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"Meskipun secara umum kesehatan penduduk dianggap berdampak positif pada pertumbuhan ekonomi, bukti empiris menunjukkan temuan yang beragam. Penelitian ini menggunakan data Burden of Disease (BOD) dari Institute of Health Metric Evaluation (IHME) untuk pengukuran kesehatan penduduk dan data ekonomi terkait dari 87 negara dari tahun 1990-2018. Dengan menggunakan regresi panel dengan ambang batas (threshold), studi ini bertujuan untuk mengurai dampak kesehatan pada pertumbuhan ekonomi. Penggunaan pendekatan ini diharapkan dapat berkontribusi untuk menjelaskan variabilitas dampak kesehatan pada pertumbuhan.Rasio ketergantungan penduduk lansia terbukti menjadi variabel ambang batas yang baik, yang dapat mengelompokkan negara menjadi empat kategori: negara-negara yang lebih tua dan berpenghasilan tinggi, negara-negara yang lebih muda dan berpenghasilan rendah, dan negara-negara berkembang dan berpenghasilan menengah. Ketika struktur umur penduduk dipertimbangkan, dampak beban penyakit ditemukan berbeda menurut struktur umur. Pada tahap awal penuaan penduduk, beban penyakit menular terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi didapati negatif dan lebih tinggi. Pada tahap lanjut penuaan penduduk, pertumbuhan ekonomi didapati negatif namun lebih rendah.Studi ini menghasilkan beberapa implikasi kebijakan. Pertama, populasi yang menua terpapar penyakit tidak menular (PTM) karena perilaku tidak sehat di masa lalu atau karena masalah degeneratif, dan juga penyakit menular (PM) karena kekebalan tubuh menurun. Hal ini menekankan perlunya penguatan program untuk meringankan PTM dan vaksinasi lansia untuk mengatasi PM. Kedua, sangat penting untuk berfokus pada program untuk mengekang tren peningkatan PTM sejak awal siklus hidup. Ketiga, di antara semua negara dari kelompok tiga dan empat, program untuk meningkatkan lebih banyak akses ke perawatan kesehatan dan program pencegahan sangat penting. Keempat, untuk meminimalkan beban penyakit, penting untuk memiliki evaluasi penuh atas keuntungan ekonomi dari intervensi kesehatan, serta perkiraan pengembalian investasi untuk berbagai alternatif kebijakan. Kelima, sangat penting untuk mempromosikan kebijakan pasar tenaga kerja yang memastikan orang-orang dengan keterbatasan fisik atau disabilitas tetap dapat memiliki pekerjaan yang menghasilkan pendapatan.

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Although it is commonly agreed that health has positive impact on economic growth, the empirical evidence shows mixture findings. This study uses data of Burden of Disease (BOD) from Institute of Health Metric Evaluation (IHME) for health capital measurement and economic data for 87 countries from 1990-2018. Using panel threshold regression, we aim to detangle the impact of health on economic growth as the use of this approach may contribute to explaining the variability of the health impact on growth.

The findings show that old dependency ratio is a good measure of threshold variable, separating the country groups into four. We found that the impact of burden of diseases is negative for all groups: the older and high income countries, the younger and low income countries, and the growing and middle income countries. When the population age structure is being considered, the impact of burden of diseases is found to be different by age structure. In the early stages of population aging, the burden of communicable diseases increases. The negative correlation between the burden of communicable diseases and economic growth is somehow weakened, which means that in the later stage of the aging population, the economic growth decreases compared to the previous ones.

This study addresses several policy implications. First, the ageing population is exposed to noncommunicable diseases (NCD) due to unhealthy behavior in the past or due to degenerative issues, and also to communicable (CD) as the body immune decreases. This emphasizes the need to strengthen programs to ease the NCD and vaccination of older people to tackle the CD. Second, it is imperative to devote programs to curb the rising trend of NCD since early life. Third, among all countries from group three and four, programs to increase more access to health care and preventive programs are essential. Fourth, to minimize the burden of diseases, it is important to have a full evaluation of the economic advantages of health interventions, as well as predicted returns on investment for various policy alternatives. Fifth, it is crucial to promote labor market policies make sure people with physical limitations or disabilities can find paid employment."

"This book presents collaborative research presented by experts in the field of nonlinear science provides the reader with contemporary, cutting-edge, research works that bridge the gap between theory and device realizations of nonlinear phenomena. The conference provides a unique forum for applications of nonlinear systems while solving practical problems in science and engineering. Topics include: chaos gates, social networks, communication, sensors, lasers, molecular motors, biomedical anomalies, and stochastic resonance. This book provides a comprehensive report of the various research projects presented at the International Conference on Applications in Nonlinear Dynamics (ICAND 2018) held in Maui, Hawaii, 2018. It can be a valuable tool for scientists and engineering interested in connecting ideas and methods in nonlinear dynamics with actual design, fabrication and implementation of engineering applications or devices."

"Nonlinear approaches in engineering applications focuses on nonlinear phenomena that are common in the engineering field. The nonlinear approaches described in this book provide a sound theoretical base and practical tools to design and analyze engineering systems with high efficiency and accuracy and with less energy and downtime. Presented here are nonlinear approaches in areas such as dynamic systems, optimal control and approaches in nonlinear dynamics and acoustics. Coverage encompasses a wide range of applications and fields including mathematical modeling and nonlinear behavior as applied to microresonators, nanotechnologies, nonlinear behavior in soil erosion,nonlinear population dynamics, and optimization in reducing vibration and noise as well as vibration in triple-walled carbon nanotubes."

"This second volume concentrates on reviewing further relevant, contemporary applications of chaotic nonlinear systems as they apply to the various cutting-edge branches of engineering. This encompasses, but is not limited to, topics such as the spread of epidemics; electronic circuits; chaos control in mechanical devices; secure communication; and digital watermarking. "

"separation theorems are then derived based on these theorems. This is followed by a chapter on convex functions that includes theorems of the alternative for such functions. These results are used in obtaining the saddlepoint optimality conditions of nonlinear programming without differentiability assumptions. Properties of differentiable convex functions are derived and then used in two key chapters of the book, one on optimality conditions for differentiable nonlinear programs and one on duality in nonlinear programming. Generalizations of convex functions to pseudoconvex and quasiconvex functions are given and then used to obtain generalized optimality conditions and duality results in the presence of nonlinear equality constraints. The book has four useful self-contained appendices on vectors and matrices, topological properties of n-dimensional real space, continuity and minimization, and differentiable functions."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh independensi anggota Dewan Komisaris, independensi ketua Dewan Komisaris atau komisaris umum, ukuran Dewan Komisaris, reputasi auditor, dan leverage terhadap probabilita pembentukan Komite Manajemen Risiko secara sukarela serta menguji mengenai pengaruh keberadaan Komite Manajemen Risiko terhadap kinerja perusahaan. Perusahaan nonkeuangan tidak memiliki kewajiban untuk membentuk Komite Manajemen Risiko, namun beberapa perusahaan telah membentuk Komite Manajemen Risiko dengan kemungkinan faktor pendorong yang beragam. Keberadaan Komite Manajemen Risiko pada perusahaan diharapkan dapat meningkatkan penerapan tata kelola perusahaan dan menghasilkan kinerja perusahaan lebih baik. Pengujian dilakukan pada 45 perusahaan nonkeuangan yang terdaftar di BEI tahun 2015 dan 35 perusahaan nonkeuangan yang telah membentuk Komite Manajemen Risiko sebelum tahun 2013. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan beberapa faktor mempengaruhi probabilita pembentukan Komite Manajemen Risiko secara sukarela dan keberadaan Komite Manajemen Risiko tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan pada kinerja perusahaan

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ABSTRACTThe research aimed to examine the effect of the independence of board of commissioner members, the independence of general commissioner, board size, auditor reputation, and leverage to the probability of the voluntary formation of risk management committee and also to examine the effect of the existence of risk management committee to company performance. Non-financial company have no obligation to establish a risk management committee, but some companies have formed a risk management committee with the possibility of varying the driving factor. The existence of the company? risk management committee is expected to improve the implementation of corporate governance and generate better corporate performance. Tests conducted on 45 non-financial companies that are listed on Indonesia?s Stock Exchange (BEI) in 2015 and 35 non-financial companies that have established the risk management committee prior to 2013. The empirical study shows that some factors affecting the probability of establishment of risk management committee voluntarily and the existence of the risk management committee did not have a significant effect on company performance"