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"Sastra dalam pengembangan ekonomi terkait Investasi Asing Langsung (FDI) telah banyak diteliti oleh para sarjana, sebagian besar menggunakan data pemotongan lintang atau data rangkaian waktu, namun penelitian mengenai data panel yang melibatkan faktor determinan FDI terhadap sektor dan wilayah secara keseluruhan belum banyak dilakukan. Penelitian ini menguji dampak investasi langsung asing terhadap pertumbuhan pertanian di 15 Negara Asia menggunakan metode efek tetap dan efek acak serta diuji dengan uji Hausman menggunakan data sampel dari tahun 1990 hingga 2019. Ditemukan bahwa FDI memiliki hubungan positif dan signifikan dengan nilai tambah pertanian. Namun, FDI melalui perkembangan keuangan memiliki dampak negatif dan signifikan terhadap nilai tambah pertanian. Ditemukan pula bahwa inflasi memiliki dampak negatif dan signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan pertanian, sementara formasi modal bruto dan tetap memiliki dampak signifikan dan positif terhadap pertumbuhan pertanian. Di sisi lain, keterbukaan perdagangan memiliki dampak negatif namun tidak signifikan. Oleh karena itu, rekomendasi yang diberikan kepada pembuat kebijakan adalah menciptakan kebijakan yang dapat menstabilkan tingkat inflasi serta meringankan kebijakan yang dapat menghambat keterbukaan perdagangan.

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Literature in the economic development regarding FDI have been widely studied by scholars, mostly used either cross-section or time series data, a panel-data on the determinants of FDI and towards the sectoral region, on the other hand, is understudied. This study examines the impact of foreign direct investment on agriculture growth in 15 Asian Countries using a fixed effect and random effect and further tested with the Hausman test on the sample data ranging from 1990-2019. It is found that FDI has a positive relationship and significant relationship with agriculture value added. However, FDI through financial development has a negative and significant impact on agriculture value added.  It is also found that inflation has a negative and significant impact on agriculture growth while gross and fixed capital formation is found to be significant and positively impacts agriculture growth. On the other hand, trade openness has a negative but non-significant impact. Therefore, a recommendation is for policy maker to create a policy that could stabilize the inflation rate and ease the policy that could inhibit trade openness. "

"Penelitian ini mengkaji dampak kualitas institusi dan pengembangan infrastruktur terhadap aliran penanaman modal asing (PMA) di Asia Tenggara. Dengan menggunakan model regresi dan kumpulan data aliran PMA, efektivitas pemerintahan, kontrol korupsi, penetrasi internet, dan pembentukan modal tetap bruto dianalisis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kualitas institusi dan pengembangan infrastruktur secara signifikan memengaruhi aliran PMA di suatu negara. Akan tetapi, negara-negara dengan tata kelola yang efektif, Tingkat korupsi rendah, dan infrastruktur yang kokoh menarik lebih banyak investasi asing. Sehingga, pembuat kebijakan harus fokus pada reformasi institusi, langkah-langkah anti-korupsi, dan investasi dalam infrastruktur untuk menciptakan lingkungan yang menarik bagi investor asing. Temuan ini berkontribusi pada pemahaman tentang determinan PMA di Asia Tenggara dan memberikan wawasan bagi para pembuat kebijakan.

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This thesis examines the impact of institutional quality and infrastructure development on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in Southeast Asia. Using regression models and a dataset of FDI inflows, government effectiveness, control of corruption, internet penetration, and gross fixed capital formation were analyzed. The results demonstrate that both institutional quality and infrastructure development significantly influence FDI inflows in the region. Countries with effective governance, low corruption, and robust infrastructure attract more foreign investment. Policymakers should focus on institutional reforms, anti-corruption measures, and investments in infrastructure to create an attractive environment for foreign investors. These findings contribute to the understanding of FDI determinants in Southeast Asia and provide insights for policymakers."

"Studi ini mengkaji pengaruh korupsi terhadap masuknya investasi asing langsung (Foreign Direct Investment, FDI) di Brazil, Rusia, India, China, Meksiko, Indonesia, dan Turki (BRIC-MKIT) periode 1996-2011. Dengan menggunakan metode efek tetap, penelitian ini menemukan korupsi tidak signifikan memengaruhi masuknya FDI di kelompok negara BRIC-MKIT selama periode 1996-2011. Namun demikian ditemukan pengaruh yang berbeda-beda pada masing-masing negara BRIC-MKIT: (i) korupsi tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap masuknya FDI di Brazil, Rusia, Meksiko, dan Turki; (ii) korupsi berpengaruh negatif di India, China, dan Indonesia; dan (iii) korupsi berpengaruh positif di Korea Selatan.

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This study examines the effect of corruption on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflow in Brazil, Russian Federation, India, China, Mexico, Korea (Republic), Indonesia, and Turkey(BRIC-MKIT) in the 1996-2011 periode. With fixed effect method, this study find outthat the corruption does not significantly affectFDI inflowin the BRIC-MKIT during the period 1996-2011. However, it is found that (i) corruption doesn?t affect significantly FDI inflow in Brazil, Russian Federation, Mexico, and Turkey; (ii) corruption affect significantly and negative on FDI inflow in India, China, and Indonesia, and (iii) corruption affect significantly and positive on FDI inflow in Korea (Republic)."

"Studi ini menganalisis dampak investasi asing langsung dan spillover effect yang ditimbulkan terhadap tingkat entry dan exit pada industri manufaktur Indonesia tahun 2010-2015. Studi ini menggunakan data Input Output tahun 2010 dan data Industri Besar Sedang tahun 2010-2015 yang keduanya berasal dari Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia. Random Effect Model keluar sebagai model terbaik untuk mengestimasi data panel dengan observasi sebanyak 2.592 industri. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa investasi asing langsung dan forward spillover memberikan kontribusi yang positif signifikan terhadap entry rate, namun backward spillover berkontribusi negatif terhadap entry rate. Backward spillover dan forward spillover juga berkontribusi terhadap exit rate, namun efeknya tidak dominan. Masuknya investasi asing langsung ke dalam industri yang memiliki tingkat konsentrasi dan tingkat impor yang tinggi masing-masing berdampak pada entry rate yang negatif dan exit rate yang positif. Selain itu, masuknya investasi asing langsung ke dalam industri yang memiliki rata-rata ukuran perusahaan yang besar dan tingkat ekspor yang tinggi masing-masing berdampak pada entry rate yang positif dan entry rate yang negatif.

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This study analyzes the impact of FDI and the spillover effect on entry and exit levels in the Indonesian manufacturing industry in 2010-2015. This study uses data for Input Output in 2010 and data for Large and Medium Industries in 2010-2015, both of which are from the Indonesian Central Statistics Agency. Random Effect Model came out as the best model for estimating panel data by observing 2,592 industries. This study concludes that FDI and forward spillover make a significant positive contribution to the entry rate, but backward spillover contributes negatively to the entry rate. Backward spillover and forward spillover also contribute to the exit rate, but the effect is not dominant. The entry of FDI into industries that have a high level of concentration and a high level of imports each have an impact on a negative entry rate and a positive exit rate. In addition, the entry of FDI into industries that have a large average company size and high export rates have an impact on positive entry rates and negative entry rates, respectively."

"Due to the lack of internal finance, a country might need a foreign investment. It also happens to Indonesia that is not recovery from its economic problems up to now. One of the solutions to this condition is by giving Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). By FDI it is hoped that it can employ a lot of people, and it can reduce the unemployment rate in this country, as a result it can increase the welfare of society.This study will focus on the relation between the given PPh incentives and Japanese Investor behavior in investing its fund, elaborate and analyze Japanese Investor to tax incentives given, and research, formulate and make the analysis on which tax incentive is the best way in inviting Japanese direct investor.This thesis is analytical descriptive which uses qualitative method by scrutinizing data in the form of information, theory from library research, then by analyzing the data to solve the formed case, so that conclusion can be drawn and suggestions and understanding to the influence in giving incentive to foreign direct investment can be given.The references theory in this research is one instrument to invite Japanese direct investment by giving tax incentive. However, tax administration is the key on the success of tax policy.It can be concluded that PPh facility given to tax payers in Indonesia who invest in certain business and area is quite good, in the result of the decrease of netto 30% (thirty percent) as the highest, quicken reduction and amortization, longer loss compensation and given PPh to the dividend as in Article 26 to 10% (ten percent), except if the valid tariff to the tax agreement is lower. Japanese Investors accept this facility positively, but they say it is more interesting if those tax facilities are followed by administration tax which gives law assurance.Tax incentive given by tax law is quite interesting for the Japanese investors to invest in Indonesia, but the regulations do not give the law assurance, they who have the license hope that they will be given the tax incentive as stated in the law, furthermore, it is suggested that the government not only faces on tax incentive to invite foreign direct investment but also is concern on the law assurance, security, eliminating high economy cost and improving infrastructure. Arranged and good tax administration will give law assurance and security to the investors. Furthermore, the license to foreign investors and the given PPh facilities are managed by one institution under one roof."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Pendapatan Domestik Bruto (PDB), ekspor industri kendaraan bermotor roda empat, jumlah tenaga kerja dan upah tenaga kerja industri kendaraan bermotor roda empat, krisis ekonomi 1998 dan pajak atas distribution right fee terhadap nilai penanaman modal asing langsung industri kendaraan bermotor roda empat di Indonesia kurun waktu 1980 sampai dengan 2012. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dan menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif analisa data deret waktu.Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa PDB, jumlah tenaga kerja, upah tenaga kerja, dan ekspor di industri kendaraan bermotor roda empat serta krisis ekonomi 1998 dan pajak distribution right fee memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan. PDB dan ekspor industri kendaraan bermotor roda empat memiliki hubungan positif sedangkan jumlah dan upah tenaga kerja di industri kendaraan bermotor roda empat serta krisis ekonomi 1998 dan pajak distribution right fee memiliki hubungan negatif terhadap investasi asing langsung di Indonesia.

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The research was conducted to analysis the effect of distribution right fee tax and other factors, namely Gross Domestic Product (GDP), export of automobile industry products, automobile industry workers and workers wages, 1998 Indonesian economic crisis towards the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Indonesia Automobile Industry from 1980 untill 2012. The research using secondary data and quantitative method with time series data descriptive analysis.The result of this research showed that GDP and export of automobile industry product have a positive impact meanwhile automobile industry workers and workers wages, Indonesian 1998 economic crisis and distribution right fee tax have a negative impact toward FDI in Indonesia Automobile Industry."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti apakah perjanjian penghindaran pajak berganda P3B memberikan pengaruh terhadap investasi asing langsung FDI di Indonesia, kemudian apakah penambahan P3B akan meningkatkan investasi asing langsung yang masuk ke Indonesia, serta ingin melihat faktor apa saja selain P3B yang memiliki pengaruh terhadap investasi asing langsung di Indonesia, dan apakah P3B merupakan faktor utama yang paling berpengaruh. Penelitian ini menggunakan sample sejumlah data P3B Indonesia dengan mitra dari negara-negara maju dalam kurun periode 1990 sampai dengan 2014. Pengolahan data menggunakan analisis regresi OLS dengan data time series yang struktur datanya merupakan nilai variabel-variabel pada waktu yang berbeda. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penambahan P3B akan meningkatkan aliran investasi asing yang masuk ke Indonesia, sehingga hal ini berarti juga bahwa P3B memberikan pengaruh terhadap investasi asing langsung di Indonesia. Selain itu, faktor PDB per Kapita, resource rent, dan kondisi politik juga mempengaruhi investasi asing langsung di Indonesia, namun P3B merupakan faktor utama yang paling berpengaruh terhadap FDI di Indonesia.

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This study aims to examine whether the agreement on avoidance of double taxation P3B give an effect to foreign direct investment FDI in Indonesia, and then whether the addition of P3B will increase foreign direct investment into Indonesia, and want to see what factors besides P3B who have influence on foreign direct investment in Indonesia, and whether P3B are the main factors that most influence the FDI. This study uses a number of data samples P3B Indonesia with partners from the developed countries within the period of 1990 till 2014. Data is processed with regression analysis approach, and the type of data use is time series structure. The results of this study show that the addition of P3B will increase the flow of foreign direct investment into Indonesia, so this means also that P3B influence on foreign direct investment in Indonesia. In addition, the GDP factor per capita, resource rent, and political conditions also affect foreign direct investment in Indonesia, as well as P3B have been the main factors that most influence on FDI in Indonesia."

"ABSTRAKStudi ini bertujuan untuk untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor penarik investasi asing langsung dari negara anggota ASEAN (disingkat ASEAN-9) dengan periode antara 1990 dan 2017 dengan menggunakan Pooled Least Square sebagai model. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ukuran pasar, keterbukaan perdagangan, infrastruktur, penelitian & pengembangan, serta menjadi faktor penarik positif atas investasi asing langsung. Namun, sumber daya manusia dan suku bunga riil menunjukkan efek tanda negative atas investasi langsung. Hal lain yang dibahas dalam studi ini ialah terkait dengan tren FDI setelah krisis keuangan global pada tahun 2008 yang menunjukkan trend positif untuk periode setelah tahun 2008. Hal ini menandakan bahwa krisis keuangan global tahun 2008 tidak mempengaruhi aliran masuk FDI. Berdasarkan hasil, PDB, infrastruktur, dan keterbukaan perdagangan menjadi faktor penting untuk menarik investor asing. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah dapat meningkatkan melalui kebijakan, seperti pelonggaran prosedur perdagangan, atau meningkatkan kuantitas dan kualitas infrastruktur mereka. Sedangkan efek modal manusia pada FDI ialah negatif. Kualitas sumber daya manusia masih perlu ditingkatkan karena dapat mendukung negara dengan teknologi rendah menjadi negara tujuan FDI berteknologi tinggi.

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ABSTRACTThe goal of this study is to identify the determinants of foreign direct investment in Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Phillipines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam, which are termed the ASEAN-9 countries in this study. The study uses a combination of data for the period between 1990 and 2017. The model of this study is Pooled Least Square because of the limitations of the data. The results show that market size, trade openness, infrastructure, research & development, and inflation have a positive effect on inward FDI into ASEAN-9 countries at a 1 percent significance level, except for inflation. Then, it can be said that those variables remain important to attract foreign investors into ASEAN-9 countries. On the other hand, human capital and real interest rates show a negative sign, as most of the studies suggest that human capital has a positive effect on inward FDI. Moreover, this study also investigates the trends for FDI after the global finance crisis in 2008. The results show that the annual trend for FDI after 2008 is positive, which means there is no big impact from the global financial crisis of 2008 on FDI inflows into ASEAN-9. Based on the results, the ASEAN countries should focus on increasing their GDP, infrastructure, and trade openness. This means that the governments should create more policies which support international trade between ASEAN and the other countries by easing trade procedures, diversifying export products, and improving the quantity and quality of their infrastructure. Even though the effect of human capital on inward FDI showed a negative relationship, ASEAN countries still need to improve the quality of their human resources because higher quality human resources can take countries from being low-technology FDI destinations to becoming higher- technology FDI destination countries. Furthermore, even though the effect of inflation on FDI was positive, it is possible to assert that even where there is an increase in the inflation rate, ASEAN countries can still become attractive destination countries for foreign investors."

"ABSTRAKSetelah masuknya China ke WTO, gelombang penanaman modal asing langsung (FDI) ke China menimbulkan kekhawatiran dari negara-negara tetangga, khususnya ASEAN. Penelitian ini menguji apakah FDI ke China telah menggeser FDI yang seharusnya ke negara ASEAN. Selain itu, penelitian ini mengamati efek dari ASEAN-China Free Trade Area pada FDI ke negara-negara ASEAN. Makalah ini menggunakan estimasi fixed-efect untuk menguji pengaruh dari FDI ke China pada FDI ke negara-negara ASEAN. Kami menemukan bahwa ada sedikit bukti bahwa FDI ke China datang dengan mengorbankan FDI ke negara-negara ASEAN. Kami juga menemukan bahwa perjanjian ACFTA tampaknya tidak berpengaruh pada arus masuk FDI ke negara ASEAN. Kami menyimpulkan bahwa keuntungan lokasi merupakan penentu utama FDI ke negara-negara ASEAN, khususnya risiko dan upah efisien tiap negara.

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ABSTRACTAfter China’s assessment to the WTO, the surge of FDI to China raises concerns from neighbouring countries, especially the ASEAN. This study examines whether FDI to China crowds out FDI to the ASEAN economies. Furthermore, it also observes the effect of the ASEAN-China Free Trade Area on FDI to the ASEAN countries. This paper uses fixed-effect estimation to examine the effect of FDI to China on FDI to the ASEAN countries. We find that there is little evidence that FDI to China comes at the expense of FDI to the ASEAN countries. We also find that the ACFTA agreement seems to have no effect on FDI inflows to the ASEAN economies. We conclude that location advantages are main determinants of FDI to the ASEAN countries, in particular the country risk and efficiency wage."

"Pemerintah Republik Indonesia menerapkan kebijakan-kebijakan untuk menarik lebih banyak Foreign Direct Investment karena persentase arus masuk FDI terhadap gross domestic product (GDP) relatif rendah dan distribusi arus masuk FDI antar koridor ekonomi tidak merata. Disamping kontribusi langsung dari FDI melalui pembentukan modal, paket FDI dan teknologi dan aset tidak berwujudnya telah berkontribusi terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi melalui spillover effects. Studi ini menguji pengaruh FDI terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia melalui pembentukan modal dan spillover effects atas kehadiran FDI dengan menggunakan regresi fixed effect model dari data panel yang terdiri atas 33 provinsi di Indonesia dari tahun 2005 sampai dengan 2012. Hasil dari studi menunjukan bahwa arus masuk FDI ke Indonesia menghasilkan pembentukan modal dan spillover effects positif terhadap perusahaan perusahaan domestik. Hasil lebih lanjut menunjukan bahwa spillover effects meningkatkan produktivitas domestik dan menggeser production frontier ke tingkat yang lebih tinggi, yang berpengaruh pada peningkatan GDP per provinsi dan nasional. Pengaruh positif FDI terhadap pertumbuhan GDP dalam studi ini berimplikasi pada perlunya usaha lebih dari pemerintah Indonesia untuk menarik lebih banyak arus masuk FDI.

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The Government of Indonesia implemented policies to attract more foreign direct investment (FDI) since the percentage of FDI inflows over gross domestic product (GDP) was relatively low and the distribution among corridor in Indonesia was not prevalent. Besides its direct contribution through capital formation, FDI and its package of technologies and intangible assets has contributed to growth through spillover effects. This study examined the impact of FDI on Indonesia economic growth through capital formation and spillover effects of the presence of FDI using a fixed effect model regression of a panel dataset of 33 provinces in Indonesia from 2005 until 2012.

The results indicate that FDI inflows to Indonesia generate capital augmentation and positive spillover effects to domestic companies. The results further show that the spillover effects increase domestic productivity and shift the production frontier to a higher level, which results in an increase in provincial and national GDP. This finding implies that Indonesia needs extra effort to attract more FDI inflows. "