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"The rapidly growing demand for petroleum resources has become a crucial global problem. Therefore, a more realistic solution is required for oil production. Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has become an essential technique to extract original oil content and maintain oil fields. During this process, certain viscous polymers are commonly used as mobility control agents. In this work, we introduce a new class of polymer to address the limitations of commercial EOR polymers. We successfully extracted kappa-type carrageenan from Eucheuma cottonii seaweed using demineralized water and ethanol precipitation. The amount of yield, intrinsic viscosity, and viscosity-average molecular mass of the extracted carrageenan were 18.64%, 12.77 dLg-1, and 4.716×105 gmol-1, respectively. Characterizations were done by dynamic viscosity and rheological measurement, along with a thermal degradation test. The measurements indicated that kappa-carrageenan is an attractive green substitute for polyacrylamide, as it showed relatively high resistance to temperature, shear rate, and salinity compared to polyacrylamide-based commercial EOR polymers. However, a higher concentration of carrageenan is still needed to reach the same viscosity as the commercial polymers."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai empat permasalahan. Pertama, mengenai konsep cost recovery pelaksanaan bioremediasi di dalam industri hulu minyak dan gas bumi dalam keuangan negara berdasarkan peraturan perundang-undangan. Kedua, mengenai penerapan konsep cost recovery pelaksanaan bioremediasi di dalam industri hulu minyak dan gas bumi dalam keuangan negara pada Putusan Kasasi Nomor 2330 K/Pid.SUS/2013. Ketiga, mengenai konsep kerugian negara atas cost recovery bioremediasi berdasarkan peraturan perundang-undangan. Keempat, mengenai penerapan konsep kerugian negara atas cost recovery bioremediasi pada Putusan kasasi Nomor 2330 K/Pid.SUS/2013. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, kasus yang tertuang di dalam Putusan Kasasi Nomor 2330 K/Pid.SUS/2013 menjadi objek dalam penelitian skripsi ini. Aparat penegak hukum memutuskan bahwa kasus ini telah merugikan keuangan negara. Namun, ketidak cermatan aparat penegak hukum membuat kasus ini dalam mengidentifikasikan kerugian negara penting untuk diteliti dan dianalisis dengan cermat.

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This Thesis is discussing about four problems. First, it discuss about cost recovery in bioremediation concept in the oil and gas industry based on the positive law. Secondly, it discuss about the concept in bioremediation cost recovery in the oil and gas industry in public finance based on Putusan Kasasi Nomor 2330 K/Pid.SUS/2013. Thirdly, it discuss about the concept of state loss in the bioremediation cost recovery based on the positive law. The last one, it discuss about the concept of state loss in the bioremediation cost recovery based on Putusan Kasasi Nomor 2330 K/Pid.SUS/2013. Based on those things, the case inside Putusan Kasasi Nomor 2330 K/Pid.SUS/2013 will be the object of this thesis. The law enforcer decide that this case has been made some loss for the state. However, the incautious act of law enforcer made this case important to be researched an analyzed further."

"Pengembangan lapangan migas marjinal wilayah lepas pantai pada skema Production Sharing Contract (PSC) gross split memiliki tantangan teknis dan ekonomis. Pada penelitian ini berfokus pada analisis secara ekonomis terhadap pengembangan lapangan migas lepas pantai marjinal. Metode pengembangan lapangan menggunakan tiga skenario yaitu skenario I dengan Konvensional Platform; skenario II dengan Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO); skenario III dengan Sea Moveable Platform (SMP). Analisis ekonomis menggunakan indikator penganggaran modal, seperti NPV, IRR, dan Payback Period. Evaluasi keekonomian dilakukan untuk mencari metode terbaik pengembangan lapangan migas marjinal dengan menerapkan skema PSC Gross Split. Diharapkan dari skenario pengembangan tersebut, mampu meningkatkan keekonomian perusahaan. Selanjutnya dilakukan analisis sensitivitas untuk mengetahui sensitivitas perubahan parameter berikut: biaya kapital (CAPEX), biaya operasi produksi (OPEX), dan harga minyak dan gas berpengaruh terhadap nilai NPV, IRR, dan bagian pemerintah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa skenario terbaik adalah Skenario I untuk produksi 7 tahun maupun produksi 10 tahun. Analisis keekonomian menunjukkan bahwa Skenario I dengan waktu produksi 7 tahun memberikan NPV sebesar USD 37,6 juta, IRR sebesar 30,1% dengan Payback Period 3 tahun. Sedangkan untuk waktu produksi 10 tahun diperoleh NPV sebesar USD 35,9 juta, IRR sebesar 25,2% dengan Payback Period 3 tahun.

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The development of marginal oil and gas fields in the offshore area in the gross split Production Sharing Contract (PSC) scheme has technical and economic challenges. This research focuses on economic analysis of the development of marginal offshore oil and gas fields. The field development method uses three scenarios, scenario I with Conventional Platforms; scenario II with Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO); scenario III with Sea Moveable Platform (SMP). The duration of production time uses 7 years and 10 years. Economic analysis uses capital budgeting indicators, such as NPV, IRR, and Payback Period. An economic evaluation was carried out to find the best method for developing marginal oil and gas fields by applying the Gross Split PSC scheme. It is expected from the development scenario, it can improve the companys economy. The sensitivity analysis is then performed to determine the sensitivity of the following parameter changes: capital costs (CAPEX), production operating costs (OPEX), and oil and gas prices affect the value of NPV, IRR and the Government take. The results show that the best scenario is Scenario I both of production time 7 years and 10 years. The economic analysis show that Scenario I with production time 7 years is attributed to NPV of USD 37.6 million, IRR of 30.1% with Payback Period of 3 years. While for production time 10 years, NPV of USD 35.9 million, IRR of 25.2% with Payback Period of 3 years.

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"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas tentang bentuk-bentuk pengusahaan minyak dan gas bumiyang pernah berlaku di Indonesia sejak zaman Hindia Belanda hingga pada saatini yang kemudian dicarilah bentuk pengusahaan yang paling ideal dan sesuaidengan konsep Hak Menguasai Negara sebagaimana terdapat di Pasal 33 ayat (2)dan ayat (3) Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia 1945 dan ResolusiMajelis Umum Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Penelitian ini menggunakan bentukpenelitian normatif atau dikenal juga dengan sebutan penelitian hukumkepustakaan dengan tipologi deskriptif serta dengan menggunakan metodekualitatif. Hasil penelitian menyarankan bahwa konsesi merupakan bentukpengusahaan minyak dan gas bumi yang paling ideal untuk diterapkan diIndonesia.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the forms of exploitation of oil and gas that ever applies inIndonesia since the days of the Dutch East Indies colonization until today. Later,this thesis is looking for the most ideal form of contract in accordance with theconcept of Permanent Sovereignity over Natural Resources as contained in Article33 paragraph (2) and paragraph (3) of the Constitution of the Republic ofIndonesia in 1945 and the United Nations General Assembly resolutions. Thisstudy uses a form of normative research or also known as legal research with adescriptive typology and using qualitative methods. The results of the studysuggest that the concession is the most ideal form of contract for oil and gasoperation to be applied in Indonesia."

"Gas Karbon monoksida dan metana banyak terdapat dalam off gas hasil kilang minyak bumi. Off gas potensial digunakan sebagai bahan baku industri petrokimia. Agar off gas ini bisa dimanfaatkan maka karbon monoksida dan metana harus dihilangkan dari off gas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengadsorpsi karbon monoksida dan metana menggunakan karbon aktif cangkang kelapa sawit dan karbon aktif komersial secara simultan dengan sistem tumpak dan kontinyu. Penelitian ini dilakukan 2 tahap yaitu: 1 Pembuatan dan karakterisasi karbon aktif, 2 Uji adsorpsi karbon monoksida dan metana. Dari percobaan aktivasi menggunakan karbon dioksida pada laju alir 150 ml/menit menghasilkan luas permukaan sebesar 978.29 m2/g, Nitrogen pada laju alir 150 ml/menit menghasilkan luas permukaan 1241.48 m2/g, dan karbon dioksida dan nitrogen pada laju alir 200 ml/menit dengan luas permukaan 300.37 m2/g. Adsorpsi karbon monoksida dan metana pada sistem tumpak karbon aktif cangkang kelapa sawit sebanyak 0.5485 mg/g dan 0.0649 mg/g, pada karbon aktif komersial adalah 0.5480 mg/g dan 0.0650 mg/g. Adsorpsi pada sistem kontinyu karbon aktif dari cangkang kelapa sawit menyerap karbon monoksida 305.23 mg/gr dan metana 12.06 mg/gr, dan karbon aktif komersial menyerap karbon monoksida dan metana sebanyak 204.87 mg/gr dan 5.95 mg/gr.

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Carbon monoxide and methane gas are widely present in offshore oil refineries. Off potential gas is used as raw material for the petrochemical industry. In order for this off gas to be utilized, carbon monoxide and methane must be removed from off gas. This study aims to adsorb carbon monoxide and methane using activated carbon of oil palm shells and commercial activated carbon simultaneously with batch and continuous systems.

The research was conducted in 2 stages 1 Preparation and characterization of activated carbon, 2 Carbon monoxide and methane adsorption test. From the activation experiments using carbon dioxide at a flow rate of 150 ml min yielded a surface area of 978.29 m2 g, Nitrogen at a flow rate of 150 ml min yielded a surface area of 1241.48 m2 g, and carbon dioxide and nitrogen at a flow rate of 200 ml min with Surface area 300.37 m2 g.

Adsorption of carbon monoxide and methane on activated carbon activated oil palm shell systems of 0.5485 mg g and 0.0649 mg g, on commercial activated carbon is 0.5480 mg g and 0.0650 mg g. Adsorption of continuous activated carbon from oil palm shells absorbed carbon monoxide 305.23 mg g and methane 12.06 mg g, and commercial activated carbon absorbed carbon monoxide and methane by 204.87 mg g and 5.95 mg g."

"Merebaknya pandemi COVID-19 di akhir tahun 2019 telah melumpuhkan semua sektor baik sosial, budaya dan perekonomian. Tidak terlepas dari dampak tersebut, industri migas Indonesia juga merasakan dampak dari COVID-19 khususnya pada sektor hulu. Penelitian ini akan membahas implikasi COVID-19 pada salah satu proyek pengembangan di sektor hulu migas dengan mengidentifikasi dampak- dampak secara spesifik di masing-masing fase proyek dan keterkaitannya terhadap time & cost overrun. Melalui research question yang disusun, didapat dampak secara spesifik pada masing masing fase proyek (Engineering, Procurement, Construction & Installation) antara lain overrun pada labor cost, biaya cancellation akibat early termination pada chartered vessel, biaya extension untuk penyimpanan material dan biaya remobilisasi kembali untuk marine spread pada offshore campaign berikutnya. Berdasarkan penelitian didapat dampak terhadap proyek 8- 14 bulan keterlambatan dari sisi schedule dan 25%-27.5% dampak overrun terhadap cost.

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The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic at the end of 2019 has impacted all social, cultural and economic sectors. As part of the outbreak, oil and gas industry in Indonesia is also experience the impact of COVID-19, especially in the upstream sector. The study will discuss the implications of COVID-19 as case study the development project in the upstream oil and gas sector by identifying specific impacts in each project phase and their relationship to time & cost overrun. Through the research questions, specific impacts of each phase of the project (Engineering, Procurement, Construction & Installation) are obtained, including overrun in labor costs, cancellation costs due to early termination of the chartered vessel, extension costs for material storage and costs. remobilization for marine spread in the next offshore campaign. Based on the research, there is 8-14 months impact on the project schedule and 25%-27.5% overrun on cost impact.

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