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"Penggunaan obat yang bekerja pada saluran cerna perlu dilakukan kajian farmakologi, khususnya di depo Instalasi Gawat Darurat (IGD). Pelayanan kefarmasian di IGD perlu perhatian khusus karena biasanya menangani pasien yang dalam kondisi kritis. Kajian farmakologi dapat mengetahui efek utama obat, interaksi obat dan efek samping dari obat. Sehingga dapat memberikan terapi yang tepat dan aman kepada pasien.Prosedur kajian literatur yaitu dengan cara pengumpulan dan analisis data yang dilakukan dengan mencari studi pustaka dan observasi. Dalam hal ini, landasan teori untuk penelitian diperoleh melalui pencarian pustaka yang berasal baik dari buku, jurnal lain maupun dari sumber terpercaya lainnya. Selain itu, analisis data serta informasi yang digunakan dilakukan dengan metode observasi yaitu pengamatan dan penelitian farmakologi dari obat-obat yang bekerja pada saluran cerna.Kajian farmakologi obat saluran cerna, khususnya farmakokinetik dan farmakodinamik untuk obat Simetikon, H2 Receptor Blocker, Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) dan SukralfatMemberikan informasi kepada sejawat tenaga kesehatan terkait farmakologi obat saluran cerna yang diberikan.

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The use of drugs that act on the gastrointestinal tract needs to be studied pharmacologically, especially in the Emergency Room (ER). Pharmacy services in the emergency room need special attention because they usually treat patients who are in critical condition. Pharmacological studies can determine the main effects of drugs, drug interactions, and side effects of drugs. So that it can provide appropriate and safe therapy to patients. Literature review procedures, namely by collecting and analyzing data are carried out by searching literature and observation. In this case, the theoretical basis for the research is obtained through a literature search that originates from books, other journals, and from other reliable sources. In addition, the analysis of data and information used was carried out using the observation method, namely observation and pharmacological research of drugs that act on the gastrointestinal tract. Pharmacological studies of gastrointestinal drugs, especially pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics for Simethicone, H2 Receptor Blockers, Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPI), and Sucralfate Provide information to fellow health workers regarding the pharmacology of the gastrointestinal drugs given."

"Gangguan gastrointestinal merupakan sebagain besar penyakit yang menyebabkan penderitanya mencari pertolonganmedis. Salah satu contohnya adalah mual dan muntah. Mual merupakan sensasi tidak menyenangkan dari keinginanuntuk muntah atau perasaan di tenggorokan atau daerah epigastrum yang memperingatkan seseorang bahwa muntah akansegera terjadi. Sedangkan muntah merupakan ekspulsi paksa isi lambung melalui mulut sebagai refleks proteksi dari tubuh untuk mengeluarkan zat berbahaya dari GIT sebelum dapat diserap.

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Gastrointestinal disorder are the majority of disease that cause sufferes to seek medical help. One examples is nausea and vomiting. Nausea is the unpleasant sensation of wanting to vomit or a feeling in the throat or epigastrum area that warns a person that vomiting is imminent. Meanwhile, vomiting is the forced expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth as a protective reflex from the body to remove harmful substances from the GIT before they can be absorbed."

"Latar belakang dan tujuan : Semua jenis paduan pengobatan TB RO bukan tanpa efek samping sehingga direkomendasikan implementasi farmakovigilans dan pengawasan serta tata laksana keamanan obat secara aktif terhadap efek samping. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui angka kejadian efek samping yang paling sering yakni efek gastrointestinal (GI) dan efek samping yang dapat berakibat fatal yakni efek kardiovaskular yang terjadi pada pasien TB RO yang mendapatkan paduan jangka pendek (STR) di poliklinik Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat (RSUP) Persahabatan.Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan studi observasional dengan desain kohort prospektif yang dilakukan bulan Agustus 2019-Januari 2021 dengan metode consecutive sampling pada pasien TB RO yang mendapatkan STR di poliklinik paru RSUP Persahabatan. Pasien dalam pengobatan STR akan diikuti selama masa pengobatan 9-11 bulan untuk evaluasi subjektif dan objektifnya sampai terjadinya luaran pengobatan.Hasil : Subjek penelitian yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi sebanyak 68 orang dengan karakteristik dasar yaitu median usia 37 tahun, laki-laki (67,6%), status gizi kurang (52,9%) dan komorbid diabetes (17,6%). Luaran putus berobat cukup tinggi (26,5%) Hampir seluruh subjek mengalami efek gastrointestinal (95,6%) seluruhnya muncul pada fase intensif dan dominan derajat ringan. Efek samping GI akan semakin menurun setelah fase intensif. Hanya sebagian subjek yang mengalami efek kardiovaskular (41,2%) dan trennya semakin lama kejadiannya semakin meningkat. Terdapat satu subjek dengan luaran meninggal dunia pada efek samping kardio derajat berat. Pada efek samping GI tidak ada kecenderungan faktor yang menyebabkan, sementara durasi pengobatan yang mencapai 9 bulan yang mempengaruhi efek samping kardiovaskular (p=0,001).Kesimpulan : Pada penelitian ini efek samping GI terjadi pada hampir seluruh pasien namun trennya akan menurun setelah fase intensif. Sementara efek samping kardiovaskular dapat berakibat fatal dan trennya akan meningkat seiring berjalannya pengobatan. Durasi pengobatan yang lebih panjang dapat secara bermakna menyebabkan timbulnya efek samping kardiovaskular.

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Background : All types of drug-resistant (DR) tuberculosis (TB) treatment are not without effects, thus implementation of pharmacovigilance and active drug safety monitoring and management against adverse events are highly recommended. This study was conducted to determine the incidence gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events and cardiovascular adverse events that occur in DR TB outpatients who received short-term regimen (STR) at the Persahabatan General Hospital.

Methods : This study was an observational study with a prospective cohort design that was conducted between August 2019 and January 2021 with consecutive sampling of DR TB outpatients who received STR at Persahabatan General Hospital. Patients on STR treatment will be followed for a 9 to 11 months treatment period for subjective and objective evaluation of treatment outcomes

Result : There were 68 subjects eligible for this study with general characteristics median age of 37 years, male (67.6%), malnutrition status (52.9%), and having diabetes comorbid (17.6%). The default case was quite high in this study (25.6%). Almost all subjects experienced GI adverse events (95.6%) which appeared in the intensive phase with predominant mild degree of GI symptoms. The GI adverse events was decrease after the intensive phase. Only some of the subjects experienced cardiovascular effects (41.2%) and the trend increasing over time. There was one death as treatment outcome in a sever cardiovascular adverse events. In GI adverse events, there was no trend of causal factors, while the treatment duration of up to 9 months correlated with cardiovascular side effects (p = 0.001).

Results : In this study, it was found that GI adverse events were common but its occurrence decreased over time after intensive phase. The cardiovascular adverse events could be fatal and tis occurrence showed to be increase as treatment progresses."

"The gastrointestinal track provides one of the distinct systems where multiple malignancies, including adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, esophagus and colon are each associated with obesity. The focus on possible dietary contribution as well as the role of exercise in prevention and therapy is presented in both animal model and patient based studies. Special focus is provided also on the role of genetic mutations and inflammatory pathways as drivers of these obesity related gastrointestinal malignancies. "

"This recent results in cancer research volume contains the majority of the invited expert contributions from the First St. Gallen EORTC Gastrointestinal Cancer Conference, held on 22-24 March 2012 in St. Gallen, Switzerland. Written by some of the world?s leading experts in the field, the volume constitutes a comprehensive update on recent developments in the imaging, molecular biology, pathology, and multidisciplinary management of early cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. The latest recommendations regarding diagnosis and treatment are provided, and areas of consensus and controversy, identified. While the principal focus is on esophageal and gastric cancer, advances in the treatment of colorectal and pancreatic cancer are also discussed in some detail."

"We report three rare cases of mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Two cases are of gastric MALT lymphoma and one is a case of transverse colon MALT lymphoma. The two cases of gastric MALT lymphoma were diagnosed by endoscopy which demonstrated an ulcer in the cardia and another in the corpus. The first case is in a 62-year-old male. The patients medical history revealed upper GI tract bleeding with melaena in 1993. At the time no diagnosis was made on endoscopy In August 2000, melaena recurred and endoscopy showed an ulcer in the cardio. Histology showed high-grade gastric MALT lymphoma. Based on Ann Arbor classification, the patient was classified as stage IE gastrointestinal lymphoma. H. pylori was negative. The patient received chemotherapy The second case is in a 53-year-old male. He suffered from gastric lymphoma for 3 years. He complained of annually recurring haematemesis before a definitive diagnosis was finally established. He suffered jiom stage IE low-grade well-differentiated lymphocytic MALT lymphoma. H. pylori was negative. Endoscopic procedure after H. pylori eradication showed ulcer regression though histology still showed low-grade MALT lymphoma and H. pylori as positive. The third case is in a 46-year-old male with a complaint of haematochezia. Colonoscopy showed intususception due to tumor in the transverse colon. Histologic examination showed chronic colitis and granulomatosa. lnvagination due to colon tumor was reported. Histologic examination of the biopsy specimen showed low-grade small cell lymphocyte-plasmocytoid lymphoma. "

"Sindrom putus obat opioid terjadi setelah penghentian konsumsi opioid secara-tiba-tiba, dengan gejala seperti hidung berair, nyeri otot, ansietas, kondisi kedinginan atau kepanasan, dilatasi pupil, menguap, gangguan gastrointestinal, dan peningkatan detak jantung. Penyalahgunaan opioid masih menjadi masalah utama di dunia, sehingga penanganan terhadap sindrom putus obat pada penyalahguna opioid yang tepat sangat diperlukan, terutama penanganan farmakologi. Penulisan review atau ulasan ini bertujuan untuk menelusuri, mengetahui, dan mengkaji manajemen pengobatan terkini yang dilakukan pada pasien yang menyalahgunakan opioid. Pemilihan dan penelusuran pada penulisan ini dilakukan pada PubMed, Sciencedirect, dan SpringerLink, dengan menggunakan kata kunci “opioid withdrawal syndrome treatment” dengan kombinasi “heroin”, “fentanyl”, “morphine”, kemudian artikel yang diterbitkan tidak kurang dari tahun 2015 dan diseleksi berdasarkan batasan yang telah ditetapkan. Berdasarkan hasil penelusuran literatur, ditemukan sebanyak 21 publikasi, yang umumnya merupakan penyalahguna heroin, dengan penanganan farmakologi yang dilakukan yaitu terapi utama, terapi off label, terapi tambahan, tunggal maupun kombinasi. Penatalaksanaan terapi ini dapat dilakukan secara residensial maupun tidak. Terapi utama yang dilakukan dalam menangani sindrom putus obat opioid pada penyalahguna opioid berdasarkan literatur adalah naltrekson, buprenorfin, metadon, lofeksidin, dronabinol, oksitosin, tramadol, pexacerfont, pioglitazon. Beberapa terapi simtomatik yang bisa diberikan diantaranya antiemetik, antidiare, antiansietas, antiinflamasi nonsteroid, dan sebagainya. Setiap obat yang diteliti memiliki efek yang beragam dan hampir semua obat berpengaruh besar dalam menangani sindrom putus obat opioid. Pemilihan jenis terapi farmakologi dan keinginan setiap individu untuk menerima pengobatan sindrom putus obat opioid menjadi faktor penting dalam keberhasilan terapi, yang terlihat dari penilaian putus obat opioid berdasarkan kriteria objektif, subjektif, maupun klinis

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Opioid withdrawal syndrome, symptoms appeared after abrupt discontinuation of opioid, is characterized by rhinorrhea, muscle pain, yawning, anxiety, gooseflash, mydriasis, gastrointestinal upset, and increased pulse rate. Opioid abuse remain the major problem in most country. To manage withdrawal syndrome, proper management especially pharmacological treatment is needed with the intention of improving the quality of life, reducing craving and preventing another misuse. The purpose of this article review was to identify, evaluate and analyze the recent pharmacological management of withdrawal syndrome in opioid abusers published in article. This review was done with literature search from 2015, performed through PubMed, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink using the following terms “Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome Treatment”, and additional “heroin”, “fentanyl”, “morphine”, subsequently chosen based on the specific limitation. Results were found with 21 publications, with opioid misuse mostly from heroin. Variety of pharmacological treatment available for opioid withdrawal syndrome includes main therapy, off-label, adjunct medication, with or without combinations, which can be applied for inpatient or outpatient. Literature search about opioid withdrawal syndrome management resulted in the use of naltrexone, buprenorphine, methadone, lofexidine, dronabinol, oxytocin, tramadol, pexacerfont, and pioglitazone. Some symptomatic therapies are indicated for emetic, diarrhea, anxiety, inflammation, and other purposes. Almost all medications used here improved the opioid withdrawal syndrome. Group of drugs used for treatment and willingness of getting therapy in every individual become factors for the withdrawal completion rate, which is usually seen with opioid withdrawal assessment, either in subjective, objective, or clinical"