove yang terdistribusi di beberapa wilayahnya namun beberapa masih belum terpetakan dengan baik. Kabupaten Kebumen memiliki hutan mangrove yang memiliki status Kawasan Ekosistem Esensial. Kondisi pemanasan global meningkatkan pentingnya perhitungan karbon untuk mengetahui efektifitas hutan mangrove. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memetakan sebaran hutan mangrove di Kabupaten Kebumen, menghubungkan estimasi stok karbon pada Kawasan Ekosistem Esensial dan non-Ekosistem Esensial, dan menghubungkan secara asosisatif stok karbon terhadap kondisi wilayah di Kabupaten Kebumen. Identifikasi sebaran mangrove dilakukan menggunakan false color yang diuji akurasi dengan confusion matrix dan koefisien Kappa. Dalam pembuatan model, data dibagi berdasarkan spesies dominan berupa Nypa Fruticans dan Rhizophora Mucronata. Pembuatan model stok karbon didapatkan dari Uji Regresi Eksponensial stok karbon lapangan dengan di nilai EVI yang kemudian diuji RMSE. Estimasi stok karbon pada Kawasan Ekosistem Esensial sebesar 3302760.90 kg, sedangkan pada non-Kawasan Ekosistem Esensial sebesar 3114224.74 kg. Perbedaan status Kawasan Ekosistem Esensial dan non-Ekosistem Esensial tidak memiliki keeratan hubungan, yang dibuktikan dengan Uji Pearson. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kondisi fisik yang meliputi kerapatan vegetasi, jenis spesies dan luas hutan mangrove memiliki hubungan yang linier terhadap stok karbon yang dihasilkan. Pada kondisi manusia yang terdiri atas pemanfaatan tidak memiliki hubungan terhadap stok karbon, sedangkan pada pengelolaan memiliki hubungan yang linier.

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Mangrove forests are one of the largest carbon reserves. Kebumen Regency has mangrove forests distributed in several areas, although some are still poorly mapped. Kebumen's mangrove forests have the status of Essential Ecosystem Areas. The condition of global warming increases the importance of carbon calculation to assess the effectiveness of mangrove forests. This study aims to map the distribution of mangrove forests in Kebumen Regency, link carbon stock estimates in Essential and non-Essential Ecosystem Areas, and associate carbon stocks with regional conditions in Kebumen. Mangrove distribution identification was conducted using false color, tested for accuracy with a confusion matrix and Kappa coefficient. In modeling, data were divided based on dominant species, namely Nypa Fruticans and Rhizophora Mucronata. Carbon stock modeling was obtained from Exponential Regression Test of field carbon stock values with EVI, then tested with RMSE. The estimated carbon stock in Essential Ecosystem Areas is 3,302,760.90 kg, while in non-Essential Ecosystem Areas it is 3,114,224.74 kg. The difference in the status of Essential and non-Essential Ecosystem Areas has no significant correlation, as evidenced by the Pearson Test. This study shows that physical conditions, including vegetation density, species type, and mangrove forest area, have a linear relationship with the generated carbon stock. In contrast, human activities such as utilization do not correlate with carbon stock, whereas management practices do have a linear relationship."

"Hutan mangrove memiliki peran penting dalam mengurangi dampak dari pemanasan global di wilayah perkotaan dan sekitarnya, salah satunya melalui penyerapan karbon. Penyerapan karbon tersebut diperlukan untuk mengurangi gas rumah kaca di atmosfer. Kapasitas penyerapan karbon atau stok karbon hutan mangrove dapat dilihat dari nilai biomassa yang dimilikinya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis persebaran stok karbon hutan mangrove dan hubungannya dengan kondisi fisik wilayah hutan mangrove. Persebaran stok karbon di daerah studi dianalisis dengan menggunakan kombinasi pendekatan indeks vegetasi dan analisis statistik regresi. Indeks vegetasi yang digunakan yaitu ARVI, SAVI, dan EVI yang diperoleh dari pengolahan citra satelit Sentinel 2-A. Nilai biomassa hutan mangrove didapatkan dari persamaan alometrik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persebaran stok karbon hampir di seluruh wilayah hutan mangrove Teluk Benoa mengalami peningkatan stok karbon tiap tahun. Hubungan perubahan stok karbon dengan kondisi fisik wilayah mangrove cenderung positif. Hal tersebut dibuktikan pada 3 dari 4 parameter fisik wilayah yang memiliki hubungan positif, yaitu suhu, salinitas, dan banyaknya jenis vegetasi.

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Mangrove forests have an essential role in reducing the impact of global warming in urban and surrounding areas, one of which is through carbon sequestration. Carbon sequestration is needed to reduce greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The capacity of carbon sequestration or carbon stocks of mangrove forests can be seen from its biomass value. This study aims to analyze the distribution of mangrove forest carbon stock and its relationship with the mangrove forest area's physical condition. The distribution of carbon stocks in the study area was analyzed using a vegetation index approach and statistical regression analysis. The vegetation indices used are ARVI, SAVI, and EVI obtained from processing Sentinel 2-A satellite imagery. The value of mangrove forest biomass is obtained from the allometric equation. The results showed that the distribution of carbon stocks in almost all the mangrove forests of Benoa Bay had increased carbon stocks every year. The relationship between carbon stock changes and mangrove areas' physical condition tends to be positive. The connection is evidenced by three of the four physical parameters of the site that have a positive relationship: temperature, salinity, and vegetation types."

"Tingkat curah hujan menyebabkan fluktuasi faktor abiotik dalam ekosistem mangrove yang berdampak terhadap ekosistem mangrove. Kualitas ekosistem mangrove memengaruhi struktur komunitas Gastropoda, terutama di Pulau Rambut pada tahun 2022 dan 2023. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis struktur komunitas Gastropoda (kepadatan, keanekaragaman, kemerataan, dominansi, dispersi, dan kesamaan jenis) dan faktor abiotik di Pulau Rambut. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan lain, yaitu menganalisis perbandingan struktur komunitas Gastropoda di Pulau Rambut pada tahun 2022 dan 2023 akibat musim hujan. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan menggunakan line transect dengan kuadrat dalam empat stasiun yang diikuti pengukuran parameter lingkungan (suhu udara, salinitas air, dan pH tanah). Sampel Gastropoda diketahui melalui identifikasi dan dianalisis menggunakan kepadatan, indeks keanekaragaman Shannon-Wiener, indeks kemerataan, indeks dominansi Simpson, indeks dispersi, dan indeks kesamaan Jaccard. Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan hanya tiga jenis Gastropoda dari famili Potamididae (Terebralia sulcata, Terebralia palustris, dan Telescopium telescopium) di Pulau Rambut pada tahun 2022 dan 2023. Kepadatan Gastropoda didapatkan sebesar 24,9 ind/m2 dan 16,6 ind/m2. Indeks keanekaragaman jenis Gastropoda diperoleh sebesar 0,800 dan 0,765 yang tergolong rendah. Indeks kemerataan jenis Gastropoda didapatkan sebesar 0,728 dan 0,696 yang tergolong kemerataan merata. Tingkat dominansi diketahui terdapat spesies yang mendominansi. Pola persebaran di Pulau Rambut menunjukkan pola persebaran mengelompok dan seragam. Indeks kesamaan Jaccard menunjukkan semua stasiun mempunyai kesamaan komposisi jenis pada tahun 2022, sedangkan indeks kesamaan Jacaard pada tahun 2023 menunjukkan stasiun Barat mempunyai komposisi jenis yang berbeda. Korelasi kepadatan Gastropoda dan parameter lingkungan pada tahun 2022 dan 2023 menunjukkan tidak terdapat hubungan kecuali suhu pada tahun 2022. Perbandingan kepadatan Gastropoda pada tahun 2022 dan 2023 memperlihatkan tidak adanya perbedaan yang signifikan, sedangkan perbandingan tipe sedimen lumpur pada tahun 2022 dan 2023 menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan.

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The level of rainfall causes fluctuations in abiotic factors in the mangrove ecosystem which have an impact in the mangrove ecosystem. The quality of the mangrove ecosystem affects the structure of the Gastropods community, especially at the Pulau Rambut in 2022 and 2023. The research aimed to analyze the structure of the Gastropods community (density, diversity, evenness, dominance, dispersion, and species similarity) and abiotic factors in Rambut Island. This research had another objective, which analyzed a comparison of the Gastropods community structure on Rambut Island in 2022 and 2023 due to the rainy season. Sampling was carried out using a line transect with quadrate in four stations followed by measurements of environmental parameters (air temperature, water salinity, and soil pH). Gastropods samples were identified through identification and analysis using density, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, evenness index, Simpson dominance index, dispersion index, and Jaccard similarity index. The results showed three types of Gastropods from Potamididae family (Terebralia sulcata, Terebralia palustris, and Telescopium telescopium) on Rambut Island in 2022 and 2023. Gastropods densities were 24.9 ind/m2 and 16.6 ind/m2. Gastropods species diversity index was obtained at 0.800 and 0.765 which were classified as low. Gastropods species evenness index was found to be 0.728 and 0.696 which were classified as even. The level of dominance was known to have a dominant species. The distribution pattern on Pulau Rambut showed a clustered and uniform distribution pattern. The Jaccard similarity index in 2022 showed that all stations had same species composition but the Jaccard similarity index in 2023 showed that the West stations had difference species composition. Correlation between Gastropods density and environmental parameters in 2022 dan 2023 showed no relationship except for temperature in 2022. Gastropods density comparison in 2022 and 2023 showed no significant difference, while mud sediment type comparison in 2022 and 2023 showed a significant difference."

"Hutan mangrove tergolong sumberdaya hutan yang mempunyai peranan penting bagi pernbangunan Nasional. Hal ini karena lokasinya yang strategis dan potensi yang terkandung di dalamnya, serta fungsi perlindungannya yang secara langsung ataupun tidak langsung mempengaruhi eksistensi dan berfungsinya sumberdaya alam lain.Ekosistem ini dicirikan oleh produktivitasnya yang tinggi dan daur nutrisi yang cepat, sehingga mangrove dianggap penyedia nutrisi bagi kontinuitas sebagian besar energi yang diperlukan oleh berbagai biota akuatik di ekosisitem pantai. Ekosistem ini juga berperan sebagai pendukung eksistensi lingkungan fisik, yaitu sebagai penyangga abrasi pantai oleh gelombang, intrusi air laut ataupun hembusan angin yang dapat merusak ekosistem darat.Pertambahan jumlah penduduk yang semakin meningkat dan pesatnya perkembangan teknologi mengakibatkan tekanan terhadap keberadaan hutan mangrove. Pemanfaatan tidak saja dilakukan dalam bentuk pengambilan hasil hutan, tetapi berkembang ke bentuk pemanfaatan lahan mangrove.Pulau Bengkalis adalah satu diantara enam pulau yang ada di Kabupaten Bengkalis yang mempunyai hutan mangrove rnencapai 15.039 ha tersebar mengelilingi pulau. Wilayah hutan mangrove yang mengalami tekanan cukup berat berada di wilayah pantai utara yang berbatasan dengan Selat Malaka Luas hutan mangrove di wilayah tersebut mencapai 9.133 ha. Secara ekologis lingkungan fisik wilayah tersebut mendukung untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangan hutan mangrove. Terdapat tiga aliran sungai yang bermuara di di Pantai Utara Pulau Bengkalis, dan menjadi sumber aliran air tawar. Kandungan lumpur (sedimen) berkisar antara 5%-85%, bahan organik 50%, salinitas 26-32 ppm. Keadaan laut, tenang sampai agak kuat yang tinggi gelombangnya antara 0,4 sampai 2,7 m dengan kecepatan 0,1-5 knot. Kondisi lingkungan alami tersebut selayaknya mendukung kelestarian hutan mangrove. Namun demikian, akibat pemanfaatan yang tidak terkendali dan sudah berlangsung lama, mengakibatkan terjadinya kerusakan hutan mangrove, sehingga menurunkan fungsinya sebagai pelindung pantai akibat abrasi. Terjadinya kerusakan hutan mangrove dan abrasi belum menjadi perhatian serius bagi masyarakat dan pemerintah, sekalipun dampaknya sudah dirasakan. Atas dasar permasalahan tersebut, rumusan yang perlu untuk dijawab adalah 1). Seberapa besar kerusakan hutan mangrove yang terjadi; dan 2). Seberapa besar abrasi di Pantai Utara Pulau Bengkalis; serta 3). Adakah hubungan kerusakan hutan mangrove dengan abrasi yang terjadi.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi kerusakan hutan mangrove dan hubungannya dengan abrasi yang telah terjadi. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberi masukan kepada perencana dan pengambil keputusan, khususnya Pemerintah Kabupaten Bengkalis dalam penyempurnaan, maupun pembuatan kebijakan tentang pengelolaan hutan mangrove yang ada di daerah penelitian atau kawasan lainnya. Hopotesis yang diajukan adalah bahwa semakin tinggi tingkat kerusakan hutan mangrove akan mengakibatkan semakin tinggi abrasi yang terjadi di Pantai Utara Pulau Bengkalis.Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa komposisi jenis mangrove di wilayah Pantai Utara Pulau Bengkalis terdiri dari 9 spesies jenis pohon. Jenis yang dominan adalah api-api (Avicennia marina), bakau (Rhizophora mucronata) dan lenggadai (Bruguiera cylindrica). Kerapatan individu setiap hektarnya pada strata anakan mencapai 1.897 pohon, sedangkan strata pancang 1.341 pohon dan strata pohon hanya 849 phn/ha.Pemanfaatan hutan mangrove oleh masyarakat meliputi pengambilan kayu untuk bangunan/pancang, bahan baku arang, dan untuk kayu bakar serta konversi menjadi lahan tambak. Rata-rata pemanfaatan setiap tahun untuk kayu bangunan/pancang sebanyak 2.812 pohon, kayu arang 3.217 pohon dan kayu bakar untuk rumah tangga 2.444 pohon, sedangkan yang kayu bakar industri bata mencapai 7.657 pohon.Akibat pemanfaatan yang tidak terkendali, menyebabkan terjadinya kerusakan hutan mangrove yaitu menurunnya kerapatan pohon setiap tahun yang berkisar antara 0,32%-1,6% atau rata-rata 0,79%. Penurunan kerapatan pohon ini setara dengan berkurangnya pohon sebanyak 61.255 pohon setiap tahun. Kerusakan ini menyebabkan menurunnya kemampuan fisik hutan mangrove untuk menahan terjadinya abrasi. Laju abrasi per tahun berkisar antara 3,6-8,4 meter atau rata.-rata 6,03 meter. Hasil analisis memperlihatkan bahwa terdapat hubungan positif dan signitikan antara penurunan kerapatan pohon dengan laju abrasi yang terjadi.Kerusakan hutan mangrove dan terjadinya abrasi ada kaitannya dengan persepsi masyarakat mengenai hutan mangrove. Sebagian besar (5S,3 %) menyatakan hutan mangrove hanya sebagai sumber hasil hutan, dan tingkat kesadaran masyarakat untuk memelihara juga sangat rendah (4,57%), sedangkan sebagian besar (56,00%) menyadari pentingnya hutan mangrove tetapi tidak melakukan pemeliharaan.Berdasarkan kenyataan ini perlu adanya upaya rehabilitasi hutan mangrove, sekaligus meningkatkan sumberdaya manusia agar pengetahuan dan partisipasi masyarakat sehjngga upaya pelestarian fungsi hutan mangrove dapat meningkat.

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Mangrove forests has a very strategic locations, many potentials and great protective functions that bring them to be one of forest resources that play important role for the nation development. Its protective functions have a strong influence to the existence and the function of other resources, directly or indirectly.This ecosystem is characterized by its high productivity and fast nutrient cycle made it become the nutrient source for the most energy supply need by varies aquatic biota in coastal ecosystems. Mangrove ecosystem also functioned as physical environment existence support to protect the coast from abrasion, restrain seawater intrusion and strong wind that can ravage terrestrial ecosystems.The fast growth of population and high technology development has lead to a high pressure on mangrove forests existence. The exploitations of mangrove forest resources are not only done by reaping its product but as well as exploit its land.Bengkalis Island as one of six islands in Bengkalis District has a 15.093 ha mangrove forests spreading along its coastal area. Mangrove forests at the north coast, bordered on Malacca Strait, are the one received high pressure. Its area occupied 9.133 hectare area. Ecologically, its physical environment supports the growth of that mangrove forest. There are three rivers ending in Bengkalis Island North Coast that become the source of fresh water. The sediment content of those streams varies between 5% to 85%, organic matter 50%, and salinity between 26-32 ppm. The sea situation is still to strong. The wave height is between 0,4 to 2,7 m with the speed of 0,1 - 5 knots. This natural condition supposed to support mangrove forest sustainability. However, uncontrolled exploitation for a long time result in the degradation of mangrove forest that decrease its function to prevent coastal abrasion Those two phenomenons haven?t got a big concem of the govemment and the community yet, even though some of its impact has been experienced. Based on those problems, there is some questions arise: I). How worse is that mangrove forest degradation?, 2). How big is the abrasion in Bengkalis Island north coast?, 3). Is there a conelation between mangrove forest degradation and the abrasion?.The purpose of this research is to gain information of mangrove forest degradation and its correlation with the abrasion. The result is expected to be a valuable input for the planner and the decision makers in Bengkalis District to make and perfecting policies on mangrove forest management, not only in the research area but also in other regions.The research showed that mangrove forest in Bengkalis Island North Coast composed 9 tree species. The dominant species are api-api (A vicennia marina), bakau (Rhizophora mucronara) dan lenggadai (Bruguiera cylindrica). The density in seedling stratum reaches 1.897 individual per hectare, while sapling stratum reach 1.341 and there are only 849 in tree stratum.People use the forest to get the log to build houses. They also use the resources as raw material to make charcoal, use it as fuel and converse the land to be used as fishpond. Average usage for building need is 2.812 trees annually, 3.217 trees converted to charcoal annually, 2.444 trees used as fuel annually, and 7.657 trees cut to supply brick indusuies.This uncontrolled use of the mangrove lead to its degradation showed by the decreasing of its density between 0,32% to 1,6% annually or 0,66% on the average. This decrease is equal to the loose of 61,255 trees annually. It also leads to the declining of mangrove forest function to prevent the land from abrasion. Abrasion rate varied between 3,6 to 8,4 meter annually or 6,03 meter on the average. The analysis showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between trees decreasing rate and abrasion rate.Mangrove forest degradation and coast abrasion are related to community perception. Most of the respondents (58,3%) stated that mangrove forest is functioned only as the source of mangrove product they need. They also have a low awareness to preserve the mangrove (4,57%). Most of them (56%) understand the important role of mangrove forest but didn?t conduct any acts to preserve it.Based on these findings, mangrove forest rehabilitation is very needed along with environmental education to develop human resources lived surrounding the forest and increase community participation to preserve functions of mangrove forest could be step up."

"Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik hutan mangrove dan pola distribusinya di wilayah pesisir Brebes pada tahun 2013-2022. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah indeks vegetasi dan Random Forest. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya perubahan luas yang signifikan selama periode penelitian dan hutan mangrove di wilayah pesisir Brebes memiliki persebaran yang luas, serta tingkat kerapatan yang cukup tinggi. Meskipun telah mengalami kerusakan yang diakibatkan oleh bencana banjir Rob di tahun 2014 dan dampak dari aktivitas manusia, seperti pengalih fungsi lahan serta penebangan ilegal, hutan mangrove di lokasi penelitian terus berkembang karena adanya program rehabilitasi mangrove yang dilakukan oleh komunitas setempat dalam menjaga keasrian hutan mangrove di wilayah pesisir Brebes.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of mangrove forests and their distribution pattern at the Coast of Brebes in 2013-2022. The method used in this study are the Vegetation Index and Random Forest. The results indicate that there were significant changes in area during the study period and the mangrove forests in the coastal area of Brebes have a wide distribution, and a fairly high level of density. Despite the damage caused by the 2014 tidal flood disaster and the impact of human activities, such as land conversion and illegal logging, the mangrove forests in the study area continue to grow due to the mangrove rehabilitation program carried out by the local community in maintaining the beauty of the mangrove forests in Brebes coastal area."