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"Peningkatan angkatan kerja akibat migrasi tenaga kerja merupakan salah satu faktor yang dapat meningkatkan tingkat pengangguran tenaga kerja lokal. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak migrasi tenaga kerja dan selective migration terhadap tingkat pengangguran tenaga kerja lokal di Indonesia. Studi ini mempertimbangkan proporsi sektor informal karena rendahnya tingkat pengangguran belum cukup untuk menjadi indikator kemajuan pembangunan ketenagakerjaan di negara berkembang. Kualitas pekerjaan juga harus diperhatikan dengan mempertimbangkan proporsi sektor informal. Metode analisis yang digunakan yaitu data panel dinamis, dengan lag pertama variabel dependen dimasukkan sebagai regressor. Studi ini menunjukkan tingkat imigrasi berdampak signifikan dan positif terhadap tingkat pengangguran dan proporsi sektor informal tenaga kerja lokal. Hasil ini menunjukkan tenaga kerja migran memiliki efek substitusi atau dapat menggantikan tenaga kerja lokal terutama di sektor formal. Tenaga kerja lokal yang tersubstitusi kemudian beralih ke sektor informal atau bahkan menjadi pengangguran. Jika dianalisis menurut kelompok pendidikan, efek susbtitusi ini paling dirasakan oleh tenaga kerja lokal dengan jenjang pendidikan dibawah SMA. Menariknya, adanya selective migration juga akan berdampak pada peningkatan proporsi sektor informal tenaga kerja lokal terutama dengan jenjang pendidikan dibawah SMA. Hal ini berarti semakin besar perbedaan tingkat pendidikan antara tenaga kerja migran dan lokal akan meningkatkan proporsi sektor informal tenaga kerja lokal kurang berpendidikan.

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The labor force increase due to labor migration is one of the factors that can increase the unemployment rate of native workers. This study aims to analyze the impact of labor migration and selective migration on the unemployment rate of native workers in Indonesia. This study considers informal employment because the low unemployment rate is insufficient to indicate the progress of labor development in developing countries. The quality of work must also be considered by considering informal employment. The analytical method used is dynamic panel data, with the first lag-dependent variable as a regressor. This study shows that the immigration rate positively and significantly affects the unemployment rate and the informal employment of native workers. These results indicate that migrant workers have a substitution effect or can replace native workers, especially in formal sectors. Substituted local workers then switch to the informal sector or even become unemployed. If analyzed by the education group, this substitution effect is felt mainly by native workers with education below senior high school. Interestingly, the existence of selective migration will also have an impact on increasing native worker’s informal employment, especially those with an education level below senior high school. This increase means that the more significant the difference in education between migrant and native workers will increase the informality of native workers, especially those with less education."

"Labor market outcome khususnya produktivitas pekerja merupakan salah satu faktor penting bagi pertumbuhan ekonomi suatu negara. Di antara berbagai mancam hal yang memengaruhi labor market outcome, terdapat aspek religiositas yang dinilai turut berkontribusi dalam membentuk produktivitas pekerja. Namun dari studi yang dilakukan di berbagai negara dalam melihat hubungan antara religiositas dengan labor market outcome hasil yang ditemukan masih bersifat abu-abu, di mana terdapat temuan yang menyatakan bahwa kedua hal tersebut memiliki hubungan negatif, dan ada juga temuan yang menyatakan hal sebaliknya. Dengan menggunakan data IFLS 5 dan upah per bulan pekerja sebagai proksi labor market outcome, studi ini hendak mengetahui hubungan antara tingkat religiositas pekerja terhadap labor market outcome di Indonesia sebagai negara dengan masyarakat yang terhitung memiliki tingkat religiositas tinggi. Studi ini menggunakan metode estimasi OLS dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 6.450 individu pekerja berusia lima belas tahun ke atas. Hasil pada studi ini menemukan bahwa adanya hubungan negatif antara tingkat religiositas pekerja dengan produktivitas yang dimilikinya. Hal ini dapat terjadi di lingkungan Indonesia yang religius akibat adanya faktor lain yang dinilai memiliki dampak lebih besar terhadap labor market outcome dibandingkan aspek religiositas, serta adanya kemungkinan pengaruh sekularisme dalam membentuk hubungan kedua hal tersebut.

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Labor market outcome, especially worker productivity, are one of the significant factors for the economic growth of a country. Among the various things that affect labor market outcome, there is an aspect of religiosity that contributed to shaping worker productivity. However, from studies conducted in different countries in looking at the relationship between religiosity and labor market outcome, the findings of the results are still unclear. Several studies are findings that the two things have a negative relationship, and other studies are finding the opposite results. This study aims to determine the relationship between the level of religiosity and labor market outcome in Indonesia as a country with people who have a high level of religiosity by using IFLS 5 data and worker's monthly wages as proxies for labor market outcome. This study uses the OLS estimation method with a sample of 6,450 individual workers aged at least fifteen years. The results of this study found that there was a negative relationship between the level of worker's religiosity and their productivity. This condition can happen in the Indonesian religious environment due to other factors that capture the source of impact on labor market outcome better than worker's religiosity. In addition, there is the possibility of secularism's influence in shaping the relationship between the two."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh aglomerasi ekonomi terhadap net migrasi tenaga kerja dengan menggunakan data Sensus Penduduk SP 2010 dan Survey Penduduk Antar Sensus SUPAS 2005 dan 2015. Fokus aglomerasi ekonomi adalah human capital, kepadatan populasi, dan employment share di sektor manufaktur. Net migrasi tenaga kerja di klasifikasikan menjadi tenaga kerja skilled dan tenaga kerja unskilled. Hasil regresi menggunakan Random Effect Model menunjukkan bahwa aglomerasi ekonomi menjadi daya tarik tenaga kerja unskilled untuk melakukan migrasi. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa tenaga kerja unskilled lebih menunjukkan sensitivitas untuk melakukan migrasi apabila ada perubahan human capital, kepadatan populasi dan juga employment share di sektor manufaktur. Aglomerasi human capital tidak mempunyai dampak terhadap net migrasi total skilled dan unskilled , namun setelah ada interaksi variabel human capital dan employment share di sektor manufaktur menunjukkan bahwa aglomerasi human capital menjadi daya tarik tenaga kerja yang berada di sektor manufaktur untuk melakukan migrasi.

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ABSTRACTThis study aims to analyze the effect of economic agglomeration on labor net migration using data from the Indonesia censuses SP of 2010 and Intercensal Survey SUPAS of 2005 and 2015. The focus of economic agglomeration is human capital, population density, and employment share in the manufacturing sector. Net labor migration is classified into skilled labor and unskilled labor. Regression results using the Random Effect Model indicate that the economic agglomeration becomes pull factor of unskilled labor to migrate. This suggests that unskilled labor shows more sensitivity to migration if there are changes in human capital, population density and also employment share in the manufacturing sector. The agglomeration of human capital has no impact on total net migration skilled and unskilled , but after the interaction of human capital variables and employment share in the manufacturing sector shows that agglomeration of human capital is the pull factor of labor in the manufacturing sector to migrate. "

"Indonesian economy has grown significantly for the past quarter ofcentury. However; welfare of the labors are still in a poor condition This wasindicated by their wages which only around the minimum wages, even after thegovernment of Indonesia raised them several times. In the era of globalizationor in a borderless economic framework, factors of productions become moremobile. Mobility of both capital and labor could be driven by comparativeadvantages of local and regional markets. When the wage IE' too lowdomestically, and when there is a high demand for low-skill workers abroad,tlte labor will migrate to higher-wage countries. On the other hands, when thewage is too high in indonesia, foreign investors who invest in footlooseeindustries may relocate their industries to lower-wage countries. In addition,employer can cut down employment to reduce production cast if the wages aretoo high. Titus, the scissor effects have to be dealt wisely. Increasing minimumwages is not the only way to increase worker's welfare. Improving the_productivity of the labor through formal and informal education is an indirectway of raising the welfare of workers. Considering that the quality ofIndonesia's labor is still very low and the fact that factors of production aremore mobile in this globalization era, improving the quality of workers to bemore competitive globally is seen as a key situation to the problem. "

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi pobabilitas overeducation dan undereducation serta sejauh mana overeducation dan undereducation tersebut berpengaruh terhadap penghasilan. Data yang digunakan adalah data Sakernas 2013. Status ORU (overeducation, requirededucation dan undereducation) diukur menggunakan rata-rata dan standar deviasi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa lama bersekolah, umur, jenis kelamin dan daerah tempat tinggal memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap probabilitas overeducation dan undereducation. Overeducation memiliki hubungan negatif dengan penghasilan, sedangkan undereducation memiliki hubungan positif. Hasil yang sama ditemukan setelah dibuat model terpisah menurut jenis kelamin dan jenis pekerjaan kecuali pada pekerja white collar, di mana undereducation tidak memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap penghasilan.

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ABSTRACT

The objective of this research is to identify the determinants of overeducation and undereducation and how these determinants influence earnings using the 2013 Sakernas data. The ORU (overeducation, requirededucation and undereducation) status is measured by using the values of mean and standard deviation. The results show that years of schooling, age, sex, and region have significant effect on probabilities to have overeducation and undereducation status. Overeducation and undereducation have negative and positive impacts on earnings, respectively. Separate models by gender and by occupation show the same results, except for white collar employees where undereducation has no significant impact on earnings."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi pobabilitas overeducation dan undereducation serta sejauh mana overeducation dan undereducation tersebut berpengaruh terhadap penghasilan. Data yang digunakan adalah data Sakernas 2013. Status ORU (overeducation, requirededucation dan undereducation) diukur menggunakan rata-rata dan standar deviasi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa lama bersekolah, umur, jenis kelamin dan daerah tempat tinggal memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap probabilitas overeducation dan undereducation. Overeducation memiliki hubungan negatif dengan penghasilan, sedangkan undereducation memiliki hubungan positif. Hasil yang sama ditemukan setelah dibuat model terpisah menurut jenis kelamin dan jenis pekerjaan kecuali pada pekerja white collar, di mana undereducation tidak memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap penghasilan.

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ABSTRACTThe objective of this research is to identify the determinants of overeducation and undereducation and how these determinants influence earnings using the 2013 Sakernas data. The ORU (overeducation, requirededucation and undereducation) status is measured by using the values of mean and standard deviation. The results show that years of schooling, age, sex, and region have significant effect on probabilities to have overeducation and undereducation status. Overeducation and undereducation have negative and positive impacts on earnings, respectively. Separate models by gender and by occupation show the same results, except for white collar employees where undereducation has no significant impact on earnings."

"Banyak penelitian tentang bagaimana jumlah anak mempengaruhi kemungkinan wanita yang sudah menikah bergabung dengan pasar tenaga kerja. Ada juga penelitian yang berfokus pada bagaimana lingkungan sosial dan ekonomi memengaruhi probabilitas perempuan bekerja. Namun demikian, belum ada penelitian tentang bagaimana variasi dampak tersebut di lingkungan sosial ekonomi yang berbeda. Makalah ini mengisi kekosongan ini, dengan menggabungkan dua set data Indonesia: Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional 2015 untuk mendapatkan informasi individual, dan survei Potensi Desa 2014 untuk memeroleh informasi tentang lingkungan sosial ekonomi. Analisis regresi logistik dilakukan dengan beberapa variabel kontrol individu, termasuk informasi tentang suami. Untuk menangkap dampak lingkungan sosial-ekonomi pada pola hubungan antara jumlah anak dan probabilitas perempuan untuk bergabung dalam pasar tenaga kerja, makalah ini menggunakan variabel interaksi antara jumlah anak dan variabel lingkungan sosial ekonomi. Lingkungan ekonomi diukur dengan PDB per kapita, kemiskinan, ketersediaan usaha kecil dan menengah, dan jarak ke kantor kecamatan; dan lingkungan sosial, oleh fasilitas kesehatan, fasilitas pendidikan, dan adanya kejahatan. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa beberapa lingkungan ekonomi (PDB dan kemiskinan) dan satu lingkungan sosial (fasilitas kesehatan) memiliki interaksi yang signifikan dengan jumlah anak. Selanjutnya, arahnya bervariasi tergantung pada lingkungan.

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There have been many studies on how number children affects probability of married women joining the labour market. There are also studies who focused on how social and economic environments affect the probability. Nevertheless, there has been no study on how the impact varies in different socio-economic environments. This paper fills in this gap, by merging two Indonesian data sets: 2015 National Socio-economic survey to have individual information and 2014 Village Potential survey to obtain the information on socio-economic environments. A logistic regression analysis is conducted with some individual control variables, including information on husbands. To capture the impact of socio-economic environments on the pattern of relationship between number of children and probability of the women joining the labour market, this paper puts interaction terms between number of children and variables on socio-economic environments. Economic environment is measured by per capita GDP, poverty, availability of small and medium enterprise, and distance to head of district office; and social environment, by health facilities, education facilities, and existence of crime. The results show that some economic environments (GDP and poverty) and one social environment (health facilities) have significant interaction with number of children. Furthermore, the direction varies depending on the environments."