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"Penambangan pasir di perairan Pulau Tunda telah menimbulkan dampak negatif pada lingkungan, sosial, dan ekonomi. Tujuan riset ini adalah untuk menganalisis dampak penambangan pasir terhadap jasa ekosistem pesisir dan laut Pulau Tunda. Metode yang digunakan dalam riset ini meliputi: perhitungan jasa ekosistem yang didapat dari perhitungan indeks kesuburan perairan dengan modul ekologi pada MIKE 21, perubahan garis pantai dianalisis menggunakan modul LITLINE pada MIKE 21, dan system dynamics yang digunakan untuk menyusun model. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan jasa ekosistem di Pulau Tunda masih cukup baik, namun kadar TSS cukup tinggi (60 -80 mg/L). Pemodelan MIKE 21 menunjukkan bahwa Pulau Tunda tidak mengalami perubahan garis pantai. Model yang dibuat menghasilkan rekomendasi untuk pengelolaan penambangan pasir laut secara berkelanjutan. Kesimpulan riset ini adalah perlunya pengembangan pariwisata berbasis ekologi sebagai salah satu bentuk diversifikasi ekonomi.

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Sand mining in the waters of Tunda Island has caused negative impacts on the environment, society, and economy. The objective of this research is to analyze the impacts of sand mining on the coastal and marine ecosystem services of Pulau Tunda. The methods used in this research include calculating ecosystem services based on the water fertility index using the ecological module in MIKE 21,analyzing shoreline changes using the LITLINE module in MIKE 21, and utilizing system dynamics to develop a model. The research findings indicate that the ecosystem services in Tunda Island are still relatively good, although the TSS level is quite high (60-80 mg/L). The MIKE 21 modeling shows that Pulau Tunda has not experienced any significant shoreline changes. The developed model provides recommendations for sustainable management of marine sand mining. The conclusion of this research emphasizes the need for ecotourism development as a form of economic diversification."

"[Pesatnya pertumbuhan ekonomi dan penduduk di daerah pesisir menjadikan kebutuhan akan ruang yang lebih luas sehingga reklamasi kawasan pesisir menjadi pilihan utama yang banyak ditempuh Pemanfaatan pasir laut yang berlebihan dan tidak terkendali dapat mengganggu ekosisitem bahkan merusak daya dukungnya Penelitian ini mengkaji gangguan pada produktivitas perairan Teluk Banten Kabupaten Serang yang disebabkan kegiatan penambangan pasir laut di tahun 2004 2015 Masalah penelitian adalah belum adanya kajian ilmiah lingkungan mengenai pengaruh penambangan pasir laut di Teluk Banten Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif Data fisik dianalisis menggunakan korelasi dan regresi polinomial orde 2 dan data wawancara dianalisis dengan metode deskriptif Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan hubungan yang kuat r 0 9835 antara penambangan pasir laut dengan peningkatan kekeruhan perairan Teluk Banten dengan persamaan regresi y x 90 8494 9 2392 10 3 x 1 3059 10 7 x2 Penambangan pasir laut juga signifikan mengurangi produktivitas perairan Teluk Banten r 0 9726 dengan persamaan regresi y x 2 948 3 21 10 7 x ndash 8 26 10 14 x2 Hasil penelitian juga memperlihatkan persepsi negatif masyarakat nelayan terhadap aktivitas penambangan pasir laut Menurut mereka penambangan pasir laut berdampak pada aktivitas penangkapan ikan karena tidak dapat menangkap ikan di perairan dekat desa mereka lagi.

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A rapid economic and population growths in urban coastal areas may followed by an expansion of space Mostly the expansion is applying a coastal reclamation An uncontrollable and overexploitation of marine sand for coastal reclamation may disturbing the ecosystem and even cause damage to its carrying capacity This research is finding the disturbance of marine productivity in Banten Coastal Bay Serang District which is caused by marine sand mining activity in 2004 2015 According to preliminary finding there is no scientific studies about the impact of marine sand mining activity in Banten Coastal Bay yet This research is using quantitative approach with quantitative and qualitative method The physical aspect has been analyzed using statistically correlation and 2nd order of polynomial regression Interview data which is analyzed by a descriptive method somehow providing some clues The result shows the strong correlation r 0 9835 between marine sand mining production and the increasing of water turbidity in Banten Coastal Bay which represent by a regression equation y x 90 8494 9 2392 10 3x 1 3059 10 7x2 Marine sand mining production is also significant reduce r 0 9726 the marine productivity of Banten Coastal Bay which represent by a regression equation y x 2 948 3 21 10 7x ndash 8 26 10 14x2 It is found in the fisheries community that they have a negative perception to the marine sand mining activity According them those mining activities impacting to their fishing tradition They cannot catch the fish in the near shore around their livinghood anymore ;A rapid economic and population growths in urban coastal areas may followed by an expansion of space Mostly the expansion is applying a coastal reclamation An uncontrollable and overexploitation of marine sand for coastal reclamation may disturbing the ecosystem and even cause damage to its carrying capacity This research is finding the disturbance of marine productivity in Banten Coastal Bay Serang District which is caused by marine sand mining activity in 2004 2015 According to preliminary finding there is no scientific studies about the impact of marine sand mining activity in Banten Coastal Bay yet This research is using quantitative approach with quantitative and qualitative method The physical aspect has been analyzed using statistically correlation and 2nd order of polynomial regression Interview data which is analyzed by a descriptive method somehow providing some clues The result shows the strong correlation r 0 9835 between marine sand mining production and the increasing of water turbidity in Banten Coastal Bay which represent by a regression equation y x 90 8494 9 2392 10 3x 1 3059 10 7x2 Marine sand mining production is also significant reduce r 0 9726 the marine productivity of Banten Coastal Bay which represent by a regression equation y x 2 948 3 21 10 7x ndash 8 26 10 14x2 It is found in the fisheries community that they have a negative perception to the marine sand mining activity According them those mining activities impacting to their fishing tradition They cannot catch the fish in the near shore around their livinghood anymore.;A rapid economic and population growths in urban coastal areas may followed by an expansion of space Mostly the expansion is applying a coastal reclamation An uncontrollable and overexploitation of marine sand for coastal reclamation may disturbing the ecosystem and even cause damage to its carrying capacity This research is finding the disturbance of marine productivity in Banten Coastal Bay Serang District which is caused by marine sand mining activity in 2004 2015 According to preliminary finding there is no scientific studies about the impact of marine sand mining activity in Banten Coastal Bay yet This research is using quantitative approach with quantitative and qualitative method The physical aspect has been analyzed using statistically correlation and 2nd order of polynomial regression Interview data which is analyzed by a descriptive method somehow providing some clues The result shows the strong correlation r 0 9835 between marine sand mining production and the increasing of water turbidity in Banten Coastal Bay which represent by a regression equation y x 90 8494 9 2392 10 3x 1 3059 10 7x2 Marine sand mining production is also significant reduce r 0 9726 the marine productivity of Banten Coastal Bay which represent by a regression equation y x 2 948 3 21 10 7x ndash 8 26 10 14x2 It is found in the fisheries community that they have a negative perception to the marine sand mining activity According them those mining activities impacting to their fishing tradition They cannot catch the fish in the near shore around their livinghood anymore , A rapid economic and population growths in urban coastal areas may followed by an expansion of space Mostly the expansion is applying a coastal reclamation An uncontrollable and overexploitation of marine sand for coastal reclamation may disturbing the ecosystem and even cause damage to its carrying capacity This research is finding the disturbance of marine productivity in Banten Coastal Bay Serang District which is caused by marine sand mining activity in 2004 2015 According to preliminary finding there is no scientific studies about the impact of marine sand mining activity in Banten Coastal Bay yet This research is using quantitative approach with quantitative and qualitative method The physical aspect has been analyzed using statistically correlation and 2nd order of polynomial regression Interview data which is analyzed by a descriptive method somehow providing some clues The result shows the strong correlation r 0 9835 between marine sand mining production and the increasing of water turbidity in Banten Coastal Bay which represent by a regression equation y x 90 8494 9 2392 10 3x 1 3059 10 7x2 Marine sand mining production is also significant reduce r 0 9726 the marine productivity of Banten Coastal Bay which represent by a regression equation y x 2 948 3 21 10 7x ndash 8 26 10 14x2 It is found in the fisheries community that they have a negative perception to the marine sand mining activity According them those mining activities impacting to their fishing tradition They cannot catch the fish in the near shore around their livinghood anymore ]"

"Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelimpahan, dampak serta alternatif pengendalian sampah di Pantai Kuta.Luas daerah asal sampah dihitung dengan sistem informasi geografis. Dampak kelimpahan sampah dihitung berdasarkan biaya penanggulangan dan hilangnya pendapatan para pelaku usaha di Pantai Kuta. Model kelimpahan dan pengendalian sampahmenggunakan sistem dinamik dengan software PowersimConstructor 2.5D. Sumber sampah Pantai Kuta berasal dari aktivitas pariwisata di Pantai Kuta dan sampah yang terdampar di Pantai Kuta dari Selat Bali. Sampah Selat Bali berasal dari DAS Selat Bali dan interaksi dari laut sekitar. Luas DAS Selat Bali sekitar 4.470 Km2yang terdiri dari 2.419 Km2 di Pulau Jawa dan 2.051 Km2 di Pulau Bali. Berdasarkan kabupaten/kota, terdapat 3 kabupaten di Pulau Jawa (Banyuwangi, Jember, Bondowoso) dan 5 kabupaten/kota di Pulau Bali (Denpasar, Badung, Tabanan, Jembrana dan Buleleng) yang sebagian wilayahnya berada di DAS Selat Bali. Dampak sampah di Pantai Kuta pada Januari2011 telah mengurangi pendapatan pelaku usaha hingga 71% dan meningkatkan biaya pembersihan sebesar 63%-75%.Pemodelan kelimpahan sampah mengunakan data fluktuasi sampah selama 72 bulan dari Mei 2007 hingga April 2013.Proyeksi pemodelan dilakukan selama 72 bulan dari Mei 2013 hingga April 2019. Hasil pemodelan kelimpahan sampah Pantai Kuta telah dinyatakan valid dengan nilai AME 0,127. Terdapat dua faktor pengungkit kelimpahan sampah di Pantai Kuta (KSPK) yaitu fraksi sampah yang dibuang ke sungai (F-SDS) dan fraksi sampah pertanian tak terkelola (FSPT). Hasil simulasi dengan 4 kondisi adalah sebagai berikut: 1)Simulasi model yang diperpanjang (business as usual/BAU)mengindikasikan terjadinya peningkatan rata-rata KSPK sebesar 7,16% dibandingkan data 72 bulan sebelumnya. 2) Simulasi model dengan skenario pesimis dengan asumsi FSDS menjadi dua kali lipat akan meningkatkan KSPK rata-rata sebesar 234,70% atau naik sebesar 2,34 kali lipat dibanding BAU 3) skenario moderat dengan asumsi F-SDS dapat dikendalikan menjadi setengahnya akan dapat menurunkan KSPK sebesar 10,79% dibanding BAU 4) skenario optimis asumsi F-SDS dan F-SPT dapat dikendalikan menjadi setengahnya akan dapat menurunkan KSPK sebesar 16,13% di banding BAU. Pengendalian KSPK dapat dilakukan dengan peningkatan kerjasama antar pemerintah di DAS Selat Bali dengan target utama adalah penurunan F-SDS dan F-SPT.

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The study aims to determine the abundance,impact and alternative of litter controlling in Kuta Beach. The area of litter source calculated with geographic information systems. The impact of litter is calculated based on the clean-up costs of litter and loss of income entrepreneurs in Kuta Beach. Models abundance and litter control using dynamic system with software Powersim Constructor 2.5D. The litter source in Kuta Beach derived from activity of tourism and litter that stranded of Bali Strait. The litter Bali Strait is derived from the Bali Strait watershed and the interaction of the surrounding sea. Bali Strait watershed area around 4,470 km2 consisting of 2,419 km2 in Java and 2,051 km2 in the island of Bali. Based on the district/city, there are 3 districts in Java (Banyuwangi, Jember, Bondowoso) and 5 districts/cities on the island of Bali (Denpasar, Badung, Tabanan, Jembrana and Buleleng) is partially of their area located in Bali Strait watershed. The impact of litter on Kuta Beach in January 2011 has reduced entrepreneurs income by 71% and increases cleaning costs by 63%-75%. Modeling abundance using litter data for 72 months from May 2007 until April 2013. Projection conducted for 72 months from May 2013 until April 2019.

Modeling has been declared valid with the AME value of 0.127. There are two factors leverage abundance of litter on Kuta Beach (KSPK) is the fractions of litter dumped into the river (F-SDS) and fractions of unmanaged agricultural litter (F-SPT). The simulation results with 4 conditions are as follows: 1) Thesimulation model is extended (Business as usual / BAU) indicated an average increase of 7.16% KSPK than previous 72 months. 2) Simulation model of the pessimistic scenario assuming the F-SDS doubled, KSPK will increase by an average of 234.70%, up by 2.34 times compared to BAU 3) moderate scenario assuming the F-SDS can be controlled by half, KSPK will decrease by 10.79% compared to BAU 4) optimistic scenario assuming the F-SDS and F-SPT can be controlled by half, could decrease KSPK by 16.13% compared to BAU. KSPK control can be done withcooperation among governments in the Bali Strait watershed with the main target is the reduction of F-SDS and F-SPT."

"Penelitian ini melihat peristiwa tewasnya Salim Kancil dan konflik terkait pertambangan pasir illegal Golongan C yang terjadi di Desa Selok Awar ndash; Awar, Kecamatan Pasirian, Kabupaten Lumajang, Jawa Timur sebagai dinamika organized crime. Penelitian kualitatif ini menggunakan ciri organized crime oleh Abadinsky 2012, dengan pengumpulan data melalui wawancara, studi dokumen dan literatur. Hasil studi ini, berdasarkan ciri organized crime oleh Abadinsky 2012, memenuhi unsur hierarchial, has no political goal dan exhibits a willingness to use illegal violence. Namun, meski tidak memenuhi seluruh ciri organized crime oleh Abadinsky 2012, konflik pertambangan pasir illegal Golongan C di Desa Selok Awar ndash; Awar yang menyebabkan tewasnya Salim Kancil dapat dipahami sebagai bentuk organized crime. Sehingga, diperlukan langkah ndash; langkah teknis dan strategis dari stakeholders pertambangan di Lumajang terkait pertambangan pasir illegal.

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Current study seeks to examine the the death of Salim Kancil as a result of conflicts related to Illegal Class C Sand Mining in the village Selok Awar Awar, Pasirian, Lumajang, East Java as the dynamics of organized crime. Current qualitative study, examine characteristics of organized crime as stated by Abadinsky 2012 while utilizing interviews, document and literature research in its data collecting. Result suggest that certain features organized crime by Abadinsky 2012, such as hierarchial, has no political goal dan exhibits a willingness to use illegal violence fulfilled. While other features of organized crime by Abadinsky 2012 not proven, however, conflicts caused by illegal Class C sand mining in the village Selok Awar Awar causing the death of Salim can be understood as a form of organized crime. Thus, certain technical and strategic measures must be taken by mining stakeholders in Lumajang, especially sand mining stakeholders."

"Kegiatan penambangan pasir tanpa izin masih ditemukan di kawasan Batur Global Geopark, hal ini kontradiktif dengan tujuan dan mengancam status Gunung Batur sebagai Global Geopark pertama di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis dampak lingkungan akibat dari kegiatan penambangan pasir tanpa izin di Desa Songan A dan Desa Batur Selatan dan merekomendasikan alternatif pengendalian penambangan pasir tanpa izin di Batur Global Geopark. Penelitian menggunakan metode dan pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukan kegiatan penambangan pasir tanpa izin masih berlangsung dan memberikan dampak negatif khususnya terhadap aspek lingkungan. Metode AHP digunakan untuk mengetahui alternatif pengendalian penambangan pasir tanpa izin. Terdapat perbedaan prioritas alternatif antara kelompok pemerintah dan akademisi terhadap kelompok masyarakat. Hasil AHP secara keseluruhan adalah alternatif penutupan dan pemberian sangsi dengan kriteria tertinggi meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat. Alternatif ini dapat diterapkan jika terdapat matapencaharian pengganti yang stabil dan berlanjut untuk menggantikan kegiatan penambangan pasir tanpa izin.

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Unlicensed sand mining activities are still found in the Batur Global Geopark area, this is contradictory to the goals and threatens the status of Mount Batur as the first Global Geopark in Indonesia. Objective of this research is to analyze the environmental impacts from illegal sand mining activities in Songan A Village and Batur Selatan Village and also to recommend alternatives to controlling illegal sand mining in the Batur Global Geopark. Research uses qualitative methods and approaches. The results of the research show that unlicensed sand mining activities are still ongoing and have a negative impact, especially on environmental aspects. The AHP method is used to determine alternatives to controlling unlicensed sand mining. There are differences alternative priorities between government and academics groups towards community groups. The results of the AHP as a whole are alternatives to closure and imposition of sanctions with the highest criteria increasing people's income. This alternative can be implemented if there is a stable and sustainable livelihood alternative to replace the illegal sand mining activities."

"Kegiatan pertambangan dan industri nikel pada kawasan Pomalaa telah memberi dampak terhadap lingkungan, sosial, dan ekonomi. Penerapan good mining practice, ekologi industri, dan tanggung jawab sosial diharapkan dapat menyeimbangkan aktivitas pertambangan dan industri dengan keberlanjutan lingkungan, sosial, dan ekonomi. Permasalahan akibat kegiatan pertambangan dan industri nikel adalah perubahan kualitas lingkungan, prasarana sosial yang belum memadai, serta penyerapan tenaga kerja yang minim. Riset ini bertujuan menganalisis kondisi lingkungan dan sosial ekonomi masyakarat, serta membuat model keseimbangan kawasan pertambangan dan industri nikel yang berkelanjutan. Metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif digunakan untuk mengetahui kondisi lingkungan, sosial, dan ekonomi masyarakat, serta menggunakan Analytical Network Process ANP untuk membuat model keseimbangan. Hasil riset memperlihatkan adanya perubahan kondisi lingkungan akibat kegiatan pertambangan, prasarana sosial yang masih kurang, persepsi dan mata pencaharian yang beragam, serta rendahnya pendapatan masyarakat. Model keseimbangan kawasan pertambangan dan industri nikel yang berkelanjutan dapat diwujudkan dengan menerapkan konsep good mining practice, ekologi industri, dan tanggung jawab sosial secara seimbang.

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Mining activity and nickel industry in the Pomalaa area have affected the environment, social, and economy. It is expected that the implementation of good mining practice, industrial ecology, and social responsibility will balance the mining and industrial activities with the sustainability of environment, social, and economy. The problems caused by the mining activity and nickel industry are the changes of environmental quality, inadequate social infrastructure, and minimal employment. This research aims to analyze the environmental and socio-economy conditions of the community as well as creating a balanced model of the sustainable mining area and nickel industry. The descriptive method with the qualitative approach is used to know the environmental, social, and economic conditions of the community. The Analytical Network Process ANP is also used to make balance model. The research results show the existence of changes in the environmental changes due to the mining activity, inadequate social infrastructure, diverse perceptions and livelihoods, and low community income. The balanced model of the mining area and sustainable nickel industry can be realized by implementing the concept of good mining practice, industrial ecology, and social responsibility in a balanced manner."

"Sungai adalah salah satu bagian terpenting dalam mendukung kehidupan masyarakat baik secara ekonomi dan sosial. Berbagai pemanfaatan sungai sebagai bentuk pemanfaatan sumber daya alam telah dilakukan contohnya penambangan pasir illegal sebagai salah satu nilai ekonomi bagi masyarakat sekitar. Penambangan pasir secara illegal dapat mengakibatkan kerusakan lingkungan yang cukup parah diantaranya kerusakan sungai akibat para penambang modern maupun manual. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis kondisi air lokasi penambangan pasir di Sungai Progo Desa Gulurejo, Kecamatan Lendah, Kabupaten Kulon Progo, menganalisis persepsi masyarakat terhadap penambangan pasir di Sungai Progo Desa Gulurejo, Kecamatan Lendah, Kabupaten Kulon Progo, dan mengusulkan pemanfaatan alternatif berkelanjutan dari kawasan bekas penambangan pasir illegal. Metode yang digunakan dalam riset ini adalah metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif dengan menggunakan data sekunder, data primer persepsi masyarakat, wawancara dengan stakeholder. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif-kuantitatif dan analisis SWOT untuk menentukan kriteria pemilihan alternatif pemanfaatan lahan berkelanjutan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kondisi air di sungai Progo, Desa Gulurejo berstatus buruk berdasarkan metode IKA-NSF akibat dari penambangan pasir ilegal dan persepsi masyarakat terkait penambangan pasir illegal dinilai menguntungkan secara ekonomi. Sedangkan, untuk pemanfaatan lahan pasca tambang pasir, masyarakat setuju untuk dimanfaatkan untuk menggantikan kegiatan penambangan pasir illegal. Pemanfaatan alternatif yang berkelanjutan sebagai budidaya udang kurang tepat karena kondisi air sungai yang tidak bisa dimanfaatkan karena statusnya yang buruk sehingga dapat dialihkan menjadi pemanfaatan lahan lainnya yang disesuaikan dengan aspek lingkungan, ekonomi, dan sosial. Air sungai Progo di desa Gulurejo termasuk dalam kategori tingkat II sehingga pemanfaatannya dapat untuk mencuci atau mendukung aktivitas pemanfaatan lahan alternatif yang sesuai dengan aspek keberlanjutan.

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The river is one of the most important parts in supporting people's lives both economically and socially. Various uses of the river as a form of utilization of natural resources have been carried out for example illegal mining of sand as one of the economic values for the surrounding community. Illegal sand mining can cause severe environmental damage including river damage due to modern and manual miners.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the water conditions of sand mining locations in the Progo River Gulurejo Village, Lendah District, Kulon Progo Regency, analyze people's perceptions of sand mining in Progo River Gulurejo Village, Lendah District, Kulon Progo Regency, and propose the use of sustainable alternatives from the former area illegal sand mining.

The method used in this research is quantitative and qualitative methods using secondary data, primary data on public perception, interviews with stakeholders. The analysis used is descriptive-quantitative analysis and SWOT analysis to determine alternative selection criteria for sustainable land use.

The results showed that the water conditions in the Progo river, Gulurejo Village were of poor status based on the IKA-NF method as a result of illegal sand mining and people's perceptions regarding illegal sand mining were considered to be economically beneficial. Meanwhile, for the use of land after mining sand, the community agreed to be used to replace illegal sand mining activities.

The use of sustainable alternatives as shrimp culture is not appropriate because of the condition of river water that cannot be utilized because of its poor status so that it can be transferred to other land uses that are adapted to environmental, economic, and social aspects. Progo river water in Gulurejo village is included in the level II category so that its use can be used for washing or supporting alternative land use activities that are relevant to the sustainability aspect."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian yang dipaparkan dalam tesis ini adalah mengenai hubunganpemanfaatan sumber daya alam pesisir oleh masyarakat, korporasi, danpemerintah daerah di pesisir selatan Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta. Fokuspenelitian ini terletak pada hubungan pemanfaatan sumber daya alampesisir dari masing-masing pihak, yaitu masyarakat, korporasi, danpemerintah daerah. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatifdengan metode studi literatur, wawancara mendalam, dan observasi. Hasilpenelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan dan persamaan padapemanfaatan sumber daya alam pesisir terjadi di antara ketiga pihaktersebut. Masyarakat memanfaatkan lahan pasir untuk pertanian lahanpasir. Korporasi (PT JMI) memanfaatkan lahan pasir untuk penambanganpasir besi, dikarenakan jumlah kandungan pasir besi yang cukup tinggisebagai bahan baku besi baja. Pemerintah Daerah, dalam hal inimendukung kegiatan penambangan pasir besi dan pertanian lahan pasir.Hal ini dikarenakan dapat meningkatkan APBD, mensejahterakanmasyarakat pesisir, dan melestarikan lingkungan. Namun, rencanapenambangan pasir besi yang dilakukan oleh Korporasi (PT JMI) danpemerintah daerah ini tidak berjalan dengan lancar. Menurut mereka,selama ini kegiatan penambangan merusak lingkungan dan tidakmensejahterakan masyarakat. Sedangkan, persamaan antara ketigapandangan tersebut adalah mengutamakan pertanian lahan pasir, wilayahcagar alam dan pengembangan masyarakat pesisir. Berdasarkanpertimbangan tersebut, maka dilakukan empat proses minimsasi masalah.Proses ini mencakup empat aspek, yaitu aspek ekonomi terpenuhi, yaitupenyerapan tenaga kerja dan ganti rugi lahan, aspek sosial dariperubahan gaya hidup terpenuhi, aspek lingkungan dengan penambanganramah lingkungan, dan pengelolaan teknologi tambang. Keempat aspektersebut sebagai rumusan yang bertujuan untuk mencapai keselarasan(harmony) dalam mencapai pembangunan berkelanjutan.

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ABSTRACTThe research presented in this thesis is about the relationship to theutilization of the coastal natural resources among the community, thecorporation, and the local governments in the South Coastal Areas ofKulon Progo, Yogyakarta. The focus of this research lies in the relationshipto the utilization of the coastal natural resources for each party, i.e. thecommunity, the corporations, and the local governments. This researchwas carried out by applying a qualitative approach by undertakingliterature studies, in-depth interviews, and observation. The result of thisresearch shows that the difference of utilization of the coastal naturalresources indeed occurs among the three parties. The people utilize thesand field for agriculture. The corporation utilizes the sand field for ironsand mining because of the high amount of sand iron in the area that canbe used as the raw material to make steels. The local governmentsupports the iron sand mining and sand land for agriculture. Because it isconsidered to be able to increase the Local Income and Expense Budgetas well as the level of prosperity in the commnuty, and sustainableenvironment. However, the plan to conduct this iron sand mining by thecorporation and the local goverments does not go smoothly. The miningalways causes destruction to the environment and does not bringprosperity to the community. Besides, the similarity of the utilization ofnatural resources is prioritized farmer, sanctuary, and communitydevelopment for coastal communities. Considering this, the minimisationproblem should be based on the environmetal problem solving principles.The principles include four aspects, namely economic aspects, socialaspects for lifestyle changes, environmental aspects with green mining,and mine management. These four aspects aim to achieve a harmony fora sustainable development."

"Terlepas vaksinasi campak telah dilakukan secara global saat ini, infeksi penyakit campak masih menjadi endemik pada sebagian besar negara di dunia. Infeksi tersebut tidak hanya terjadi pada negara-negara dengan cakupan vaksinasi yang rendah. Pada negara dengan cakupan vaksinasi yang tinggi seperti Amerika Serikat pun, saat ini wabah campak tetap terjadi pada negara tersebut. Hal ini dikarenakan penyakit campak merupakan penyakit yang sangat menular, dimana tingkat keterjangkitan penyakit pada individu yang tidak memiliki kekebalan adalah sebesar 90%. Pengendalian penyebaran penyakit campak dilakukan dengan pemberian vaksin campak sebanyak dua dosis. Selain melindungi individu yang divaksin campak, pemberian vaksin campak juga dapat mencegah transmisi penyakit campak ketika cakupan vaksinasi tinggi atau sebagian individu pada populasi kebal terhadap penyakit (efek herd immunity). Infektivitas penyakit campak sangat tinggi, sehingga penyakit campak memiliki ambang batas perlidungan kelompok yang tertinggi dari semua penyakit yang dapat dicegah dengan pemberian vaksin. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan kekebalan populasi yang tinggi untuk mengganggu transmisi virus. Pada penelitian ini, dikontruksi model matematika SVEIR pengendalian penyebaran penyakit campak dengan intervensi vaksinasi serta mempertimbangkan faktor herd immunity. Selanjutnya dilakukan analisis pada titik-titik keseimbangan yang diperoleh dari model. Selain itu dilakukan juga analisis sensitivitas basic reproduction number (R0) terhadap parameter vaksinasi pada model. Diperoleh bahwa, dalam upaya pengendalian penyakit campak, pemberian vaksin dosis pertama sangat penting dalam menurunkan level endemik. Serta dilakukan juga simulasi autonomous untuk melihat bagaimana pengaruh intervensi vaksinasi terhadap penyebaran penyakit campak dengan beberapa kasus variansi nilai parameter.

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Despite measles vaccination has already been done globally, measles remains endemic in many parts of the world. The infection does not only occur in countries with low vaccinaction coverage. But also in countries with high vaccination coverage such as United States, the measles outbreak is still occurs in those countries. This is because measles is a highly infectious disease in which the infection rate of individuals without immunity  is 90%. Measles transmission control is done by giving two-doses measles vaccine. Besides protecting the individuals who get the vaccination, measles vaccination could also prevent the transmission of measles when the vaccination rate is high or many individuals are immune to the disease (herd immunity effect). The infectivity of measles is very high, so that the herd protection threshold for measles is the highest of all vaccine-preventable diseases. Therefore, a high level population immunity is required to interrupt transmission of measles due to its high infectivity. In this research, a mathematical model SVEIR was constructed for controlling measles with vaccination intervention along with considering the herd immunity effect. Afterwards, we analyze the equilibrium points from the model. Moreover, we analyze the sensitivity of basic reproduction number (R0) towards the vaccination parameter of the model. We found that, by giving one-dose measles vaccine is very influential to reduce the endemic level. Finally, we also do the autonomous simulation to see the effects of the vaccine intervention towards measles infection with some variation in parameter values."

"Diskursus oligarki merupakan salah satu topik yang banyak mencuat ke publik belakangan ini. Hadiz dan Robison (2013), menggambarkan oligarki sebagai sistem relasi kekuasaan yang memungkinkan konsentrasi kekayaan dan otoritas serta pertahanan kolektifnya. Penelitian ini, menggunakan konsep negara dan bisnis Vedi R. Hadiz dan Richard Robison (2004, 2013) yang memandang bahwa dominasi kekuasaan menguasai sumber-sumber ekonomi dan politik melalui struktur hubungan politico-business antara negara (state) dan pemodal dalam pola hubungan patron-klien. Selain konsep tersebut, penulis juga menggunakan teori oligarki Vedi R. Hadiz-Richard Robison (2004, 2013) dan Jeffrey A. Winters (2011) untuk memahami pengakumulasian kapital dan pertahanan kekayaan (wealth defense). Dalam mengumpulkan data, penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif, dengan cara mengumpulkan data primer melalui wawancara mendalam dan analisis dengan data sekunder melalui kajian literatur. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa oligarki dalam bentuk aliansi predatoris ini terjadi karena adanya relasi politik dan ekonomi dengan tujuan menguasai dan mempertahankan sumber daya alam yang bertumpu pada regulasi kebijakan politik. Peruntukan reklamasi yang dicanangkan mencakup kepentingan kapitalis atau pengusaha yang mempunyai koneksi dengan pemerintah daerah dan memanfaatkannya untuk bisnis. Dengan demikian, relasi oligarkis politik dan bisnis menciptakan konfigurasi kekuasaan yang digunakan sebagai instrumen pertahanan kekayaan.

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Oligarchy discourse is one of the topics that has been sticking out to the public lately. Hadiz and Robison (2013), describe oligarchy as a system of power relations that allows concentration of wealth and authority as well as collective defense. This study uses the concept of state and business by Vedi R. Hadiz and Richard Robison (2004, 2013) who view that the domination of power controls economic and political resources through the structure of politico-business relationsbetween the state and investors in the patron-client relationship pattern. In addition to these concepts, the author also uses the oligarchic theory of Vedi R. Hadiz-Richard Robison (2004, 2013) and Jeffrey A. Winters (2011) to understand capital accumulation and wealth defense. In collecting data, the research uses qualitative methods, by collecting primary data through in-depth interviews and analysis with secondary data through literature review. The research findings show that this oligarchy in the form of predatory alliances occurs due to the existence of political and economic relations with the aim of controlling and maintaining natural resources which are based on political policy regulations. The proposed reclamation allocation includes the interests of capitalists or entrepreneurs who have connections with the local government and use it for business. Thus, oligarchic in political and business relations create a configuration of power that is used as an instrument of wealth defense."