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"Air tanah merupakan sumber air minum utama bagi 73,7% masyarakat Indonesia. Pencemaran tinja pada air tanah berpotensi menimbulkan dampak buruk bagi kesehatan manusia, di mana ditandai dengan ditemukannya bakteri E. coli dan Enterococci pada air tanah. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis konsentrasi E. coli dan Enterococci pada sampel air tanah di Kota Depok, serta menganalisis risiko kesehatan yang ditimbulkan akibat paparan mikroorganisme tersebut. Kandungan E. coli dan Enterococci pada air tanah diidentifikasi menggunakan kultur bakteri, sedangkan penilaian risiko menggunakan metode Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata konsentrasi E. coli dan Enterococci berkisar antara 0–1716,67 CFU/100 mL dan 0–266,67 CFU/100 mL, di mana hanya 1 dari 6 sampel yang memenuhi baku mutu kesehatan. Hasil uji korelasi menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang berbanding terbalik antara konsentrasi bakteri pada air dengan jarak sumur terhadap pencemar (rEc= -0,142; rEn= -0,120) maupun dengan kedalaman sumur (rEc= -0,561; rEn= -0,896). Penilaian risiko menggunakan metode QMRA dilakukan menggunakan rasio E. coli O157:H7 serta Enterococcus faecalis dan Enterococcus faecium sebagai strain dan spesies yang paling umum dijumpai yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit diare pada manusia. Beban penyakit (DB) diare akibat E. coli dan Enterococci adalah sebesar 0,00137 DALY/orang/tahun, dan 0,000986–0,00109 DALY/orang/tahun, di mana nilai ini belum sesuai dengan health outcome target dari WHO untuk negara berkembang (0,0001 DALY/orang/tahun). Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa konsumsi air yang terkontaminasi bakteri E. coli dan Enterococci akibat tangki septik dan lindi dapat berbahaya bagi kesehatan. Sehingga perlu dilakukan intervensi, seperti perbaikan dan perawatan tangki septik sesuai SNI 2398:2017, peningkatan efektivitas praktik pengolahan air di rumah tangga, serta peningkatan manajemen lindi oleh TPA Cipayung Depok.

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Groundwater is the main source of drinking water for 73.7% of Indonesian population. Fecal contamination in groundwater has the potential to cause adverse impacts on human health, which is characterized by the presence of E. coli and Enterococci in groundwater. This study was conducted to analyze the concentration of E. coli and Enterococci in groundwater samples in Depok City, and to analyze the health risks posed by exposure to these microorganisms. The concentration of E. coli and Enterococci in groundwater was identified using bacterial culture. While risk assessment was conducted using the Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) method. The results showed that the average concentration of E. coli and Enterococci in groundwater samples ranged from 0-1716.67 CFU/100 mL and 0-266.67 CFU/100 mL, respectively, where only 1 of 6 samples met the health quality standards. The correlation test showed that there is an inversely proportional relationship between the concentration of bacteria in the water with the distance of the well to the pollutant (rEc = -0.142; rEn = -0.142) as well as with the depth of the well (rEc = -0.868; rEn = -0.904). Risk assessment using the QMRA method was conducted using the ratio of E. coli O157:H7 and Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium as the most preavelent strains and species that can cause diarrheal disease in humans. The disease burden (DB) of diarrhea due to the exposure of E. coli and Enterococci were 0,00137 DALY/person/year and 0,000986–0,00109 DALY/person/year, respectively, which exceeded the WHO health outcome target for developing countries (0,0001 DALY/person/year). This study showed that consumption of water contaminated with E. coli and Enterococci from septic tanks and leacheate could be harmful to human health. Thus, interventions need to be taken, such as repairing and maintaining septic tanks as specified in SNI 2398:2017, increasing the effectivity of water treatment practices in households, and improving leachate management by TPA Cipayung Depok."

"ABSTRAKKebocoran jaringan pipa distribusi air bersih dapat menimbulkan risiko keselamatan air bersih berupa kontaminasi air dan penyebaran penyakit melalui air. Sehingga dalam mendukung, mengevaluasi, dan meningkatkan manajemen keselamatan air pada jaringan pipa distribusi, digunakan metode pendekatan kuantitatif salah satunyaQuantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kualitas air bersih terutama parameter E. coli di jaringan pipa distribusi, menganalisis penilaian risiko keterpajanan E. coli O157:H7, mengidentifikasi risiko penilaian efek kesehatan dan menganalisis karakter risiko bakteri tersebut. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode QMRA, yaitu identifikasi bahaya, penilaian paparan, penilaian efek kesehatan dengan model Beta-Poisson, dan karakterisasi risiko. Tahap identifikasi bahaya menetapkan paparan E. coli O157:H7 berasal dari air PDAM, dimana jalur paparannya adalah unboiled water, dengan rute paparan melalui proses menelan akibat aktivitas pemakaian air PDAM sehari-hari. Terdapat dua tipe penggunaan air, yaitu penggunaan air secara langsung dari jaringan pipa distribusi dan air dialirkan menuju tangki air. Identifikasi bahaya dilakukan dengan pemeriksaan kualitas air pada jaringan pipa distibusi, bahwa hasil menunjukkan kualitas air telah memenuhi Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia No. 492 Tahun 2010 untuk parameter fisik dan kimia. Namun untuk parameter biologis, konsentrasi E. colimaksimum ditemukan 49 MPN100 mL pada 1 responden (20) yang menggunakan tangki air. Penilaian paparan untuk menentukan dosis paparan akibat E. coli O157:H7 mendapatkan besarnya rata-rata kurang dari 0,01090,0026 organismeL dan 0,01440,0041 organismeL saat pemakaian air minimum dan maksimum. Dosis paparan meningkat pada responden yang menggunakan tangki air sebesar 946 dan 860 saat penggunaan air minimum dan maksimum. Tahap penilaian efek kesehatan menggunakan model Beta-Poisson dengan dan adalah 0,0571 dan 2,2183 mendapatkan bahwa rata-rata probabilitas infeksi harian pada jaringan pipa distribusi PDAM adalah kurang dari adalah 2,800x10-46,723x10-5 dan 3,698x10-41,046x10-4saat pemakaian air minimum dan maksimum. Bagi responden yang menggunakan tangki air, probabilitas infeksi harian meningkat sebesar 876 dan 785 saat penggunaan air minimum dan maksimum. Sehingga, pada tahap karakterisasi risiko, probabilitas infeksi tahunan adalah kurang dari 9,598x10-22,205x10-2 dan 1,236x10-13,127x10-2 saat pemakaian air minimum dan maksimum. Bagi responden pengguna tangki air, probabilitas infeksi tahunan meningkat sebesar 271 dan 204 saat penggunaan air minimum dan maksimum. Karena itu, evaluasi parameter fisik, kimia dan biologi perlu dilakukan berdasarkan waktu dan wilayah untuk meningkatkan performansi IPAB dan keselamatan konsumen.

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ABSTRACTPipe leakage of clean water distribution network can cause clean water safety risks in the form of water contamination and waterborne disease. So that, in supporting, evaluating, and improving water safety management in distribution pipe network, a quantitative approach is used, which is Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA). This study aims to study the quality of clean water, especially E. coli in distribution pipe network; analyzing the exposure assessment of E. coli O157:H7, identification the risk of health effects assessment and analyzing the risk character. The research method uses QMRA method, namely hazard identification, exposure assessment, health effects assessment with Beta-Poisson model, and risk characterization. Hazard identification determines exposure of E. coli O157:H7 come from PDAM water, which the exposure path is unboiled water, with route of exposure through ingestion due to daily PDAM water usage activities. There are two types of water usage, its water usage directly from water distribution pipe and through water tank. Examining water quality carries out hazard identification, which water quality on the PDAM distribution pipe network has fulfilled the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 492 in 2010 for physic and chemical parameter. However, in biologic parameter, the maximum E. coli concentration was found to be 49 MPN100 mL in 1 respondent (20), who used water tank. Exposure assessment determines the exposure dose of E. coli O157:H7 on clean water distribution pipe network with the averages of doses are less than 0,01090,0026 organismsL and less than 0,01440,0041 organismsL at minimum and maximum of water usage, respectively. The exposure dose increase when the respondent use water tank, its 946 and 860 at minimum and maximum water usage. Health effects assessment usingBeta-Poisson model with and are 0,0571 and 2,2183, respectively. The averages of daily probability of infection on clean water distribution pipe network in PDAM are less than 2,800x10-46,723x10-5 and less than 3,698x10-41,046x10-4 at minimum and maximum of water usage, respectively. Respondent, who use water tank, have increased the daily probability of infection to 876 and 785 at minimum and maximum water usage. So that, in risk characterization, the annual probability of infection are less than 9,598x10-22,205x10-2 and 1,236x10-13,127x10-2 at minimum and maximum of water usage, respectively. For respondent who use water tank, it has increased to 271 and 204 at minimum and maximum of water usage, respectively. Therefore, evaluation in physic, chemical, and biology parameters needs to be done based on time and region to improve WTP performance and consumer safety."

"Salah satu indikator pencemaran air adalah bakteri Escherichia coli. Disinfeksi secara kimiawi menggunakanklor palingbanyakdigunakan,namun memilikikekurangan yaitu menghasilkan senyawa halogen organik yang bersifatracun. Proses fisika menggunakan sinar UV yang terbatas pada penyebaran cahaya serta biaya yang lebih mahal juga telah diteliti. Kavitasi dapat menjadi salah satu alternatif proses disinfeksi bakteri E.coli.Kavitasi bertindak sebagai biosida lewat senyawa kimia melalui pembangkitan radikal OH dan melalui mekanisme fisik.Dari penelitian yang telah dilakukan diketahui bahwa kavitasi water jet dapat mengurangi konsentrasi E.coli hingga 99,99%.

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One of indicator in water pollution is Escherichia colibacterium. Disinfection using chlorine is the most widely used, but has the disadvantage that generates an organic halogen compounds which are toxic. Physical processes using UV light that is limited in light scattering and more expensive also been investigated. Cavitation can be an alternative disinfection of E. coli. Cavitation by acting as a biocide chemical compounds through the generation of OH radicals and through physical mechanisms. From the research that has been done known that the water jet cavitation can reduce E. coli concentrations of 99.99%."

"Permintaan terhadap air minum dalam kemasan semakin meningkat. Hal ini menjadi masalah dengan ditemukannya kontaminasi fekal coli pada produk depot air minum isi ulang di Kota Depok. Walaupun demikian, penelitian yang ada belum meneliti bakteri indikator kontaminasi fekal manusia, Escherichia coli. Selain itu, faktorfaktor yang kemungkinan mempengaruhi kontaminasi juga belum diteliti. Untuk itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui gambaran kontaminasi Escherichia coli di depot air minum isi ulang dan faktor yang kemungkinan berhubungan dengan terjadinya kontaminasi, yaitu higiene perorangan operator serta sanitasi lingkungan depot air minum. Penelitian yang dilakukan bersifat kuantitatif deskriptif dengan mengambil sampel sebanyak 21 depot di Kecamatan Pancoran Mas, Depok. Jumlah E. coli dienumerasi dengan teknik MPN. Sedangkan higiene perorangan dan sanitasi lingkungan dikuantifikasi dengan skoring. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa dari 21 depot yang diteliti ada dua depot (9.5%) terkontaminasi Escherichia coli. Depot yang terkontaminasi masing-masing terletak di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Cipayung dan Depok Jaya. Hasil observasi mengindikasikan bahwa sanitasi lingkungan kemungkinan lebih berpengaruh terhadap terjadinya kontaminasi pada air minum bila dibandingkan dengan higiene perorangan. Untuk itu peneliti menyarankan agar pengusaha melengkapi sarana dan prasarana sanitasi serta menjaga kebersihan DAMIU miliknya.

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The demand of packaged water products is increasing. This create problems as the findings of fecal contamination on those water refilling station packaged water products is becoming often in Depok. Even so, the previous research have not examine human faecal bacteria indicator, Escherichia coli. Some more the factors that have influence to contaminate have not examine too. Therefore, this research is conducted to projects the Escherichia coli contamination on the products along with its risk, personal hygiene and environment sanitation. This is a quantitative descriptive research that acquires sample from 21 depot in Pancoran Mas Subdistrict, Depok. Quantity of E. coli was enumerated by MPN. Whereas personal hygiene and enviroment sanitation was quantified by scoring. Research detects the Escherichia coli contamination on two (9.5%) the sample products from 21 samples was taken. Contaminated depot reside in Puskesmas Cipayung and Depok Jaya working area. Observation indicate that environment sanitation have higher possibility to contaminate water product than personal hygiene. Therefore, researcher suggest to water refilling enterpriser for completing sanitation infrastructure and keep clean their the water refilling station."

"Resistensi terhadap antibiotik pada bakteri dan penyebarannya di lingkungan menjadi ancaman terhadap kesehatan masyarakat. Keberadaan bakteri resisten terhadap antibiotik dipicu oleh aktivitas antropogenik, salah satunya adalah penyalahgunaan antibiotik. Bakteri resisten terhadap antibiotik yang ditemukan di lingkungan domestik dapat menimbulkan risiko kesehatan pada warga setempat. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi bakteri E. coli resisten di lingkungan domestik di Kota Bekasi, menilai risiko kesehatan yang ditimbulkan akibat paparan mikroorganisme, dan mengidentifikasi rute paparan bakteri E. coli resisten terhadap antibiotik ke manusia. Identifikasi konsentrasi bakteri E. coli resisten terhadap antibiotik menggunakan kultur bakteri dan penilaian risiko dilakukan menggunakan metode Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata konsentrasi bakteri E. coli resisten terhadap antibiotik (n=3) di tanah sebesar 1,28  105 CFU/mL, air sungai sebesar 3,9  101 CFU/mL, tangki septik sebesar 8,06  102 CFU/mL, feses ayam sebesar 1,33  106 CFU/mL, sedangkan di air tanah tidak ditemukan keberadaan E. coli resisten terhadap antibiotik. Penilaian risiko dengan metode QMRA pada bakteri E. coli resisten terhadap antibiotik dilakukan pada galur E. coli O157:H7 sebagai galur yang paling umum menyebabkan penyakit diare pada manusia. Probabilitas infeksi harian (Pinf,d) yang disebabkan oleh bakteri E. coli O157:H7 di tanah berkisar antara 33,37% - 36,99% sesuai kelompok usia dengan probabilitas infeksi tahunan (Pinf,a) 100% dengan probabilitas munculnya penyakit (Pill) sebesar 25%. Sementara itu, probabilitas infeksi harian (Pinf,d) yang disebabkan oleh bakteri E. coli O157:H7 di air sungai berkisar antara 4,88% - 14,28% dengan probabilitas infeksi tahunan (Pinf,a) 99% - 100% dan probabilitas munculnya penyakit (Pill) adalah 24,9% - 25% tergantung jenis ingestinya. Berdasarkan penilaian risiko tersebut, rute paparan bakteri E. coli resisten terhadap antibiotik ke manusia melalui media tanah dan air sungai, sehingga pencegahan dapat dilakukan untuk menangani risiko kesehatan pada manusia seperti meminimalisir penggunaan air sungai untuk aktivitas domestik, peningkatan fasilitas sanitasi, dan penerapan teknologi atau metode pencegahan resistensi terhadap antibiotik.

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The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment is a threat to public health. The spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment is influenced by anthropogenic activities, such as antibiotic misuse. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria found in the domestic environment pose a health risk to inhabitants. This study aims to identify antibiotic-resistant E. coli concentration in a domestic environment in Bekasi City, assess public health risks associated with exposure to pathogenic bacteria, and identify the exposure route of antibiotic-resistant E. coli to humans. The bacterial culture method was used to identify the concentration of antibiotic-resistant E. coli and the risk assessment was carried out using Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA). The results showed the average concentration of antibiotic-resistant E. coli (n=3) found in soil was 1,28  105 CFU/mL, in river water was 3,9  101 CFU/mL, in septic tank effluent was 8,06  102 CFU/mL, chicken feces was 1,33  106 CFU/mL, and none found in groundwater. Risk assessment was carried out using QMRA on E. coli O157:H7 strain as the most common strain to cause diarrheal illness in humans. The daily probability of infection (Pinf,d) caused by E. coli O157:H7 in soil ranged from 33,37% - 36,99% according to the age group with an annual probability of infection of 100% and the probability of illness obtained was 25%. Furthermore, the daily probability of infection caused by E. coli O157:H7 in river ranging from 4,88% - 14,28% with annual probability of infection (Pinf,a) ranged from 99% - 100% depending on the types of ingestion with the probability of illness obtained ranged from 24,9% - 25%. Based on the risk assessment, the exposure route of antibiotic-resistant E. coli can be determined by involving human, animal, and environmental sectors. Routes help to identify prominent exposure pathways in posing health risks to humans. The study revealed the route of antibiotic-resistant E. coli contamination to humans through environmental matrices, such as soil and river. Therefore, prevention can be done in order to deal with human health risks, such as reducing domestic uses of river water for communities, improving sanitation facility, and the application of technology and prevention methods to combat antibiotic resistance."

"Perbedaan pedesaan perkotaan dalam hal air dan sanitasi menjadi hambatan utama bagi Indonesia untuk mencapai Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan. Di Provinsi Bengkulu, hanya 39,22% memiliki akses ke sanitasi dan 41,08% akses ke air bersih. Perbedaan sosial ekonomi di daerah perkotaan dan pedesaan dan rendahnya akses di Provinsi Bengkulu menjadi masalah besar untuk memastikan peningkatan fasilitas air dan sanitasi untuk semua, sehingga membantu mengendalikan sejumlah besar penyakit menular. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan perbedaan tata ruang pedesaan perkotaan dalam akses terhadap peningkatan fasilitas air dan sanitasi di Provinsi Bengkulu. Data diperoleh dari Potensi Desa 2018 dari BPS dengan 148 sampel di setiap kategori wilayah. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional untuk menggambarkan perbedaan perkotaan dan pedesaan untuk akses peningkatan jamban, pengelolaan limbah, pembuangan air limbah, air bersih, air minum, dan kondisi struktural. Hasil dari penelitian ini menemukan daerah perkotaan memiliki akses yang lebih baik ke sanitasi dan air yang lebih baik daripada di daerah pedesaan. Tata ruang pedesaan perkotaan memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan untuk memperbaiki jamban (OR 11.091, 95% CI 6.393-19.240), pengelolaan limbah (OR 85.792, 95% CI 34.679-212.239), air limbah buangan (OR 9.197, 95% CI 5.341-15.835), bersih air (OR 2,988, 95% CI 1.048 - 8.521), dan air minum (OR 0,114 95% CI 0,047-0,279).

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Urban rural differences in water and sanitation become a major obstacle for Indonesia to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. In Bengkulu Province, only 39.22% had access to sanitation and 41.08% access to clean water. Socioeconomic differences in urban and rural areas and low access in Bengkulu Province are major problems to ensure improved water and sanitation facilities for all, thus helping to control a large number of infectious diseases. This study aims to describe the differences in urban urban spatial planning in access to improved water and sanitation facilities in Bengkulu Province. Data was obtained from Village Potential 2018 from BPS with 148 samples in each regional category. This study uses a cross-sectional design to describe urban and rural differences for improved access to latrines, waste management, waste water disposal, clean water, drinking water, and structural conditions. The results of this study found that urban areas have better access to better sanitation and water than in rural areas. Urban rural spatial planning has significant differences to improve latrines (OR 11,091, 95% CI 6,393-19,240), waste management (OR 85,792, 95% CI 34,679-212,239), waste water (OR 9,197, 95% CI 5,341-15,835) ), clean water (OR 2.988, 95% CI 1.048-8.521), and drinking water (OR 0.114 95% CI 0.047-0.279)."

"Kalimantan adalah pulau terbesar ketiga di dunia, yang memiliki ratusan, bahkan ribuan, sungai dan anak sungai. Sungai Kapuas di Kalimantan Barat, dengan panjang 1.143 kilometer, merupakan sungai terpanjang di Indonesia, yang selama berabad-abad telah membentuk masyarakat yang berkebudayaan sungai, dalam wujud kota-kota tepi sungai dari hulu hingga hilir sungai-sungainya. Dengan mengangkat 'lanting', salah satu bentuk permukiman tepi sungai di Kalimantan, penelitian ini ingin mengungkap fenomena kehadiran permukiman tepi sungai dalam konstitusi masyarakat perkotaan di Kalimantan. Ekologi politik digunakan sebagai pendekatan untuk mengungkap proses-proses sosial, ekonomi dan politik serta lingkungan pada permukiman lanting, untuk memberikan makna yang lebih mendalam terhadap hubungan kota dan sungai, yang merupakan representasi hubungan manusia dan alam yang kompleks. Lokasi studi adalah Kota Sintang, Kalimantan Barat. Penelitian di lapangan dilaksanakan dalam rentang waktu Oktober 2016 hingga Januari 2018. Partisipan berjumlah 25 orang, dengan penentuan partisipan melalui teknik purposive sampling dan snowball sampling, untuk menghasilkan sampel ilustratif. Data-data diolah dengan mengikuti kaidah teori beralas klasik (classic grounded theory), yang meliputi tahapan pengodean terbuka, penyusunan kategori dan properti (sub kategori) serta kategori inti, yang dijalin oleh proses penulisan memo dan perbandingan konstan hingga mencapai tahap saturasi. Penelitian ini menghasilkan usulan teori substantif baru yaitu 'urbanisme jejaring berbasis sungai' atau 'urbanisme dendritik' yang menawarkan cara pandang baru dalam memahami permukiman tepi air perkotaan sebagai manifestasi dari 'nexus' sosial-ekonomi-politik-lingkungan yang kompleks.

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Borneo is the third-largest island in the world, boasting hundreds, if not thousands, of rivers and tributaries. The Kapuas River in West Kalimantan, with a length of 1,143 kilometers, is the longest river in Indonesia, which for centuries has shaped the culture of the community. By using 'lanting', a form of a river settlement in Kalimantan, this study aims to reveal the phenomenon of the river settlements in the constitution of urban society. Political ecology is used as an approach to reveal social, economic, and political as well as environmental processes in the lanting settlement, to give a deeper understanding of the relationship between the city and the river, which represents a complex relationship between human and nature. The study was conducted in Sintang City, West Kalimantan. In carrying out this research, the Glaserian grounded theory method is used. Field research was carried out in the period from October 2016 to January 2018, at two lanting settlements in Sintang City: Pasar Durian and Tanjung Puri, with 25 participants, which were chosen following the purposive and snowball sampling. This research produces a new substantive theory, 'river-based network urbanism' or 'dendritic urbanism' which offers a new perspective in understanding urban waterfront settlements as a manifestation of a complex socio-economic-political-environmental 'nexus'. The political ecology itself can be seen as a novelty to fill the methodological gap in architectural research and urban settlement studies."

"The lakes in urban megacity Jakarta, called as ?setu or situ? by the local people, play a central role in integrated water resources management. Despite its pivotal role in maintaining the balance of urban water system, they have not received sufficient attention. Rapid urban development in a very distinct urban watershed type of lake?s surroundings has impacted on the water quantity and quality of urban lakes in megacity Jakarta. Chronic problems faced by downstream area in megacity Jakarta such as flash floods in the rainy season and water scarcity in the dry season have indicated that the lakes have not been managed and functioned well. Human and nature disturbances such as shoreline encroachment, shoreline erosion, garbage dump and inflow from untreated sewage and urban runoff have polluted the lake water and reduced its volume capacity. Nearly half of the existing lakes have reduced from 10 to > 50% of its water volume capacity due to lake area shrinkage, siltation and even excessive growth ofinvasive macrophytes. The lakes are mostly in disturbed to damaged environmental conditions. Lakes in urban and rural villages have less in water quantity and higher solids, organic matter, nutrients and even fecal bacteria concentrations than the lakes in planned residential, high-rise residential and industrial areas types of urban surroundings. As the lakes in the urban village and industrial area, elevated toxic metal concentrations have become public concern due to lake hygiene problems. Elevated nutrient concentrations have caused the lake eutrophication, where some lakes have suffered from excessive macrophyte coverage, algal bloom even toxic cyanobacterial bloom. The urban lakes in megacity Jakarta constantly have been degrading physically and ecologically affecting its water quantity and quality which is increasing the threat to human?s health and impact future human?s resilience in urban megacity Jakarta."

"Air minum dapat secara langsung mempengaruhi kesehatan manusia. Sesuai peraturan, di dalam air minum tidak boleh ditemukan E.coli (0 CFU/100 mL). Kontaminasi E.coli dalam air minum dapat dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor, di antaranya adalah faktor higiene sanitasi yang buruk. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor higiene sanitasi yang dapat mempengaruhi kandungan E.coli dalam air minum rumah tangga. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional. Lokasi dari penelitian ini adalah 3 kecamatan di Kota Depok yaitu Kecamatan Sawangan, Bojongsari, dan Cipayung. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada bulan Agustus-September 2019 dengan total sampel 300 rumah tangga. Hasil uji laboratorium menunjukkan 174 (58%) sampel air minum rumah tangga mengandung E.coli. Hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan faktor sanitasi yang berhubungan secara signifikan dengan kandungan E.coli dalam air minum rumah tangga adalah tempat penyimpanan air minum (OR=2,60; CI 95%: 1,18-5,71) dan perilaku cuci tangan pakai sabun (OR=1,65; CI 95%: 1,04-2,62). Sedangkan faktor yang dominan mempengaruhi kandungan E.coli dalam air minum rumah tangga adalah tempat penyimpanan air minum.

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Drinking water can directly affect human health. Based on the national and international standards, the drinking water cannot contain Escherichia coli (0 CFU/100 ml) at all. However, several factors contributing to E. coli contamination in drinking water, one of them being identified as poor sanitation hygiene. This study aimed to investigate the sanitation hygiene factors which can affect the E. coli content in the household drinking water. We used a cross-sectional study design to collect the data from three districts in the city of Depok, i.e., Sawangan, Bojongsari, and Cipayung. We gathered in total 300 household water samples during August-September 2019. The laboratory tests showed that 174 (58%) household water samples contained E. coli. We found two sanitation hygiene factors that significantly affected the E. coli content in the household drinking water, i.e., the water container condition (OR=2,60; CI 95%: 1,18-5,71) and the handwashing practice with soap (OR=1,65; CI 95%: 1,04-2,62). The most dominant sanitation hygiene factor contributed to the E. coli content in the household drinking water was the condition of the water container."

"Pelayanan air perpipaan di Indonesia yang masih kurang mendorong masyarakat untuk menggunakan sumber air nonperpipaan seperti air tanah dan air isi ulang. Namun berdasarkan beberapa penelitian, air nonperpipaan diketahui memiliki risiko akibat kontaminasi bakteri dan patogen. Studi ini dilakukan sebagai upaya peningkatan kualitas air minum dengan mengetahui persebaran kontaminasi E. coli, faktor yang mempengaruhinya, serta membandingkan risiko kesehatan air minum nonperpipaan di Kota Bekasi dan Metro. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode Most Probable Number (MPN) untuk mengetahui konsentrasi bakteri dan metode Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) dengan indikator bakteri E. coli dan patogen indeks Salmonella. Pengujian kualitas air minum menunjukkan bahwa terjadi kontaminasi E. coli sekitar 26,7% dari total 202 sampel di Kota Bekasi dengan rata-rata 18,7 MPN/100 mL. Sedangkan di Kota Metro 30,0% dari 190 sampel terkontaminasi E. coli dengan rata-rata 77,3 MPN/100 mL. Berdasarkan uji korelasi Spearman¸ faktor seperti sumber air, pewadahan, dan pengolahan air tidak menunjukkan adanya korelasi terhadap konsentrasi E. coli, kecuali untuk faktor pewadahan di Kota Metro yang berhubungan signifikan dengan E. coli ≥100 MPN/100 mL. Kemudian hasil penelitian mengenai rasio patogen indeks Salmonella dengan sampel air tanah di kota Bekasi (n=7) diperoleh nilai rasio sebesar 0,03. Hasil perhitungan analisis QMRA dengan simulasi Monte-Carlo di Kota Bekasi menunjukkan bahwa air tanah memiliki nilai median beban penyakit sebesar 0,01 ± 0,03 DALY/orang/tahun dan air isi ulang dengan nilai sebesar 0,003 ± 0,02 DALY/orang/tahun. Sedangkan, untuk Kota Metro diperoleh sebesar 0,04 ± 0,04 DALY/orang/tahun untuk air tanah dan air isi ulang sebesar 0,03 ± 0,04 DALY/orang/tahun. Seluruh nilai yang diperoleh melebihi batas nilai maksimum menurut WHO yaitu sebesar 10-4 DALY/orang/tahun. Oleh karena itu, intervensi yang tepat perlu dilakukan oleh pemerintah untuk mengedukasi masyarakat tentang konsumsi air minum yang aman dan layak

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Piped water services in Indonesia are still relatively low. This condition encourages people to use non-piped water sources such as groundwater and refilled water. However, based on several studies, non-piped water is known to have risks due to bacterial and pathogen contamination. This study was conducted as an effort to improve drinking water quality by knowing the distribution of E. coli contamination, the factors that influence it, and comparing the health risks of non-piped drinking water in Bekasi City and Metro. The research was conducted using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method to determine the concentration of bacteria and the Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) method with E. coli as indicators and Salmonella as reference pathogen. The drinking water quality testing showed that there was around 26.73% E. coli contamination from a total of 202 drinking water samples in Bekasi City with an average of 18.74 MPN/100 mL. Whereas in Metro City 30% of 190 samples were contaminated with E. coli with an average of 77.31 MPN/100 mL. Based on the Spearman correlation test¸ risk factors such as water sources, containers, and water treatment did not show a correlation with E. coli concentrations, except for the container factor in Metro City which is significantly related to E. coli ≥100 MPN/100 mL. Then to find out the reference pathogen ratio, a Salmonella concentration test was carried out for groundwater in the city of Bekasi (n=7) and a ratio value of 0.03 was obtained. The results of QMRA analysis calculations using Monte-Carlo simulations in Bekasi City show that groundwater has a median disease burden value of 0.01 ± 0.03 DALY/person/year and refill water with a value of 0.003 ± 0.02 DALY/person/year year. Whereas for Metro City, the median disease burden of groundwater was 0.04 ± 0.04 DALY/person/year and for refill water it was 0.03 ± 0.04 DALY/person/year. All values ​​obtained exceeded the maximum value limit according to WHO, namely 10-4 DALY/person/year, therefore proper intervention from the government is needed to educate the public about consumption of safe drinking water."