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"Latar Belakang: N-asetilsistein (NAS) memiliki banyak manfaat, salah satunya sebagai antikoksidan dan antiinflamasi. Belum banyak penelitian pemberian NAS pada pasien COVID-19. Pemberian NAS pada pasien COVID-19 derajat berat memiliki hasil luaran yang bervariasi, salah satunya diduga disebabkan lama terapi yang hanya beberapa jamhari. Tujuan: Rancangan penelitian ini adalah kohort retrospektif di ICU RS PELNI, Jakarta. Penelitian ini dimulai setelah mendapat sertifikat etik dan ijin lokasi yang dimulai pada bulan Februari-April 2023. Pengambilan sampel secara consecutive sampling. Kriteria penerimaan meliputi pasien COVID-19 derajat berat dengan usia ≥18 tahun. Kriteria penolakan meliputi pasien sedang hamil/menyusui. Kriteria pengeluaran meliputi pasien meninggal sebelum pemberian NAS mencapai 14 hari. Luaran yang diamati adalah kejadian intubasi, mortalitas, nilai rasio netrofil limfosit, kadar D-dimer, dan CRP. Data penelitian merupakan data sekunder dari rekam medis. Data dianalisis dengan uji statistik yang sesuai menggunakan program SPSS versi 27. Hasil: Didapatkan total 112 pasien dengan 55 pasien tidak mendapatkan terapi NAS dan 57 pasien mendapatkan terapi NAS. Dari hasil analisis bivariat didapatkan pasien dengan terapi NAS memiliki kemungkinan untuk diintubasi sebesar 2,7 kali dan tidak berhubugan dengan mortalitas. Dari hasil analisis multivariat, didapatkan hanya variabel kejadian intubasi yang bermakna terhadap mortalitas. Simpulan: Terapi ajuvan NAS tidak menurunkan kejadian intubasi dan mortalitas.

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Background: N-acetylcysteine (NAS) has many benefits, one of which is as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. There have not been many studies of giving NAS to COVID-19 patients. Giving NAS to patients with severe degrees of COVID-19 has varied outcomes, one of which is thought to be caused by the duration of therapy which is only a few hours-days.

Purpose: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in the ICU of PELNI Hospital, Jakarta. This research was started after obtaining an ethical certificate and location permit which began in February-April 2023. The samples were taken using consecutive sampling. Inclusion criteria was patients with severe degree of COVID-19 aged ≥18 years. Exclusion criteria was patients who are pregnant/breastfeeding. Drop out criteria was patients who died before 14 days of NAS administration. The observed outcomes were intubation events, mortality, neutrophil lymphocyte ratio D-dimer and CRP levels. The research data is secondary data from medical records. Data were analyzed with appropriate statistical tests using the SPSS version 27 program.

Results: There were a total of 112 patients with 55 patients not receiving NAS therapy and 57 patients receiving NAS therapy. From the results of bivariate analysis, it was found that patients with NAS therapy had a 2.7 times the likelihood of being intubated and had no association with mortality. From the results of the multivariate analysis, it was found that only the intubation event variable had a significant effect on mortality.

Conclusion: Adjuvant therapy for NAS does not reduce the incidence of intubation and mortality.

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"Latar belakang: Kondisi badai sitokin atau hiperinflamasi pada COVID-19 dapat berakibat fatal pada pasien. Inflamasi juga dapat menyebabkan gangguan koagulasi. Rasio netrofil limfosit (RNL) dan rasio platelet limfosit (RPL) telah diketahui dapat menjadi penanda inflamasi pada beberapa penyakit. Status koagulasi pasien dapat dilihat dari parameter nilai D-dimer. Peran penanda hayati yang dapat menggambarkan keadaan tromboinflamasi pada pasien COVID-19 tersebut perlu ditelaah lebih lanjut. Tujuan penelitian: Mengetahui hubungan nilai RNL, RPL dan D-dimer terhadap luaran tatalaksana pasien COVID-19 terkonfirmasi di RSUP Persahabatan.Metode penelitian: Analisis observasional kohort retrospektif terhadap pasien COVID-19 terkonfirmasi yang dirawat di RSUP Persahabatan secara total sampling diperoleh dari bulan Maret sampai dengan Juli 2020. Kami meninjau 214 rekam medis pasien COVID-19 terkonfirmasi yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Hasil penelitian: Rerata usia pasien pada penelitian ini adalah 54,35 tahun, didominasi oleh laki-laki sebanyak 60,7%. Status gizi pasien paling banyak adalah normal sebesar 54,7%. Proporsi pasien yang memiliki komorbid sebanyak 65,4%. Komorbid yang paling banyak adalah hipertensi, kedua adalah diabetes melitus. Derajat penyakit paling banyak adalah berat-kritis sebanyak 76,1%, diikuti sedang 20,1%, ringan 3,7%. Median lama rawat adalah 12 hari. Pasien meninggal sebanyak 60 orang (28%). Nilai median RNL, RPL dan D-dimer awal pasien adalah 5,75 (0,68-81,5), 243,5 (44,7-1607) dan 1140 (190-141300), secara berurutan. Terdapat hubungan antara nilai RNL (p=0,000), RPL (0,013) dan D-dimer (0,032) terhadap luaran pasien. Kesimpulan: Nilai RNL, RPL dan D-dimer awal perawatan pasien COVID-19 terkonfirmasi di RSUP Persahabatan berhubungan dengan luaran tatalaksana pasien.

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Backgrounds: Cytokine storm or hyperinflammation in COVID-19 can cause fatal outcome for patients. Imflammation also can cause hypercoagulation. Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR) have already known as inflammation marker in several diseases. Coagulation status in patients could be measured by D-dimer value. The role of biomarkers for that thromboinflammation in COVID-19 should be explored.

Aims: to know the association between NLR, PLR and D-dimer value with confirmed COVID-19 patients’ outcome in Persahabatan hospital, Jakarta

Methods: We performed observational retrospective cohort analysis of confirmed COVID-19 patients hospitalized in Persahataban hospital. Subjects by means of total sampling were confirmed COVID-19 patients between March till July 2020. We reviewed the medical record of 214 patients whom met the inclusion criteria.

Results: Mean age of patients in this study were 54,35 years old, dominated by males (60,7%). Most of the patients were with normal nutritional status (54,7%) and presented with comorbidity (65,4%). Diabetes melitus was the most frequent comorbidity, second was hypertension. Disease severity was severe to critical in 76,1% patients, 20,1% in moderate cases and 3,7% in mild case. Length of hospital stay was 12 days. Death patients were 60 (28%). The median of initial NLR, PLR and D-dimer value were 5,75 (0,68-81,5), 243,5 (44,7-1607) dan 1140 (190-141300), respectively. There were an association between NLR (p=0,000), PLR (0,013) and D-dimer value (p=0,032) with patients’ outcome.

Conclusions: There were association between NLR, PLR and D-dimer value on admission with confirmed COVID-19 patients’ outcome in Persahabatan hospital."

"Latar Belakang COVID-19 berdampak secara signifikan bagi dunia. Tingginya prevalensi dan insidensi, serta banyaknya kasus berderajat keparahan sedang-berat, mendorong dunia dan Indonesia untuk mencari terapi yang tepat. Salah satunya adalah anti-interleukin-6 untuk mengatasi badai sitokin yang kerap terjadi pada pasien COVID-19. Anti-interleukin-6 berupa Tocilizumab yang digunakan untuk mengatasi COVID-19 derajat sedang-berat hingga saat ini masih minim diteliti di dunia maupun di Indonesia. Maka, Peneliti berharap penelitian ini dapat berkontribusi pada perkembangan dunia medis di Indonesia. Metode Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan desain kohort retrospektif yang dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Universitas Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan rekam medis pasien COVID-19 berderajat sedang-berat guna menilai hubungan antara pemberian Tocilizumab dengan tingkat mortalitas, lama rawat, dan kadar biomarker inflamasi yaitu C-reactive protein dan D-dimer. Hasil Diperoleh 52 pasien yang diberikan obat Tocilizumab dan 52 pasien kontrol. Pada kelompok pasien yang diberikan Tocilizumab, 48 pasien dirawat pada bulan Januari-Juni dan 4 pasien dirawat pada bulan Juli-Desember. Pada kelompok kontrol, 32 pasien dirawat pada bulan Januari-Juni dan 20 pasien dirawat pada bulan Juli-Desember. Ditemukan sebanyak 40,4% pasien yang memperoleh Tocilizumab hidup dan sembuh, sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol hanya 16,4% pasien yang sembuh (p=0,014). Rata-rata lama rawat pasien kelompok uji mencapai 20,9±11,5 hari, lebih lama dibandingkan kelompok kontrol yaitu 16,5±12,4 hari (p=0,007). Rata-rata penurunan kadar CRP pada kelompok uji adalah -74,65±72,59 mg/L, sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol meningkat (p=0,001). Kadar D-dimer pasien yang diberikan Tocilizumab mengalami penurunan namun tidak signifikan. Kesimpulan Tocilizumab terbukti menurunkan angka mortalitas, menurunkan kadar CRP, dan cenderung menurunkan kadar D-dimer pada pasien COVID-19 derajat sedang-berat.

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Introduction COVID-19 has a significant impact globally. The high prevalence and incidence, also the large number of moderate-severe cases, encouraged the world and Indonesia to look a better therapy. One of them is anti-interleukin-6 to overcome cytokine storm that occurs in COVID-19 patients. Today, there is minimal research that learn about anti-interleukin-6, Tocilizumab. This research hope could contribute to the development of the medical sector in Indonesia. Method This research conducted with a retrospective cohort design at Universitas Indonesia Hospital. This study used medical records of COVID-19 moderate-severe patients to assess the relation between Tocilizumab administration and mortality, length of stay, and levels of C-reactive protein and D-dimer. Result There were 52 moderate-severe COVID-19 patients receiving Tocilizumab and 52 control patients. In the test group, 48 patients treated in January-June and 4 patients treated in July-December. In the control group, 32 patients treated in January-June and 20 patients treated in July-December. It was found that 40,4% of patients who were given Tocilizumab survived, while in the control group only 16,4% of patients survived (p=0,014). The average length of stay for test group reached 20,9±11,5 days, longer than the control group, which was 16,5±12,4 days (p=0,007). The average CRP levels decrease in test group was -74.,65±72,59 mg/L, while it increased in the control group (p=0,001). The D-dimer levels of patients given Tocilizumab decreased but not significant. Conclusion Tocilizumab has been proven to reduce mortality rates, lower CRP levels, and tends to reduce D-dimer levels in moderate-severe COVID-19 patients."

"Latar BelakangN-asetilsistein (NAC) merupakan kandidat potensial untuk strategi drug repurposing dalam menangani pandemi COVID-19, terutama untuk menurunkan progresi COVID-19 derajat berat yang dapat diprediksi oleh rasio neutrofil-limfosit (RNL). Namun, belum banyak studi yang meneliti hubungan NAC dengan RNL. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai hubungan pemberian NAC dengan RNL pasien COVID-19 derajat berat di RSUP Persahabatan.MetodePenelitian potong lintang dilakukan melalui rekam medis 60 pasien COVID-19 derajat berat di RSUP Persahabatan (mendapat NAC: 30; tidak mendapat NAC: 30). Studi ini meninjau karakteristik subjek penelitian berdasarkan usia, jenis kelamin, komorbiditas, dan riwayat pengobatan lain. Fokus penelitian ini adalah parameter RNL sebelum dan setelah perawatan. Analisis dilanjutkan dengan menilai hubungan pemberian NAC terhadap RNL.HasilSecara keseluruhan, terdapat 60 subjek yang mayoritas terdiri atas laki-laki (53,3%) dengan median usia 54 (23 – 69). Tidak ada perbedaan sebaran jenis kelamin, usia, komorbiditas, dan riwayat pengobatan lain antara kedua kelompok yang bermakna secara statistika. RNL kelompok yang mendapat NAC lebih rendah daripada kelompok yang tidak mendapat, baik sebelum perawatan (6,21 [2,21 – 33,32] vs 6,92 [2,25 – 36,15]) maupun setelah perawatan (5,14 [0,99 – 17,16] vs 5,74 [1,88 – 21,95]), tetapi perbedaan tersebut tidak signifikan secara statistika (p = 0,941; p = 0,451, masing-masing). Pemberian NAC tidak mempengaruhi penurunan RNL secara bermakna (p = 0,060). Adapun perbedaan median perubahan RNL antara dua kelompok tidak ditemukan bermakna (p = 0,460).KesimpulanNAC tidak signifikan secara statistik dalam menurunkan RNL pasien COVID-19 derajat berat.

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Introduction

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a potential candidate for drug repurposing strategies in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in reducing the development of severe COVID- 19 which can be predicted by the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). However, due to limited research of NAC’s effect on NLR, this study aims to assess their relationship in severe COVID-19 patients at Persahabatan Central General Hospital.

Method

A cross-sectional study from medical records of 60 severe COVID-19 patients at Persahabatan Central General Hospital (received NAC: 30; not received NAC: 30) reviewed the characteristics of the subjects based on age, gender, comorbidities, and other treatment history. This study focused on NLR before and after treatment, assessing the relationship between NAC administration and NLR.

Results

Most of the overall subjects were male (53.3%) with a median age of 54 (23–69). There was no statistically significant difference in the distribution of gender, age, comorbidities, and other treatment history between two groups. Group that received NAC had lower NLR than group that didn’t, both before treatment (6.21 [2.21–33.32] vs 6.92 [2.25– 36.15]) and after treatment (5.14 [0.99–17.16] vs 5.74 [1.88–21.95]), but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.941; p = 0.451, respectively). NAC administration did not significantly decrease NLR (p = 0.600). The difference in median changes in NLR between two groups was also not found to be significant (p = 0.460).

Conclusion

NAC did not statistically significant in reducing NLR in severe COVID-19 patients."

"Latar Belakang: COVID-19 di Indonesia menyebabkan kematian hingga lebih dari 150.000 orang. Salah satu populasi yang mengalami dampak dengan risiko kematian yang tinggi adalah populasi penyakit kardiovaskular. Severitas COVID-19 sering dikaitkan dengan rendahnya rasio PaO2/FiO2 dan tingginya kadar D-dimer. COVID-19 varian Omicron diketahui memiliki angka penyebaran yang lebih tinggi dengan severitas infeksi yang lebih rendah dibandingkan varian sebelumnya. Namun dampak jangka panjang pada pasien COVID-19 varian Omicron, khususnya pada populasi pasien dengan penyakit kardiovaskular masih menjadi pertanyaan. Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui dampak pasca COVID-19 varian Omicron dengan melihat kadar ST2 terlarut dan adanya gangguan paru yang dinilai dengan pemeriksaan spirometri.Tujuan: Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan Rasio PaO2/FiO2 dan Kadar D-dimer pada saat admisi terhadap kadar ST2 terlarut dan gambaran spirometri pada pasien pasca COVID-19 varian Omicron dengan penyakit kardiovaskular. Metode: Penelitian berupa studi potong lintang terhadap pasien COVID-19 varian Omicron dengan riwayat komorbid penyakit kardiovaskular yang dirawat di Rumah Sakit Jantung dan Pembuluh Darah Harapan Kita. Diagnosis COVID-19 varian Omicron dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode WGS/SGTF. Pasien dengan kriteria inklusi menjalani pemeriksaan spirometri dan pengukuran kadar ST2 terlarut pada 6 bulan pasca perawatan.Hasil dan Pembahasan: Penelitian ini menunjukkan rasio PaO2/FiO2 dengan median 454 dan kadar D-dimer 790ng/mL. Mayoritas pasien menunjukkan gambaran gangguan resktriktif. Kadar ST2 terlarut pasca perawatan memiliki median 2716,8pg/mL. Tidak ditemukan adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara rasio PaO2/FiO2 dan kadar D-Dimer terhadap kadar ST2 terlarut maupun gambaran spirometri pada 6 bulan pasca COVID-19. Hal ini dapat dikaitkan dengan severitas COVID-19 yang lebih rendah sehingga tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna terhadap parameter admisi serta hubungan pengukuran 6 bulan pasca COVID-19 dengan kemungkinan adanya perbaikan fibrosis.Kesimpulan: Tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara rasio PaO2/FiO2 dan kadar D- Dimer terhadap kadar ST2 terlarut ataupun gambaran spirometri pada 6 bulan pasca COVID-19 varian Omicron.

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Introduction: COVID-19 in Indonesia has caused more than 150,000 deaths. One of the affected populations with a high risk of death is the cardiovascular disease population. The severity of COVID-19 is associated with a low of PaO2/FiO2 ratio and the increased levels of D-dimer. Omicron variant is known to have higher transmission with less severe infection than the previous variant. However, research related to long term effect post COVID-19 with Omicron variant in cardiovascular population is not yet known.

Aim: This study was conducted to determine the relationship of PaO2/FiO2 ratio and D- dimer levels at admission to sST2 levels and spirometry profile in post COVID-19 variant Omicron patient with cardiovascular disease.

Method: Research in the form of a cross-sectional study was conducted on Omicron variant COVID-19 patients with a history of comorbid cardiovascular disease who were treated at the Harapan Kita Heart and Blood Vessel Hospital (RSJPDHK). The diagnosis of COVID-19 is carried out using the WGS/SGTF method. Patients undergo spirometry examination and measurement of sST2 levels at 6 month after hospitalization.

Results and Discussion: This study shows a PaO2/FiO2 ratio with a median of 454 with D-dimer levels 790 ng/mL. The majority of patients have a restrictive patterns. The median sST2 value in Omicron variant COVID-19 patients at 2716.8 pg/mL. There was no significant relationship between the ratio of PaO2/FiO2 and D-Dimer levels to sST2 levels and spirometry profile at 6 months after COVID-19 infection. This can be associated with lower COVID-19 severity so that there is no significant association with inflammatory parameters such as PaO2/FiO2 ratio and D-dimer levels, as well as the relationship between measurements 6 months post COVID-19 and the possibility of fibrosis improvement.

Conclusion: There was no significant relationship between the ratio of PaO2/FiO2 and D-Dimer levels to sST2 levels and spirometry abnormality at 6 months post COVID-19 variant Omicron."

"Latar BelakangPandemi COVID-19, yang disebabkan oleh SARS-CoV-2, berdampak global, termasuk di Indonesia, dengan komplikasi utama seperti trombosis terkait peningkatan kadar D- dimer, biomarker pembekuan darah. Kadar D-dimer yang tinggi dikaitkan dengan prognosis buruk, seperti risiko trombosis, lama rawat inap yang lebih lama, dan kematian. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengeksplorasi hubungan antara kadar D-dimer, tingkat keparahan penyakit, dan lama rawat pasien COVID-19 di RSUP Persahabatan.MetodePenelitian ini bersifat observasional-analitis dengan desain potong lintang pada pasien COVID-19 derajat sedang, berat, dan kritis di RSUP Persahabatan, Jakarta, selama Januari–Desember 2021. Data dikumpulkan dari rekam medis dan dianalisis dengan metode consecutive sampling, melibatkan 57 sampel. Penelitian mencakup pengukuran kadar D-dimer, tingkat keparahan penyakit, dan lama rawat inap. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan SPSS 25.0 dengan uji univariat dan bivariat, termasuk uji Chi-square atau Fisher’s exact untuk memeriksa hubungan antarvariabel.HasilHasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan signifikan antara kadar D- dimer awal dengan tingkat keparahan COVID-19 (p=0,364), meskipun subjek dengan kadar D-dimer ≥500 ng/mL lebih banyak mengalami kondisi sedang dan berat. Di sisi lain, kadar D-dimer yang lebih tinggi (≥500 ng/mL) berhubungan dengan durasi rawat inap yang lebih lama (≥14 hari) dengan p=0,044, menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan antara kadar D-dimer dan lama rawat inap pasien COVID-19.KesimpulanPenelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan signifikan antara kadar D-dimer awal dengan tingkat keparahan COVID-19 (p=0,364), namun kadar D-dimer ≥500 ng/mL berhubungan dengan durasi rawat inap yang lebih lama (≥14 hari) (p=0,044).

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Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has had a global impact, including in Indonesia, with major complications such as thrombosis associated with elevated D- dimer levels, a biomarker of blood coagulation. High D-dimer levels are linked to poor prognosis, including the risk of thrombosis, prolonged hospital stays, and mortality. This study aims to explore the relationship between D-dimer levels, disease severity, and length of hospitalization in COVID-19 patients at RSUP Persahabatan.

Method

This study is an observational-analytical research with a cross-sectional design conducted on COVID-19 patients with moderate, severe, and critical conditions at RSUP Persahabatan, Jakarta, from January to December 2021. Data were collected from medical records and analyzed using consecutive sampling methods, involving 57 samples. The study includes measurements of D-dimer levels, disease severity, and length of hospitalization. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 25.0 with univariate and bivariate tests, including Chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests to examine the relationships between variables.

Results

The results of this study indicate that there is no significant relationship between initial D-dimer levels and the severity of COVID-19 (p=0.364), although subjects with D-dimer levels ≥500 ng/mL were more likely to experience moderate and severe conditions. On the other hand, higher D-dimer levels (≥500 ng/mL) are associated with longer hospital stays (≥14 days) with a p-value of 0.044, indicating a significant difference between D- dimer levels and the duration of hospitalization in COVID-19 patients.

Conclusion

This study shows that there is no significant relationship between initial D-dimer levels and COVID-19 severity (p=0.364), but D-dimer levels ≥500 ng/mL are associated with longer hospital stays (≥14 days) (p=0.044)."

"Latar BelakangCOVID-19 adalah sebuah infeksi virus yang memiliki angka mortalitas yang sangat tinggi dalam periode waktu yang sangat sempit. Infeksi COVID-19 akan menyebabkan inflamasi di jaringan paru tubuh yang dapat diukur dengan serum D-dimer. Keparahan gejala dari infeksi COVID-19 dapat dilihat dalam gejala klinis dan keterlibatan segmen paru pada gambaran CT-Scan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara level D-dimer dengan keparahan klinis pasien COVID-19 serta dengan keterlibatan lobus paru pada gambaran CT-Scan pasien COVID-19MetodePenelitian ini menggunakan metode potong lintang retrospektif dengan uji korelasi gamma untuk melihat hubungan antara level d-dimer dengan keparahan klinis dan keparahan gambaran CT-Scan pada pasien COVID-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dari penelitian “Implementasi Pencitraan Diagnostik Foto Toraks dan CT- Scan Toraks Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Menggunakan Artificial Intelligence” oleh Kamelia T, dkk. di tiga rumah sakit (Rumah Sakit Bunda Menteng, Rumah Sakit Bunda Depok, dan Rumah Sakit dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo) dalam periode 2020-2024, dimana terdapat 50 subjek yang melakukan pemeriksaan laboratorium (D- dimer) dan pemeriksaan CT-Scan.HasilDidapatkan 50 subjek dimana terdapat 25 (50%) subjek yang mengalami peningkatan level D-dimer dan 25 (50%) subjek dengan level D-dimer normal. Uji korelasi antara level D-dimer dengan keparahan klinis memiliki nilai P <0,001 dengan koefiesien korelasi sebesar 0,806. Uji korelasi antara level D-dimer dengan keparahan CT-Scan memiliki nilai P 0,012 dengan koefisien korelasi sebesar 0,528. Koefisien korelasi yang dianggap bermakna pada penelitian ini adalah 0,4.KesimpulanLevel D-dimer memiliki korelasi sangat kuat dengan keparahan klinis serta korelasi sedang dengan keparahan CT-Scan, sehingga dapat menjadi biomarker potensial untuk menentukan tingkat keparahan gejala klinis pasien dan keparahan gambaran CT-Scan thoraks pasien COVID-19.

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Introduction

COVID-19 is a viral infection associated with a high mortality rate within a relatively short period. The infection triggers inflammation in lung tissues, which can be measured using serum D-dimer levels. The severity of COVID-19 symptoms can be assessed through clinical manifestations and the extent of pulmonary segment involvement observed on CT-Scan imaging. This study aims to determine the correlation between D- dimer levels and the clinical severity of COVID-19, as well as the involvement of pulmonary lobes on CT-Scan images of COVID-19 patients.

Method

This study employed a retrospective cross-sectional method with a gamma correlation test to examine the relationship between D-dimer levels, clinical severity, and CT-Scan severity in COVID-19 patients. This study utilized secondary data from the research “Implementation of Diagnostic Imaging of Chest X-rays and CT-Scans for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Using Artificial Intelligence” by Kamelia T, et al., conducted at three hospitals (Bunda Menteng Hospital, Bunda Depok Hospital, and Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital) from 2020 to 2024, involving 50 subjects who underwent laboratory (D-dimer) and CT-Scan examinations.

Results

A total of 50 subjects were included, with 25 (50%) showing elevated D-dimer levels and 25 (50%) with normal D-dimer levels. The correlation test between D-dimer levels and clinical severity showed a p-value <0.001 with a correlation coefficient of 0.806. The correlation test between D-dimer levels and CT-Scan severity yielded a p-value of 0.012 with a correlation coefficient of 0.528. A correlation coefficient of 0.4 or higher was considered significant in this study.

Conclusion

D-dimer levels can serve as a potential biomarker for determining the severity of clinical symptoms and the severity of thoracic CT-Scan findings in COVID-19 patients."

"Latar belakang. Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) memiliki spektrum penyakit yang sangat luas dari gejala ringan sampai berat, hingga kematian. Reaksi inflamasi berat akibat dari COVID-19 ini menimbulkan gangguan hemostasis yang disebut dengan COVID-19 associated coagulopathy. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai profil koagulasi pada pasien dalam pemantauan (PDP) ataupun terkonfirmasi COVID-19 serta hubungannya terhadap mortalitas 30-hari pasien.Metode. Studi ini merupakan studi kohort retrospektif di RS Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) selama Maret 2020 hingga Juni 2020. Sebanyak 106 subjek yang sesuai kriteria inklusi dianalisis dari data rekam medis. Dilakukan pengambilan data berupa data demografik, klinis atau hemodinamik pasien, profil koagulasi saat subjek ditentukan sebagai PDP atau terkonfirmasi COVID-19, pemberian terapi tromboprofilaksis heparin, dan status mortalitas 30 hari setelah admisi. Perhitungan statistik dilakukan dengan menggunakan Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) versi 24.0. Profil koagulasi subjek penyintas 30 hari dibandingkan dengan subjek yang mengalami mortalitas. Variabel profil koagulasi yang bermakna kemudian dianalisis dengan analisis bivariat dan regresi logistik multivariat.Hasil. Pada kelompok yang mengalami mortalitas 30-hari ditemukan adanya peningkatan jumlah leukosit (p: 0,022), penurunan kadar trombosit (p: 0,016), dan waktu protrombin (PT) dan waktu activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) yang lebih panjang (p: 0,002 dan p: 0,018) dibandingkan pada kelompok penyintas 30-hari. Tidak ditemukan perbedaan fibrinogen dan d-Dimer yang bermakna secara statistik. PT merupakan suatu profil koagulasi tunggal yang dapat digunakan sebagai prediktor mortalitas 30-hari dengan odds ratio (95% CI) sebesar 1,407 (1,072 – 1,846), nilai p: 0,014.Simpulan. Terdapat hubungan antara faktor koagulasi pasien COVID-19 dengan mortalitas 30 hari di RSCM, khususnya PT yang dapat digunakan sebagai prediktor mortalitas 30-hari.

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.Background. Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has a very broad spectrum of disease from mild to severe symptoms, to death. The severe inflammatory reaction as a result of COVID-19 infection causes a hemostasis disorder called COVID-19 associated coagulopathy. This study aims to assess the coagulation profile of patients under monitoring (PDP) or confirmed COVID-19 and its relationship with 30-day mortality.

Method. This retrospective cohort study was conducted at RS Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) from March 2020 to June 2020. A total of 106 subjects who met the inclusion criteria were analyzed from medical record data. Data were collected in the form of patient demographic, clinical or hemodynamic data, coagulation profile when the subject was determined as PDP or confirmed as COVID-19, administration of heparin thromboprophylaxis therapy, and mortality status 30 days after admission. Statistical calculations were performed using the Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) version 24.0. We compared the coagulation profiles of the survivor group in contrast to the non-survivor group. Significant coagulation profile variables were analyzed using bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression.

Results. There was elevated number of leukocytes (p: 0.022), reduced platelet levels (p: 0.016), and longer prothrombin time (PT) as well as activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) (p: 0.002 and p: 0.018, consecutively) in non-survivor group. There were no statistical differences in fibrinogen and d-Dimer levels in both groups. Additionally, PT is a single coagulation profile which predicted 30-day mortality with an odds ratio (95% CI) of 1.407 (1.072 - 1.846), and p value: 0.014.

Conclusion. This present study shows abnormal coagulation results are associated with 30-day mortality in COVID-19 patients at RSCM. Prolonged PT was an independent predictor for 30-day mortality in COVID-19 patients"

"Latar belakang. Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) memiliki spektrum penyakit yang sangat luas dari gejala ringan sampai berat, hingga kematian. Reaksi inflamasi berat akibat dari COVID-19 ini menimbulkan gangguan hemostasis yang disebut dengan COVID-19 associated coagulopathy. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai profil koagulasi pada pasien dalam pemantauan (PDP) ataupun terkonfirmasi COVID-19 serta hubungannya terhadap mortalitas 30-hari pasien. Metode. Studi ini merupakan studi kohort retrospektif di RS Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) selama Maret 2020 hingga Juni 2020. Sebanyak 106 subjek yang sesuai kriteria inklusi dianalisis dari data rekam medis. Dilakukan pengambilan data berupa data demografik, klinis atau hemodinamik pasien, profil koagulasi saat subjek ditentukan sebagai PDP atau terkonfirmasi COVID-19, pemberian terapi tromboprofilaksis heparin, dan status mortalitas 30 hari setelah admisi. Perhitungan statistik dilakukan dengan menggunakan Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) versi 24.0. Profil koagulasi subjek penyintas 30 hari dibandingkan dengan subjek yang mengalami mortalitas. Variabel profil koagulasi yang bermakna kemudian dianalisis dengan analisis bivariat dan regresi logistik multivariat. Hasil. Pada kelompok yang mengalami mortalitas 30-hari ditemukan adanya peningkatan jumlah leukosit (p: 0,022), penurunan kadar trombosit (p: 0,016), dan waktu protrombin (PT) dan waktu activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) yang lebih panjang (p: 0,002 dan p: 0,018) dibandingkan pada kelompok penyintas 30-hari. Tidak ditemukan perbedaan fibrinogen dan d-Dimer yang bermakna secara statistik. PT merupakan suatu profil koagulasi tunggal yang dapat digunakan sebagai prediktor mortalitas 30-hari dengan odds ratio (95% CI) sebesar 1,407 (1,072 – 1,846), nilai p: 0,014.Simpulan. Terdapat hubungan antara faktor koagulasi pasien COVID-19 dengan mortalitas 30 hari di RSCM, khususnya PT yang dapat digunakan sebagai prediktor mortalitas 30-hari.

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Background. Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has a very broad spectrum of disease from mild to severe symptoms, to death. The severe inflammatory reaction as a result of COVID-19 infection causes a hemostasis disorder called COVID-19 associated coagulopathy. This study aims to assess the coagulation profile of patients under monitoring (PDP) or confirmed COVID-19 and its relationship with 30-day mortality.

Method. This retrospective cohort study was conducted at RS Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) from March 2020 to June 2020. A total of 106 subjects who met the inclusion criteria were analyzed from medical record data. Data were collected in the form of patient demographic, clinical or hemodynamic data, coagulation profile when the subject was determined as PDP or confirmed as COVID-19, administration of heparin thromboprophylaxis therapy, and mortality status 30 days after admission. Statistical calculations were performed using the Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) version 24.0. We compared the coagulation profiles of the survivor group in contrast to the non-survivor group. Significant coagulation profile variables were analyzed using bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression.

Results. There was elevated number of leukocytes (p: 0.022), reduced platelet levels (p: 0.016), and longer prothrombin time (PT) as well as activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) (p: 0.002 and p: 0.018, consecutively) in non-survivor group. There were no statistical differences in fibrinogen and d-Dimer levels in both groups. Additionally, PT is a single coagulation profile which predicted 30- day mortality with an odds ratio (95% CI) of 1.407 (1.072 - 1.846), and p value: 0.014.

Conclusion. This present study shows abnormal coagulation results are associated with 30-day mortality in COVID-19 patients at RSCM. Prolonged PT was an independent predictor for 30-day mortality in COVID-19 patients."

"Pendahuluan: Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) memiliki kecenderungan terus meningkat dengan koinsidensi mortalitas jangka pendek dan morbiditas jangka panjang. COVID-19 dapat menyebabkan hypercoagulable state dan menjadi predisposisi terjadinya DVT. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan kadar fibrinogen, D-Dimer, dan dosis heparin teraupetik berdasarkan kadar APTT dengan adanya COVID-19 pada pasien DVT. Metode: Desain penelitian komparatif dan kohort prospektif digunakan untuk membandingkan kadar fibrinogen, D-Dimer, dan dosis heparin terapeutik antara pasien COVID-19 dan non COVID-19 yang menderita DVT di RSPN Cipto Mangunkusumo pada bulan Maret 2020 – Maret 2022. Penegakan diagnosis DVT dilakukan dengan pemeriksaan ultrasonografi dan/atau computed tomography angiography (CTA) fase vena. Data variabel utama dan lainnya diperoleh dari rekam medis pasien. Uji T independen atau Mann-Whitney digunakan untuk menganalisis perbedaan nilai variabel antara kedua kelompok. Hasil: Dari total 253 sampel, tidak terdapat perbedaan karakterisitik awal antara kelompok DVT COVID-19 (n=44) dan DVT non COVID-19 (n=209), kecuali pada parameter Wells Score. Kelompok DVT COVID-19 memiliki kadar Fibrinogen, D-Dimer, dan aPTT yang lebih tinggi daripada kelompok DVT non COVID-19, baik sebelum terapi maupun sesudah terapi heparanisasi (semua nilai p =0,000). Pada akhir pengamatan, didapatkan dosis heparin terapeutik pada kelompok DVT COVID-19 lebih tinggi dibanding pada kelompok DVT non COVID-19 (30,00 (20,00-40,00)x103 U vs. 25,00 (20,00-35,00)x103 U, p=0,000). Kesimpulan: Kadar fibriongen, D-Dimer, dan dosis heparin terapeutik pada pasien DVT yang menderita COVID-19 lebih tinggi dibandingkan pada pasien DVT yang tidak menderita COVID-19. Inisiasi pemberian dosis heparin terapeutik dosis tinggi dapat dipertimbangkan pada pasien DVT dengan komorbid COVID-19 dan dipandu oleh hasil pemeriksaan biomarker koagulasi darah.

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Introduction: Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) has an increasing trend with a coincidence of short-term mortality and long-term morbidity. COVID-19 can cause a hypercoagulable state and predispose to DVT. This study aims to analyze the relationship between fibrinogen levels, D-Dimer, and therapeutic heparin doses based on APTT levels in the presence of COVID-19 in DVT patients. Methods: A comparative study design and a prospective cohort were used to compare levels of fibrinogen, D-Dimer, and therapeutic heparin doses between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients suffering from DVT at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in March 2020 – March 2022. Diagnosis of DVT was performed by ultrasound examination and/or computed tomography angiography (CTA) venous phase. The primary variable data and others were obtained from the patient's medical record. An Independent T-test or Mann-Whitney was used to analyze the differences in variable values between the two groups. Results: Of 253 samples, there was no difference in initial characteristics between the DVT COVID-19 (n=44) and non-COVID-19 DVT groups (n=209), except for the Wells Score parameter. The COVID-19 DVT group had higher levels of fibrinogen, D-Dimer, and aPTT than the non-COVID-19 DVT group, both before and after heparinization therapy (all p-values = 0.000). At the end of the follow-up period, the therapeutic dose of heparin in the COVID-19 DVT group was higher than in the non-COVID-19 DVT group (30.00 (20.00-40.00)x103 U vs. 25.00 (20.00-35.00)x103 U, p-value=0.000). Conclusion: The levels of fibrinogen, D-Dimer, and therapeutic doses of heparin in DVT patients who have COVID-19 are higher than in DVT patients who do not have COVID-19. Initiation of a higher therapeutic dose of heparin can be considered in DVT patients with comorbid COVID-19 and guided by the results of blood coagulation biomarkers."