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"Latar Belakang: Sindrom metabolik (MetS) melibatkan endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) di dalam patogenesisnya. 6-gingerol diketahui memiliki banyak efek farmakologi yang berpotensi untuk pengobatan MetS. Studi ini bertujuan untuk meneliti efek modulasi 6-gingerol terhadap MetS melalui jalur ER stress dan menentukan dose-response relationship. Metode: Pembuatan model MetS menggunakan tikus Sprague-Dawley jantan yang diberikan diet high-fat high fructose (HFHF) selama 16 minggu dan diinjeksi streptozotocin intraperitoneal dosis 22 mg/kgBB pada minggu ke-8. Dua puluh lima ekor tikus dibagi menjadi kelompok diet standar, kontrol negatif (HFHF) dan 3 kelompok perlakuan yang masing-masing diberikan 6-gingerol dosis 50, 100 dan 200 mg/kgBB selama 8 minggu. Setelah tikus dikorbankan, dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar glukosa darah puasa, HOMA-IR, kolesterol total, HDL, LDL, trigliserida; serta parameter ER stress yaitu GRP78 dan IRE1, serta pemeriksaan histopatologik hati. Hasil: Hasil studi menunjukkan 6-gingerol dapat mengurangi berat badan, menurunkan glukosa darah puasa, memperbaiki resistensi insulin, menurunkan kadar kolesterol total, LDL dan trigliserida serta mengurangi secara signifikan akumulasi lipid dan apoptosis hepatosit (p<0,05). Perbaikan terhadap kelainan metabolik tersebut terjadi melalui downregulasi ekspresi protein GRP78 dan IRE1 pada pemberian dosis 200mg/kgBB secara bermakna (p<0,05).Kesimpulan: Studi ini berhasil membuktikan efek modulasi 6-gingerol pada sindrom metabolik secara dose-dependent melalui jalur ER stress.

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Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) implicates ER stress in its pathogenesis. 6-gingerol is known to have many potential pharmacological effects for treating MetS. This study aims to investigate the modulating effect of 6-gingerol on MetS via the ER stress pathway and determine the dose-response relationship.

Methods: To induce MetS, male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed high-fat high fructose (HFHF) diet for 16 weeks and injected with low-dose intraperitoneal streptozotocin (22 mg/kg BW) at week 8. Twenty-five rats were divided into a standard diet group, negative control (HFHF), and three treatment groups with 6-gingerol doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg BW for eight weeks, respectively (given after eight weeks of induction). At the end of the study, all rats were sacrificed. Then the following tests were carried out, including fasting blood glucose, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglyceride levels; and ER stress parameters (GRP78 and IRE1), also a histopathological examination of liver.

Results: 6-gingerol can reduce body weight, lower fasting blood glucose and improve insulin resistance, reduce total cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride levels, and significantly reduced lipid accumulation and apoptosis in hepatocytes (p<0,05). Improvement of these metabolic abnormalities occurred through downregulation of GRP78 protein expression, IRE1 (dose of 200 mg/kgBW) significantly (p<0.05).

Conclusion: This study proved the modulating effect of 6-gingerol on metabolic syndrome in a dose-dependent manner through the ER stress pathway. "

"This book primarily focuses on the pathophysiology of ER stress. It introduces the molecular bases of ER stress, the emerging relevance of the ER-mitochondria cross-talk, the signaling pathways engaged and cellular responses to ER stress, including the adaptive Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), autophagy as well as cell death. Next the book addresses the role of ER stress in physiology and in the etiology of relevant pathological conditions, like carcinogenesis and inflammation, neurodegeneration and metabolic disease. The last chapter describes how ER stress pathways can be targeted for therapeutic benefit. Altogether, this book will provide the reader with an exhaustive view of ER stress biology and the latest insights in the role of ER stress in relevant human diseases."

"Sekitar 35% dari 901 orang dewasa yang menjalani pemeriksaan kesehatan secara rutin ditemukan mengalami NAFPD (nonalcoholic fatty pancreas disease). NAFPD berkaitan dengan manifestasi klinik (sindrom metabolik) MetS, adapun terapi yang diberikan sesuai dengan gejalanya seperti antihipertensi, statin, metformin dan faktor komorbid MetS, sehingga mungkin terjadi polifarmasi akibat multiterapi pengobatan. Dalam hal ini dibutuhkan obat tunggal yang dapat memperbaiki NAFPD pada tikus MetS salah satu kandidatnya yaitu 6-Gingerol. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menganalisis efektifitas 6-Gingerol terhadap NAFPD akibat MetS melalui stress oksidatif pada organ pankreas tikus yang diinduksi HFD + Fruktosa 55% dan Streptozotocin 22mg/kg selama 8 minggu. Tikus yang mengalami sindrom metabolik diterapi dengan 6-Gingerol dosis 50,100 dan 200mg/kg selama 8 minggu. Setelah mencapai akhir terapi, serum dan jaringan pankreas di ambil dan di analisis kadar (tumor necrosis factor alpha) TNF-alpha, (interleukin-6) IL-6, (malondialdehyde) MDA, (glutathione peroxidase) GPx, amilase, akumulais lemak, ekspresi sel alfa dam beta pankreas sebagai parameter NAFPD. Hasil analisis menunjukan bahwa pemberian 6-Gingerol tidak dapat menurunkan aktivitas amilase serum, MDA, ekspresi mRNA IL-6, namun dapat meningkatkan aktivitas GPx, mengurangi akumulasi lemak, dan meningkatkan ekspresi insulin dan glukagon. Sehingga 6-Gingerol memiliki potensi sebagai agen terapeutik untuk memperbaiki NAFPD pada tikus MetS.

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About 35% of 901 adults who underwent routine health checks were found to have (nonalcoholic fatty pancreas disease) NAFPD. NAFPD is related to the clinical manifestations of (metabolic syndrome) MetS, while the therapy given is according to the symptoms. The therapies include: antihypertensives, statins, metformin, and MetS comorbid factors. Polypharmacy may occur as a result of multitherapy treatment. In this case, a single drug, namely 6-gingerol, is needed to improve NAFPD in the MetS rats. The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of 6-Gingerol against MetS-induced NAFPD through oxidative stress in the pancreas of rats induced by HFD + Fructose 55% and Streptozotocin 22mg/kg for 8 weeks. Metabolic syndrome rats were treated with 6-gingerol doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg for 8 weeks. After reaching the end of therapy, serum and pancreatic tissue were collected and analyzed for levels of (tumor necrosis factor alpha) TNF-α, (interleukin-6) IL-6, (malondialdehyde) MDA, (glutathione peroxidase) GPx, amylase, fat accumulation, cell expression pancreatic alpha and beta as parameters of NAFPD. The results of analysis showed that administering 6-gingerol did not significantly reduce serum amylase activity, MDA, the relative expression of IL-6, but it increased GPX activity, reduced fat accumulation, and increased insulin and glucagon expression in pancreatic tissue. Thus 6-Gingerol has the potential as a therapeutic agent to improve NAFPD in the MetS."

"Latar BelakangSindrom metabolik merupakan isu kesehatan penting karena dapat meningkatkan risiko terjadinya masalah kardiovaskular. Sampai saat ini, belum ada obat khusus untuk mengobati sindrom metabolik sehingga sering kali diperlukan penggunaan berbagai obat secara bersamaan. Gangguan pada jalur PI3K-Akt, yang penting untuk mekanisme kelangsungan hidup sel, dapat memperparah sindrom metabolik. 6-Gingerol telah terbukti bersifat kardioprotektif dan mampu meningkatkan kadar PI3K dan Akt, menjadikannya sebagai kandidat terapi alami yang menjanjikan. Oleh karena itu, penelitian dilakukan untuk memahami bagaimana 6-Gingerol dapat memperbaiki kerusakan jantung yang disebabkan oleh sindrom metabolik melalui jalur PI3K-Akt.MetodePenelitian ini melibatkan tikus jantan Sprague-Dawley yang dikelompokkan menjadi lima kelompok, yakni normal sehat, sindrom metabolik (MetS), MetS + 6-Gingerol 50 mg/kgBB, MetS + 6-Gingerol 100 mg/kgBB, serta MetS + 6-Gingerol 200 mg/kgBB. 6-G diberikan per oral selama 8 minggu. Model MetS diinduksi pada tikus melalui pemberian diet tinggi lemak-tinggi fruktosa selama 8 minggu serta injeksi intraperitoneal streptozotocin (22 mg/kg) pada minggu ke-8. Tingkat ekspresi PI3K dan AKT pada jaringan jantung setiap kelompok diukur menggunakan ELISA.HasilPenelitian mengindikasikan peningkatan yang signifikan dalam ekspresi PI3K pada kelompok tikus MetS yang diberi dosis 6-Gingerol sebanyak 200 mg/kgBB (p=0,017) jika dibandingkan dengan kelompok tikus MetS. Pada Akt, tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antarkelompok.Kesimpulan6-Gingerol mampu meningkatkan ekspresi PI3K dalam jaringan jantung tikus yang mengalami sindrom metabolik, tetapi tidak berpengaruh pada ekspresi Akt.

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Introduction

Metabolic syndrome is a critical health issue as it can increase the risk of cardiovascular problems. Currently, there is no specific medication for treating metabolic syndrome, often necessitating the simultaneous use of various drugs. Disruptions in the PI3K-Akt pathway, crucial for cell survival mechanisms, can heighten metabolic syndrome. 6-Gingerol has been proven to be cardioprotective and able to increase PI3K and Akt levels, making it a promising candidate for therapy. Hence, research was conducted to understand how 6-Gingerol can repair heart damage caused by metabolic syndrome through the PI3K-Akt pathway.

Method

This study involved male Sprague-Dawley rats categorized into five groups: normal, metabolic syndrome (MetS), MetS + 6-Gingerol 50 mg/kgBW, MetS + 6-Gingerol 100 mg/kgBW, and MetS + 6-Gingerol 200 mg/kgBW. 6-Gingerol was administered orally for 8 weeks. MetS model was induced in rats through a high-fat-high-fructose diet for 8 weeks, along with intraperitoneal streptozotocin injection (22 mg/kg) in the 8th week. The levels of PI3K and AKT expression in the heart tissues of each group were measured using ELISA.

Results

The study indicated a significant increase in PI3K expression in the MetS rat group administered with a dose of 6-Gingerol at 200 mg/kgBW (p=0.017) compared to the MetS rat group. There was no significant difference in Akt expression among the groups.

Conclusion

6-Gingerol can enhance PI3K expression in the heart tissues of rats experiencing metabolic syndrome but does not affect Akt expression."

"ABSTRAKDengue merupakan salah satu penyakit serius pada manusia yang disebabkan oleh infeksi virus dengue (DENV). Namun, pengembangan senyawa antiviral DENV sering menghadapi masalah dikarenakan belum ada obat yang efektif menangani semua jenis serotipe DENV. Penghambatan melalui host enzim virus yang terlibat dalam siklus hidup DENV dapat menjadi pendekatan potensial dalam penemuan obat dengue dan juga menghindari resisten antiviral. Host retikulum endoplasma (RE) alpha-gukosidase II adalah salah satu target enzim dalam host RE DENV yang berperan penting dalam pelipatan glikoprotein DENV. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan sekitar 67.609 senyawa bahan alam yang telah diketahui aktivitas biologisnya dari pangkalan data InterBioScreen (IBS) sebagai kandidat inhibitor host RE alpha-gukosidase II. Proses penapisan untuk mendapatkan inhibitor terbaik dilakukan melalui tiga tahap simulasi penambatan molekul yaitu virtual screening, rigid docking, dan flexible docking. Titik farmakofor untuk proses penapisan diperoleh dari analisis Protein-Ligand Interaction Fingerprint (PLIF) menggunakan delapan protein alpha-glukosidase II dengan ligan yang berbeda-beda. Berdasarkan proses penapisan tersebut, sebanyak 32 ligan memiliki nilai Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) dan Gbinding yang diinginkan, dan lima ligan memiliki interaksi molekul paling baik untuk menghambat host RE alpha-glukosidase II sebagai target enzim. Sifat farmakologi kelima ligan dianalisis melalui uji ADME-Tox menggunakan perangkat lunak Toxtree, SwissADME, admetSAR, dan pkCSM. Ligan terbaik yaitu STOCK1N-86400 memiliki sifat farmakologi terbaik, interaksi hidrogen terbanyak dengan asam amino penting Asp564, Asp640, dan Met565 pada situs aktif host RE alpha-glukosidase II, dan Gbinding paling rendah dibandingkan standar. Hasil simulasi dinamika molekul juga menunjukkan ligan tersebut stabil pada suhu 310K.

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ABSTRACTDengue is one of the crucial diseases in human caused by dengue virus (DENV) infection. However, the development of DENV antiviral is often facing a problem because no effective drug to treat infection caused by all DENV serotypes. The inhibition of enzyme host of virus involved in DENV life cycle can be a potential approach in dengue drug discovery, and also avoiding antiviral resistance. Host endoplasmic reticulum (ER) alpha-glucosidase II is one of the enzymes target in host DENV ER that plays an important role in the DENV glycoprotein folding. In this research, about 67.609 natural products that have been known for their biological activities were acquired from InterBioScreen (IBS) database as candidate host alpha-glucosidase II inhibitor. The screening process was done by three protocol of molecular docking simulation: virtual screening, rigid docking, and flexible docking. Pharmacophore features in screening were obtained from Protein-Ligand Interaction Fingerprint (PLIF) analysis using eight -glucosidase II proteins with different ligands. Based on that screening process, about 32 ligands have a desirable value of Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) and Gbinding, and five ligands have a good molecular interaction to inhibit host ER alpha-glucosidase II as enzyme target. Pharmacological properties of the five ligands were analyzed through ADME-Tox test using Toxtree, SwissADME, admetSAR, and pkCSM software. The best ligand, STOCK1N-86400 has the best pharmacological properties, the highest number of hydrogen interaction with critical amino acids Asp564, Asp640, and Met565 in host ER alpha-glucosidase II active site, and the lower Gbinding from standard. The result of molecular dynamic simulation also showed that ligand is stable at a temperature of 310 K."

"Latar belakang: Pemfigus merupakan penyakit autoimun yang ditandai lepuh pada kulit dan/atau mukosa akibat adanya imunoglobulin terhadap permukaan sel keratinosit. Kortikosteroid KS merupakan pilihan terapi utama. Dipikirkan pemfigus berhubungan dengan sindrom metabolik SM secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Tujuan: Mengetahui proporsi SM pada pasien pemfigus dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo RSCM. Metode: Studi potong lintang pada bulan September November 2016 di Poliklinik Kulit dan Kelamin RSCM. Subjek dianamnesis, dilakukan pengukuran tekanan darah dan lingkar abdomen, lalu dilanjutkan pengambilan darah untuk pemeriksaan kadar trigliserida, high density lipoprotein HDL, serta gula darah puasa. Hasil: Didapatkan 30 subjek dengan rerata usia 41,6 10,3 tahun dan sebagian besar perempuan. Sebanyak 23 subjek 76,7 terdiagnosis pemfigus vulgaris dan 7 subjek 23,3 pemfigus foliaseus. Median durasi penyakit adalah 31 bulan. Median lama penggunaan steroid adalah 16,5 bulan. Ditemukan SM pada 40 dari total SP. Didapatkan proporsi obesitas sentral adalah 63,3 , hipertensi 50, hipertrigliseridemia 50, hiperglikemia 23,3, dan hipo-HDL 43,3. Simpulan: Ditemukan proporsi yang sama antara laki-laki dan perempuan di kelompok SM. Tidak ditemukan perbedaan bermakna jenis kelamin, tipe pemfigus, usia, lama sakit, dan lama penggunaan steroid antara kelompok SM dan tidak SM.

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Background: Pemphigus is an autoimmune bullous disease characterized by blistering skin and or mucosa caused by presence of immunoglobulin against keratinocyte cell surface. Corticosteroid is the main therapy. Pemphigus has been related to metabolic syndrome MS lately.

Objective: Determine MS proportion in pemphigus patients and its associated factors.

Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in September November 2016 in Dermatovenereology Outpatient Clinic in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Subjects history was taken then blood pressure, and abdominal circumference were measured. Patients trigliceryde, high density lipoprotein HDL, and fasting blood glucose level were also measured.

Results: There are 30 subjects with age mean 41,6 10,3 years and mostly women, 23 patients 76,7 are diagnosed as pemphigus vulgaris while 7 patients 23,3 are pemphigus foliaceus. Disease duration mean in all patients is 31 months and steroid duration mean is 16.5 months. MS was found in 40 subjects. Proportion of central obesity is 63,3, hypertension 50, hypertriglyceridemia 50, hyperglycemia 23,3, and hipo HDL 43,3.

Conclusion The same proportion of men and women are found in MS group. There is no statistically significant difference found in gender, pemphigus subtype, age, disease duration, and steroid usage duration between two groups."

"Sindrom metabolik merupakan istilah untuk sekumpulan faktor risiko penyakitjantung dan diabetes mellitus. Pekerja memiliki perilaku pola hidup dan pola kerjayang bervariasi yang berisiko menyababkan sindrom metabolik. Penelitian inidilakukan untuk menjelaskan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan sindrommetabolik pada pekerja tambang. Design penelitian cross sectional digunakandengan menganalisis data hasil kuesioner pola hidup dan pola kerja dan MedicalCheck Up yang meliputi Obesitas Sentral, Trigliserida, HDL, Tekanan Darah danGula Darah Puasa. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian didapatkan hubungan yangsignifikan antara faktor aktivitas fisik p value 0,032; OR 3,030 dan riwayatpenyakit pada orang tua p value 0,026; OR 0,282 dengan sindrom metabolikyang dialami pekerja. Tidak ditemukan hubungan yang signifikan antarapengetahuan, durasi kerja, shift kerja, durasi tidur, dan pola makan dengansindrom metabolik. Upaya promotif dan preventif perlu dilakukan untukmencegah terjadinya sindrom metabolik populasi pekerja.

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Metabolic syndrome is a term for risk factors for heart disease and diabetesmellitus. Workers have different lifestyle behaviors and work patterns that cancausing metabolic syndrome. This study was conducted to explain the factorsrelated with metabolic syndrome in miner workers. Cross sectional design is usedby analyzing lifestyle and work patterns questionnaire and Medical Check Up datawhich includes Central Obesity, Triglycerides, HDL, Blood Pressure and FastingBlood Sugar. Based on the research results, there were significant relationshipbetween physical activity factor p value 0,032, OR 3,030 and parents rsquo history ofdisease p value 0,026 OR 0,282 with metabolic syndrome. No significantrelationship was found between knowledge, work duration, shift work, sleepduration, and diet pattern with metabolic syndrome. Promotion and preventivecontrols are needed to prevent the metabolic syndrome in population."

"Penelitian ini dibuat untuk mengevaluasi hubungan antara LUTS/BPH dan sindrom metabolik pada pria Indonesia. Dua ratus dua puluh tujuh pasien dengan BPH diinklusi dalam penelitian ini. Pengukuran indeks masa tubuh, lingkar perut, volume prostat, dan international prostate symptom score (IPSS) dilakukan pada semua pasien. Berbagai pemeriksaan laboratorium seperti prostate specific antigen, gula darah puasa, trigliserida, lipoprotein densitas tinggi telah diuji. Diagnosa sindrom metabolik disesuaikan dengan kriteria dari The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III). IPSS disubkategorikan menjadi nilai keluhan obstruktif dan iritatif dan sindrom metabolik di kelompokkan sesuai dengan jumlah komponen kriteria (kurang dari 3, 3, 4, dan 5). Uji korelasi Spearman digunakan untuk menganalisa hubungan antara seluruh data kontinyu. Nilai rerata antara kelompok faktor resiko dianalisa menggunakan One-way ANOVA untuk data dengan nilai distribusi normal dan Kruskall Wallis untuk data dengan nilai distribusi tidak normal. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan sindrom metabolik pada 87 pasien (38.3 %). Pasien dengan sindrom metabolik memiliki nilai indeks masa tubuh, lingkar perut, tekanan darah sistolik, trigliserida, gula darah puasa, gejala iritatif, dan total IPSS lebih tinggi, dan lipoprotein densitas tinggi lebih rendah secara signifikan. Pasien dengan obesitas sentral memiliki resiko mengalami gejala LUTS/BPH sedang-berat lebih tinggi secara signifikan (RR 1.16, 95% CI: 1.01-1.4, p = <0.05) dan resiko memiliki nilai PSA yang tinggi (PSA ³ 20) (RR 0.41, CI 95%: 0. 23 -0.74, P = <0.001). Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa sindrom metabolik memiliki dampak yang terbatas terhadap gejala LUTS/BPH pada pria Indonesia. Hubungan dan peningkatan resiko gejala LUTS/BPH hanya terlihat pada pasien dengan obesitas sentral.

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This paper was made to evaluate the association between LUTS/BPH and MetS in Indonesian men. A total of 227 patients with histologic proven BPH were included in this study. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), prostate volume, and international prostate symptom score (IPSS) were measured. Prostate specific antigen (PSA), fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL) were tested. MetS were diagnosed using The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III). IPSS was subcategorized as irritative and obstructive scores and patients were classified into 4 groups according to the number of exhibited MetS components (less than 3, 3, 4, and 5). Spearman s correlation were used to analyses the association between all continuous variable. Mean difference between risk factor groups were analysed using One-way ANOVA for normally distributed variables and Kruskall Wallis for abnormally distributed variables. In this paper, MetS was diagnosed in 87 patients (38,3%). Patients with MetS have significantly higher BMI, WC, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride, fasting blood glucose, IPSS irritative score, total IPSS score, and lower HDL cholesterol. Patients with central obesity have significantly higher risk of having moderate-severe LUTS (RR 1.16, 95% CI: 1.01 -1.4, p = <0.05) and decreased risk in developing higher PSA level (PSA ³ 20) (RR 0.41, CI 95%: 0. 23-0.74, P = <0.001). From this paper we could conclude that MetS has limited impact towards LUTS/BPH in Indonesian men. Association and increase risk of LUTS/BPH were only seen in patients with central obesity."

"[Metabolik sindrom merupakan suatu kondisi dimana tubuh memiliki minimal tigadari empat gejala berikut: obesitas, hipertrigliseridimia, hipertensi, gula darahpuasa yang tinggi, dan kadar HDL rendah. Di era modern ini, banyak orangmemiliki pola hidup yang kurang sehat, seperti kurangnya olah raga maupun polamakan yang tidak seimbang, sehingga membuat mereka semakin rentan terhadapgejala-gejala tersebut. Tujuan studi ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi prevalensisindrom metabolic dan faktor-faktor terkaitnya, mencakup faktur demografis danpola hidup, di Kelurahan Kayu Putih, Jakarta Timur. Riset ini menggunakandesain cross-sectional dengan masyarakat Kelurahan Kayu Putih sebagai subjekpenelitian. Data diambil pada tanggal 20 dan 27 Maret 2011 menggunakananamnesis, pemeriksaan fisik dan tes penunjang. Data kemudian dianalisis lebihlanjut menggunakan chi-square test berdasarkan kriteria metabolik sindrom ATPIII. Terdapat 27(34.6%) orang dari 78 responden mengalami sindrom metabolik.Chi square test menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan antara sindrom metabolikdengan jenis kelamin (p <0.001), umur (p=0.020), dan pekerjaan (p=0.023). Disisi lain, faktor-faktor demografis dan pola hidup lainnya tidak menunjukkanhubungan yang berarti. Prevalensi sindrom metabolik di Kelurahan Kayu PutihJakarta Timur adalah 34.6% dan faktor yang terkait dengan sindrom metabolikadalah jenis kelamin, umur, dan pekerjaan, Metabolic syndrome is a condition of body which have at least three of this symptoms: abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low level of high-density lipoproteins, hypertension, and high fasting plasma glucose level. The aim of this study is to identify the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and other factors including demographical factors and lifestyle factors that are related toit in Kelurahan Kayu Putih, East Jakarta. This research used cross-sectional design with some people living in Kelurahan Kayu Putih as the subjects. The data were taken upon anamnesis, body measurement, physical examination, and supporting tests. The data were analyzed by chi-square testbased on ATP III criteria for metabolic syndromeThe result illustrated that the prevalance of metabolic syndrome was 27(34.6%) people out of 78 respondents Chi square test showed meaningful difference in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome by gender (p <0.001), age (p=0.020), and occupation (p=0.023). In contrast, the test showed that there was no significant difference in other demographical factors and lifestyle. In conclusio, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome at KelurahanKayuPutih, East Jakarta is 34.6% and factors relating to metabolic syndrome is gender, age, and occupation. ]"

"Latar BelakangSindrom metabolik secara signifikan dikaitkan dengan peningkatan risiko penyakit kardiovaskular. Inflamasi kronis merupakan salah satu mekanisme yang diusulkan memiliki peran penting dalam perkembangan sindrom metabolik menjadi penyakit kardiovaskular. Suatu penelitian eksperimental menunjukkan bahwa penargetan spesifik dari proses inflamasi terbukti dapat mengurangi perkembangan penyakit ini. Sitokin proinflamasi Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) telah diidentifikasi sebagai regulator utama respon inflamasi dan dianggap sebagai sitokin alarm yang bertanggung jawab dalam menginisiasi dan mempertahankan kondisi inflamasi sehingga TNF-α dipilih sebagai target pertama dalam cytokine-targeted approach. 6-Gingerol terbukti memiliki beberapa aktivitas farmakologis, termasuk anti-inflamasi. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui efek proteksi 6-Gingerol terhadap proses inflamasi jantung yang disebabkan oleh sindrom metabolik melalui penurunan protein penanda inflamasi TNF-α.MetodeTikus jantan Sprague-Dawley dikategorikan menjadi lima kelompok, yaitu normal sehat, sindrom metabolik (MetS), MetS + 6-Gingerol 50 mg/kgBB, MetS + 6-Gingerol 100 mg/kgBB, serta MetS + 6-Gingerol 200 mg/kgBB. Dilakukan pemberian diet tinggi lemak-tinggi fruktosa selama 16 minggu serta injeksi streptozotocin intraperitoneal (22 mg/kg) pada minggu ke-8 untuk menginduksi model sindrom metabolik. Di akhir penelitian, hewan diterminasi dan dilakukan pengambilan sampel jantung. Tingkat ekspresi TNF-α pada jaringan jantung diukur menggunakan BioEnzy© ELISA kit (Rat TNF-α ELISA Kit).HasilPenelitian menunjukkan penurunan ekspresi TNF-α secara signifikan pada kelompok tikus MetS dengan pemberian 6-Gingerol dosis 200 mg/kgBB (p<0.001) dibandingkan dengan kelompok tikus MetS.Kesimpulan6-Gingerol berpotensi untuk memperbaiki proses inflamasi jantung pada sindrom metabolik pada jantung tikus dengan sindrom metabolik melalui penurunan ekspresi protein TNF-α.

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Introduction

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is significantly associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Chronic inflammation seems to be essential players in the progression of MetS and its subsequent transition to CVDs. Specific targeting of these processes in experimental models has been shown to reduce disease progression. Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) has been identified as a major regulator of inflammatory responses and considered as alarm cytokines which initiate and maintain inflammation, therefore, it was selected as the first target in the cytokine-targeted approach. 6-Gingerol has been reported to have a myriad of promising pharmacological activities including notable anti-inflammatory potential. Hence, research was conducted to determine the protective effect of 6-Gingerol in cardiac inflammatory process induced by metabolic syndrome through reducing the inflammatory marker TNF-α.

Metode

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were categorized into five groups: standard commercial diet, metabolic syndrome (MetS), MetS + 6-Gingerol 50 mg/kgBW, MetS + 6-Gingerol 100 mg/kgBW, and MetS + 6-Gingerol 200 mg/kgBW. Rats were fed with a high-fat high-fructose diet for 16 weeks and at Week 8, single-dose low-dose streptozotocin (22 mg/kg) were intraperitoneally injected to induce MetS. After all animals were terminated, cardiac tissue was harvested to measure TNF-α levels. TNF-α levels was measured using BioEnzy© ELISA kit (Rat TNF-α ELISA Kit).

Hasil

This study shows significant decrease of TNF-α levels in cardiac tissue in the MetS group administered with a dose of 6-Gingerol at 200 mg/kgBW (p<0.001) as compared to the MetS group.

Kesimpulan

6-gingerol potentially attenuates inflammation process in cardiac tissue of syndrome metabolic by their ability to reduce TNF-α protein expression"