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"Penelitian ini merupakan analisis mengenai tren dan faktor yang berpengaruh dalam pengambilan keputusan transaksi mergers and acquisitions (M&A) di Asia Tenggara pada periode 2012-2021 yang kemudian berdampak pada pertumbuhan transaksi dan nilai transaksi M&A di regional tersebut. Sampel yang digunakan adalah total dan nilai transaksi di Singapura, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, dan Filipina pada periode 2012-2021. Kemudian, faktor-faktor tersebut dibandingkan pada periode sebelum COVID-19 yaitu 2012-2019. Data yang dianalisis merupakan data panel dan metode yang digunakan adalah regresi linear berganda dengan teknik common effect model atau pooled least square. Hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa terdapat dua (dua) faktor yang berpengaruh secara signifikan dalam pertumbuhan aktivitas M&A di Asia Tenggara, yaitu tingkat atau tarif pajak perusahaan dan tingkat suku bunga.

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This study examines the trends and factors that will drive merger and acquisition (M&A) decision-making in Southeast Asia from 2012 to 2021, which will have an effect on the expansion of M&A activity in the region. From 2012 to 2021, a sample of the total and transaction value in Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, and Philippines were used. Subsequently, these elements were compared with the time period prior to COVID-19, particularly 2012 to 2019. Panel data was used in the analysis, and multiple linear regression using the common effect model technique or pooled least squares was the methodology applied. The study's findings revealed that interest rates and the level of corporate tax rates were the 2 (two) factors that significantly influenced the expansion of M&A activity in Southeast Asia."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji apakah terdapat perbedaan kinerja keuangan perusahaan pada sebelum dan sesudah melakukan merger dan akuisisi (M&A). Pada penelitian ini, kinerja keuangan diukur menggunakan Current Ratio, TATO (Total Asset Turnover), DER (Debt to Equity Ratio), DAR (Debt to Asset Ratio), NPM (Net Profit Margin), ROE (Return on Equity), dan ROA (Return on Asset). Jangka waktu observasi adalah setahun sebelum hingga tiga tahun sesudah M&A. Kami meneliti 123 transaksi M&A yang dilakukan perusahaan publik Indonesia dalam rentang waktu antara tahun 2006-2016 dan membandingkan pengaruhnya pada tiga kelompok sektor industri yaitu kelompok sektor penghasil bahan baku, manufaktur, dan jasa non keuangan. Kami kemudian membagi semua sampel perusahaan pada dua jenis M&A yaitu M&A konglomerat dan nonkonglomerat. Uji statistik yang digunakan adalah Paired Sample t-Test dan Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pada kelompok sektor penghasil bahan baku, hanya TATO yang menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan saat dibandingkan antara sebelum dan sesudah M&A. Pada dua sektor lainnya, tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan pada semua rasio keuangan. Pada jenis M&A konglomerat dan nonkonglomerat juga tidak ditemukan ada perbedaan signifikan yang konsisten pada semua rasio yang diteliti. Pada abnormal return, terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara sebelum dan sesudah merger pada perusahaan kelompok sektor penghasil bahan baku dan manufaktur tetapi tidak pada kelompok sektor jasa non-keuangan.

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This study analyzes whether there are differences in financial performance and abnormal returns before with after mergers and acquisitions (M&A) were carried out. In this study, financial performance is proxied by financial that includes Current Ratio, TATO (Total Asset Turnover), DER (Debt to Equity Ratio), DAR (Debt to Asset Ratio), NPM (Net Profit Margin), ROE (Return on Equity), and ROA (Return on Asset). The financial ratios observation period is one year before and three years in a row after mergers and acquisitions. We study 123 M&A deals initiated by Indonesian public companies from 2006 to 2016 and compare the effects between three industrial group sectors, i.e. primary sectors, industry & manufacturing sectors, and non-financial service sectors. We further divide all

sample enterprises into two different types of M&A, namely conglomerate M&A and non-conglomerate M&A. The statistical test used is the Paired Sample t-Test

and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. This study shows that in primary sectors company, only TATO show significant differences in the comparison before and after M&A. In the other two sectors, there are no significant differences in all ratios. The study also shows that there is no consistent significant result in conglomerate and non-conglomerate M&A. This study also demonstrates that there is a significant difference in abnormal return on primary and manufacture group sectors but not on non-financial sectors."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui implikasi dari kegiatan merger dan akuisisi (M&A) khususnya terhadap perbedaan value perusahaan pada saat sebelum dan sesudah dilakukannya M&A oleh perusahaan acquisitor. Value perusahaan diukur dari Average Abnormal Return (AAR) dan Cumulative Average Abnormal Returns (CAAR) yang diperoleh berdasarkan tiga jenis model yaitu pada Mean Adjusted Return Models ditemukan bahwa terdapat perbedaan signifikan terhadap value perusahaan acquisitor dan mampu menambahkan value perusahaan tersebut. Pada Market Adjusted Return Models, dari AAR dan CAAR sebelum-sesudah M&A, ditemukan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan terhadap value perusahaan acquisitor dan tidak mempengaruhi value perusahaan. Terakhir, pada Ordinary Least Square (OLS) Models ditemukan bahwa terdapat perbedaan signifikan terhadap value perusahaan acquisitor dan mampu menambahkan value perusahaan yang dilihat dari AAR dan CAAR sebelum-sesudah M&A.

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This research aims to examine the implications of merger and acquisition (M&A) activities, especially on differences in company values before and after M&A by the acquisitor company. Company value is measured from Average Abnormal Return (AAR) and Cumulative Average Abnormal Returns (CAAR), where the calculation of abnormal returns is obtained based on three types of models. First, in Mean Adjusted Return Models found that there are significant differences to the value of the acquisitor company and are able to add the company's value. Second, in the Market Adjusted Return Models, from AAR and CAAR before-after M&A found that there is no significant difference to the acquisition company value and it does not affect the company value. Last, in the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) Adjusted Return Models found that there is a significant difference to the acquisition company value and is able to add company value as seen from AAR and CAAR before-after M&A."

"Korea Selatan dan Jepang menggunakan Pre-merger Notification System. Sedangkan di Indonesia masih menerapkan proses Post-merger Notification System. Yang dimana Mayoritas negara di dunia, pada umumnya sudah menggunakan Pre-merger Notification System dikarenakan sistem ini dinilai memberikan keefktifan yang lebih dalam menyelesaikan akibat yang tidak baik dari diberlakukannya merger. Selain itu, dari sisi pelaku usahanya pun jauh lebih baik dengan sistem ini, untuk menghindari adanya kerugian biaya yang muncul dari merger yang dipermasalahkan serta meninjau Urgensi terkait perlunya perubahan sistem notifikasi di Indonesia yang dimana adanya Penilaian terhadap prosedur sistem Post-Merger Notification dan pemberitahuan sukarela itu dapat menimbulkan ketidakpastian terhadap pelaku usaha dikarenakan KPPU bisa saja membatalkan hasil dari penggabungan serta pengambilalihan yang telah dilakukan apabila didalam kajian penilaiannya memperlihatkan atau terbukti akan adanya praktik monopoli ataupun persaingan usaha yang tidak sehat. Perlu juga diperhatikan terkait kebutuhan yang diperlukan agar sistem notifikasi merger di Indonesia lebih optimal dan dapat memberikan kepastian hukum terhadap pelaku usaha seperti diikuti dengan anggaran dan sumber daya manusia yang harus tercukupi agar didalam penerapannya kelak tidak mengakibatkan ketidak-pastian yang lainnya atau mengakibatkan terhambatnya proses pelaksanaan merger sehingga terhambat juga roda perekonomian di Indonesia.

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South Korea and Japan using the Pre-merger Notification System. Meanwhile, in Indonesia, the Post-merger Notification System process is implemented still The majority of countries in the world, in general, already use the Pre-merger Notification System because this system is considered to provide more effectiveness in resolving the unfavorable consequences of the enactment of the merger. In addition, from the perspective of business actors, it is much better with this system, to avoid cost losses arising from the merger in question and to review the urgency regarding the need for changes to the notification system in Indonesia, where there is an assessment of the Post-Merger Notification and voluntary notification. it can create uncertainty for business actors because KPPU may cancel the results of mergers and takeovers that have been carried out if in its assessment study it is shown or proven that there is monopolistic practice or unfair business competition. It is also necessary to pay attention to the needs that are needed so that the merger notification system in Indonesia is more optimal and can provide legal certainty to business actors as followed by budget and human resources that must be fulfilled so that in its implementation it will not result in other uncertainties or result in delays in the implementation process. merger so that the wheels of the economy in Indonesia are hampered."

"Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, proses pembekuan industri keuangan melalui merger antara bank besar dan mapan di banyak negara perlu perhatian lebih dekat. Masalah menjadi lebih jelas dalam beberapa tahun terakhir karena pemerintah memberi isyarat arah baru dalam kebijakan keuangannya dan mulai membuka pasar keuangannya dengan persaingan asing. Namun, fenomena ini tidak hanya muncul di Korea Selatan, tapi juga di Indonesia. Dalam hal ini, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana undang-undang mengenai perubahan merger dan akuisisi bank sebelum dan sesudah krisis ekonomi 1998 antara Indonesia dan Korea Selatan. Apalagi penelitian ini mengetahui undang-undang yang mengatur merger dan akuisisi bank dilaksanakan di kedua negara. Penelitian ini dikategorikan sebagai penelitian hukum normatif. Di antara tiga metode penelitian, pertanyaan pertama menggunakan pendekatan historis. Pertanyaan kedua menggunakan pendekatan komparatif, yang berfokus pada persamaan dan perbedaan bagaimana hukum diterapkan di Indonesia dan Republik Korea. Pelaksanaan UU tersebut diwawancarai oleh profesional Bank di Indonesia dan di Korea Selatan. Penelitian ini mengacu pada data sekunder untuk mempelajari topik penelitian. Informasi tentang UU mengenai merger dan akuisisi bank di Indonesia dan Korea Selatan dikumpulkan dari buku, jurnal dan artikel sebagai referensi untuk menangani penelitian ini. Sepanjang penelitian ini, saya telah menyimpulkan bahwa undang-undang dan peraturan di kedua Negara telah lebih spesifik dan diperkuat setelah Krisis Ekonomi tahun 1998. Selain itu, amandemen tersebut berhasil diterapkan di bidang perbankan saat ini, dan memperbaiki merger bank dan proses akuisisi.

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In recent years, the restricting process of the financial industry through mergers between large and well-established banks in many countries deserves a closer look. Problems became more apparent in recent years as the government signaled a new direction in its financial policy and began to open up its financial market to foreign competition. However, this phenomenon not only arises in Korea, but also in Indonesia. In this respect, this study aims to find out the laws regarding bank merger and acquisition changed before and after the economic crisis of 1998 between Indonesia and the Republic of Korea. Moreover, to find out the laws regulating bank mergers and acquisition executed/implemented in both countries. This research is categorized as normative legal research. Amongst three research method, the first research question uses historical approach. Second research question uses comparative approach, which focus on the similarities and differences on how law is implemented in Indonesia and Republic of Korea. The implementation of the Law is interviewed by the professional of the Bank in Indonesia and in Republic of Korea. This research refers to secondary data in order to study the topic of the research. Information about laws regarding bank merger and acquisition in Indonesia and South Korea is collected from books, journals and articles as the reference to address this research. Throughout this research, I have been reached in a conclusion that the laws and regulations in both Countries have been more specified and reinforced after the Economic Crisis of 1998. Moreover, those amendments are successfully implemented in current banking field, and improved the bank mergers and acquisitions process."

"Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui analisis fundamental saham dalam menentukan keputusan investasi pada perusahaan yang telah melakukan merger dan akuisisi di Bursa Efek Indonesia dengan menggunakan Metode Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE) Tahun 2019–2021. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh metode free cash flow to equity terhadap keputusan investasi pada perusahaan yang telah melakukan merger dan akuisisi yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Populasi penelitian ini terdiri dari enam perusahaan yang telah melakukan merger dan akuisisi. Pada sampel yang diuji, terdapat 18 nilai intrinsik saham yang dihitung menggunakan metode FCFE pada periode 2019–2021. Penelitian ini menggunakan model untuk menguji hubungan antara nilai intrinsik dengan harga saham riil. Uji Wilcoxon adalah uji nonparametrik yang digunakan untuk mengukur perbedaan antara dua kelompok data berpasangan pada skala ordinal atau interval, tetapi datanya tidak berdistribusi normal. Hasil pengujian membuktikan bahwa analisis fundamental saham berpengaruh terhadap keputusan investasi dengan menggunakan metode Free Cash Flow to Equity pada perusahaan yang telah melakukan merger dan akuisisi.

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The purpose of this study is to determine the fundamental analysis of stocks in determining investment decisions on mergers and acquisitions company on the Indonesia Stock Exchange using the Free Cash Flow to Equity Method in 2019–2021. This study aims to determine the effect of the free cash flow to equity method on investment decisions in companies that have conducted mergers and acquisitions listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The population of this study consists of six companies that have carried out mergers and acquisitions. In the sample tested, there are 18 stock intrinsic values calculated using the FCFE method in the period 2019–2021. This study uses a model to examine the relationship between intrinsic value and real stock prices. The Wilcoxon Signed Test is a nonparametric test used to measure the difference between two groups of paired data on an ordinal or interval scale, but the data is not normally distributed. The test results prove that stock fundamental analysis has an effect on investment decisions by using the free cash flow to equity method in companies that have made mergers and acquisitions."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh merger dan akuisisi (M&A) vertikal terhadap nilai perusahaan di sektor energi global, dengan membedakan integrasi vertikal berdasarkan hulu, hilir, dan lainnya. Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah karena di sektor energi, sebagian besar perusahaan cenderung mengakuisisi perusahaan target yang beroperasi di sektor yang sama. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan mengumpulkan data dari Revinitif dan S&P Capital. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah perusahaan energi yang melakukan aktivitas M&A selama periode 2014-2018 dan mengevaluasi dampaknya terhadap nilai perusahaan selama lima tahun setelah transaksi. Sebanyak 443 transaksi dianalisis menggunakan metode Difference-in-Differences (DID). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa integrasi vertikal ke hulu dan lainnya memiliki dampak positif yang signifikan terhadap nilai perusahaan, sedangkan integrasi vertikal ke hilir menunjukkan dampak negatif yang signifikan.

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This study aims to analyze the impact of vertical mergers and acquisitions (M&A) on firm value in the global energy sector, distinguishing vertical integration into upstream, downstream, and other categories. The background of this research is that, in the energy sector, most companies tend to acquire target firms operating in the same sector. This study adopts a quantitative approach by collecting data from Refinitiv and S&P Capital. The data consists of energy companies engaged in M&A activities during the 2014-2018 period and evaluates their impact on firm value over five years following the transactions. A total of 443 deals were analyzed using the Difference-in-Differences (DID) method. The results indicate that upstream and other vertical integrations have a significant positive impact on firm value, while downstream vertical integration shows a significant negative impact on firm value."

""With its inception at the end of the nineteenth century as a means of consolidation and reorganization, mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have since become quasi-institutionalized as one of the primary strategic options for organizations, as they seek to secure their position in an ever more competitive and globalizing market place. Despite the optimism surrounding M&A as strategic moves, research on post-merger company performance suggests that most firms engaging in M&A activity do not achieve the sought-after performance targets, either immediately or in the years following the deal. What is it that drives M&A activity when research results do not support the performance expectations of these undertakings? Alternatively, have M&A scholars got it all wrong in the way that M&A performance is measured? Is the topic too complex, enduring, and multifaceted to study? The handbook argues that the field of M&A is in need of a re-rooting: past research needs to be critically reviewed, and fundamental assumptions revisited. A key issue preventing efforts in the practice and study of M&A from achieving dynamic syntheses has been the disciplinary gulf separating strategy, finance, and human relations schools. The handbook aims to bridge the hitherto separate disciplines engaged in the study and practice of M&A to provide more meaningful results. Toward this end, the handbook brings together a set of prominent and emerging scholars and practitioners engaged in the study of M&A to provide thought-provoking, state of the art overviews of M&A through four specific ’lenses’ - strategic, financial, socio-cultural, and sectoral approaches. By summarizing key findings in current research and exploring ways in which the differing approaches could and should be ’synthesized’, it aims to highlight the key issues facing M&A practitioners and academics at the dawn of the third millennium"-- Provided by publisher."The handbook bridges hitherto separate disciplines engaged in research in mergers and acquisitions (M&A) to integrate strategic, financial, socio-cultural, and sectoral approaches to the field. It examines the management processes involved, as well as valuations and post-acquisition performance, and considers international and sectoral dimensions"-- Provided by publisher."

"The chapters published in this volume provide cutting edge ideas by leading scholars, and help to inform mergers and acquisitions research around the world."

"Penelitian ini menguji apakah perusahaan pengakuisisi yang bersifat publik di Indonesia menggunakan asumsi trade-off theory dengan memiliki target leverage dan melakukan penyesuaian leverage ke level optimum. Metode pendekatan dalam analisis menggunakan peristiwa Merger dan Akuisisi (M&A). Sampel penelitian meliputi data perusahaan publik nonkeuangan di Indonesia periode tahun 2000 hingga 2019. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peristiwa M&A memicu perubahan pada rasio leverage perusahaan, tetapi sebagian besar perusahaan pengakuisisi di Indonesia tidak memiliki target leverage setelah melakukan pengumuman M&A. Hanya sekitar 16% dari perusahaan sampel yang memiliki leverage meningkat setahun sebelum M&A dan 23% dari perusahaan sampel yang memiliki leverage menurun setahun sebelum M&A yang melakukan penyesuaian leverage ke level optimum secara konsisten dalam dua tahun setelah M&A. Penyesuaian leverage ke titik optimum juga tidak menunjukkan kecepatan yang signifikan. Transaksi M&A tidak berpengaruh secara efektif dalam membantu perusahaan publik Indonesia untuk mencapai target leverage. Oleh sebab itu, hasil penelitian ini tidak membuktikan bahwa perusahaan publik di Indonesia mendukung asumsi trade-off theory ketika melakukan M&A.

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This study examines whether public acquiring firms in Indonesia follow trade-off theory by having leverage targets and performing leverage adjustments to the optimum level. The approach used in this study is Merger and Acquisitions (M&As). The data sample includes financial data of publicly traded non-financial firms in Indonesia between 2000 and 2019. The results show that M&A events trigger changes in firms leverage ratios, but majority of Indonesian acquiring firms do not have leverage targets after M&A announcements. There are only about 16% of sample firms with increasing leverage in a year before M&A and about 23% of sample firms with decreasing leverage in a year before M&A that continuously perform leverage adjustments to optimum levels within two years after M&A. Leverage adjustments to optimum levels also do not occur at significant speeds. M&A transactions do not effectively affect Indonesian public firms in reaching leverage targets. Hence the results do not show that public firms in Indonesia is in line with the notion under trade-off theory when conducting M&As."