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"Meskipun secara umum kesehatan penduduk dianggap berdampak positif pada pertumbuhan ekonomi, bukti empiris menunjukkan temuan yang beragam. Penelitian ini menggunakan data Burden of Disease (BOD) dari Institute of Health Metric Evaluation (IHME) untuk pengukuran kesehatan penduduk dan data ekonomi terkait dari 87 negara dari tahun 1990-2018. Dengan menggunakan regresi panel dengan ambang batas (threshold), studi ini bertujuan untuk mengurai dampak kesehatan pada pertumbuhan ekonomi. Penggunaan pendekatan ini diharapkan dapat berkontribusi untuk menjelaskan variabilitas dampak kesehatan pada pertumbuhan.Rasio ketergantungan penduduk lansia terbukti menjadi variabel ambang batas yang baik, yang dapat mengelompokkan negara menjadi empat kategori: negara-negara yang lebih tua dan berpenghasilan tinggi, negara-negara yang lebih muda dan berpenghasilan rendah, dan negara-negara berkembang dan berpenghasilan menengah. Ketika struktur umur penduduk dipertimbangkan, dampak beban penyakit ditemukan berbeda menurut struktur umur. Pada tahap awal penuaan penduduk, beban penyakit menular terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi didapati negatif dan lebih tinggi. Pada tahap lanjut penuaan penduduk, pertumbuhan ekonomi didapati negatif namun lebih rendah.Studi ini menghasilkan beberapa implikasi kebijakan. Pertama, populasi yang menua terpapar penyakit tidak menular (PTM) karena perilaku tidak sehat di masa lalu atau karena masalah degeneratif, dan juga penyakit menular (PM) karena kekebalan tubuh menurun. Hal ini menekankan perlunya penguatan program untuk meringankan PTM dan vaksinasi lansia untuk mengatasi PM. Kedua, sangat penting untuk berfokus pada program untuk mengekang tren peningkatan PTM sejak awal siklus hidup. Ketiga, di antara semua negara dari kelompok tiga dan empat, program untuk meningkatkan lebih banyak akses ke perawatan kesehatan dan program pencegahan sangat penting. Keempat, untuk meminimalkan beban penyakit, penting untuk memiliki evaluasi penuh atas keuntungan ekonomi dari intervensi kesehatan, serta perkiraan pengembalian investasi untuk berbagai alternatif kebijakan. Kelima, sangat penting untuk mempromosikan kebijakan pasar tenaga kerja yang memastikan orang-orang dengan keterbatasan fisik atau disabilitas tetap dapat memiliki pekerjaan yang menghasilkan pendapatan.

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Although it is commonly agreed that health has positive impact on economic growth, the empirical evidence shows mixture findings. This study uses data of Burden of Disease (BOD) from Institute of Health Metric Evaluation (IHME) for health capital measurement and economic data for 87 countries from 1990-2018. Using panel threshold regression, we aim to detangle the impact of health on economic growth as the use of this approach may contribute to explaining the variability of the health impact on growth.

The findings show that old dependency ratio is a good measure of threshold variable, separating the country groups into four. We found that the impact of burden of diseases is negative for all groups: the older and high income countries, the younger and low income countries, and the growing and middle income countries. When the population age structure is being considered, the impact of burden of diseases is found to be different by age structure. In the early stages of population aging, the burden of communicable diseases increases. The negative correlation between the burden of communicable diseases and economic growth is somehow weakened, which means that in the later stage of the aging population, the economic growth decreases compared to the previous ones.

This study addresses several policy implications. First, the ageing population is exposed to noncommunicable diseases (NCD) due to unhealthy behavior in the past or due to degenerative issues, and also to communicable (CD) as the body immune decreases. This emphasizes the need to strengthen programs to ease the NCD and vaccination of older people to tackle the CD. Second, it is imperative to devote programs to curb the rising trend of NCD since early life. Third, among all countries from group three and four, programs to increase more access to health care and preventive programs are essential. Fourth, to minimize the burden of diseases, it is important to have a full evaluation of the economic advantages of health interventions, as well as predicted returns on investment for various policy alternatives. Fifth, it is crucial to promote labor market policies make sure people with physical limitations or disabilities can find paid employment."

"This book presents collaborative research presented by experts in the field of nonlinear science provides the reader with contemporary, cutting-edge, research works that bridge the gap between theory and device realizations of nonlinear phenomena. The conference provides a unique forum for applications of nonlinear systems while solving practical problems in science and engineering. Topics include: chaos gates, social networks, communication, sensors, lasers, molecular motors, biomedical anomalies, and stochastic resonance. This book provides a comprehensive report of the various research projects presented at the International Conference on Applications in Nonlinear Dynamics (ICAND 2018) held in Maui, Hawaii, 2018. It can be a valuable tool for scientists and engineering interested in connecting ideas and methods in nonlinear dynamics with actual design, fabrication and implementation of engineering applications or devices."

"Nonlinear approaches in engineering applications focuses on nonlinear phenomena that are common in the engineering field. The nonlinear approaches described in this book provide a sound theoretical base and practical tools to design and analyze engineering systems with high efficiency and accuracy and with less energy and downtime. Presented here are nonlinear approaches in areas such as dynamic systems, optimal control and approaches in nonlinear dynamics and acoustics. Coverage encompasses a wide range of applications and fields including mathematical modeling and nonlinear behavior as applied to microresonators, nanotechnologies, nonlinear behavior in soil erosion,nonlinear population dynamics, and optimization in reducing vibration and noise as well as vibration in triple-walled carbon nanotubes."

"This second volume concentrates on reviewing further relevant, contemporary applications of chaotic nonlinear systems as they apply to the various cutting-edge branches of engineering. This encompasses, but is not limited to, topics such as the spread of epidemics; electronic circuits; chaos control in mechanical devices; secure communication; and digital watermarking. "

"separation theorems are then derived based on these theorems. This is followed by a chapter on convex functions that includes theorems of the alternative for such functions. These results are used in obtaining the saddlepoint optimality conditions of nonlinear programming without differentiability assumptions. Properties of differentiable convex functions are derived and then used in two key chapters of the book, one on optimality conditions for differentiable nonlinear programs and one on duality in nonlinear programming. Generalizations of convex functions to pseudoconvex and quasiconvex functions are given and then used to obtain generalized optimality conditions and duality results in the presence of nonlinear equality constraints. The book has four useful self-contained appendices on vectors and matrices, topological properties of n-dimensional real space, continuity and minimization, and differentiable functions."

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Pemodelan struktur dengan nonlinear static procedure merupakan alternatif dalam menganalisa struktur secara nonlinier. Untuk memodelkan analisis tersebut maka dibutuhkan properti nonlinier pada struktur yang dapat dimodelkan menggunakan pedoman yang ada. Eccentrically Braced Frame (EBF) merupakan sistem struktur penahan gaya lateral yang daktail. Link merupakan elemen pada EBF yang mendisipasi energi gempa sehingga sendi plastis akan terjadi pada elemen link. Dalam short link/shear link, sendi plastis terjadi akibat gagal pada geser. Untuk memodelkan sendi plastis pada shear link, pedoman/referensi yang dapat digunakan antara lain FEMA 356 dan teori Richards dan Uang. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai pengaruh hinge property pada struktur EBF dengan shear link yang dimodelkan pada struktur 2D dan 3D menurut FEMA 356 dan teori Richards dan Uang. Pemodelan dilakukan pada software ETABS dan OpenSEES untuk dibandingkan kinerja kedua software tersebut satu sama lain. Pada penelitian ini, OpenSEES secara konstan memiliki hasil yang lebih mendekati dibandingkan dengan ETABS. Berdasarkan hasil analisa diketahui bahwa hinge property mempengaruhi respons struktur dengan analisa pushover. Hasil komparasi kedua hinge property pada ETABS dan OpenSEES menunjukkan bahwa hinge property dengan teori Richards dan Uang lebih mendekati advanced analysis dibandingkan hinge property dengan FEMA 356. Kurva yang didapatkan pada hinge property dengan FEMA 356 jauh lebih tinggi sebesar 34,54% dibandingkan dengan advanced analysis, sedangkan pada hinge property dengan teori Richards dan Uang hanya berbeda sebesar 15,55%. Namun, analisis dengan menggunakan ETABS dapat didekatkan kepada advanced analysis sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa kedua software ini dapat menunjukkan performa yang sama dalam pemodelan sendi plastis pada shear link.

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The nonlinear static procedure in structure modeling is an alternative method in nonlinear analysis. To model said analysis a nonlinear property needs to be assigned, based on existing codes. Eccentrically Braced Frame (EBF) is a ductile lateral force-resisting structure. The link is the element of an EBF that dissipates seismic energies, allowing plastic hinges to form only in the link. Plastic hinges in short links/shear links occur when the element fails in shear. Modelization of the plastic hinges of shear links refers to FEMA 356 and the theory developed by Richards & Uang. This research discusses on the effects of hinge properties on shear link EBFs, modelled in 2D and 3D by referring to FEMA 356 and the theory developed by Richards & Uang. Models are made using ETABS and OpenSEES and the results of the two are compared. Results show that hinge properties affect the structure’s pushover curves. The results also show that the hinges made in reference to Richards & Uang's theory resembles the results of advanced analysis more than the hinges made in reference to FEMA 356. The pushover curve from the FEMA 356 model is 34,54% higher than experimental results while the curve from the Richards & Uang model is only 15,55% higher than experimental results. However, analysis using ETABS can be brought closer to advanced analysis so that it can be concluded that both of these software can show the same performance in modeling plastic hinge on shear link.

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