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"processes of Biological treatment intend to reduce the organic matter content by using microorganisms. Problems, which often occur in the treatment process, include the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) being planned for treating domestic wastewater only, but in fact the WWTP often receives non-domestic wastewater particularly direct or indirect faecal deposits. There are 13 simultaneous systems of nonlinear differential equations using the method of Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg (RKF45). Data validation is measured in a facultative stabilization pond at a distance of 0 m, 25 m, 50 m and 75 m respectively. Samples are taken at the inlet and outlet of the pond covering the concentration of Bacteria (B), Algae (A), Zooplankton (Z), Organic Matter (OM), Detritus (D), Organic Nitrogen (ON), Ammonia (NH3), Organic Phosphorus (OP), Soluble Phosphorus (SP), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Coliform (TC), Faecal Coliform (FC), and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). The research comparing observation and count data results in 11 kinds of concentration that have a relative error <20% and 2 concentrations > 20%, namely Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Faecal Coliform.(FC). Wastewater quality is predicted with 45o angle charts and tolerance ± 20%, respectively for BOD (76.8%), COD (57.7%) and DO (81.9%). The model, as a means for performance evaluation of the WWTP, is appropriate for Class II water quality standards."

"The purposes of this research are to identify & characterize the wastewater, discharged from a traditional market and also to evaluate its Sewage Treatment Plant performance. Case study is done in Glodok Traditional Market from November until December 2010. Wastewater identification and characterization took place in wet lot, which consist of fish lot, chicken lot, and meat lot. The source of fish lot wastewater are fish washing and rinsing, shrimp shell and squid cleaning, melting ice cube from fish storage, and hand washing from the seller itself; in chicken lot, wastewater is discharge from chicken slaughter; while in meat lot, the wastewater is released from washing cow stomach wall activities (in the making of tripe).Result of the research in identification showed that the discharge of waste water can be identified using flow rate based on selling volume. Meanwhile, the result of characterization are: Fish lot : pH = 6.153, TSS = 786.667 mg/L, Total N = 123.330, Ammonia = 101.333, Total P = 24.981, BOD = 1109.388, COD = 2037.248, Oil and grease = 1004.5 ; Chicken lot : pH = 5.893, TSS = 666.667 mg/L, Total N = 75.557 mg/L, Ammonia = 54 mg/L, Total P = 16.247 mg/L, BOD = 598.963 mg/L, COD = 1392.304 mg/L, oil and grease = 518 mg/L; Meat lot : pH = 10.553 mg/L, TSS = 460 mg/L, Total N = 32.720 mg/L, Ammonia = 12 mg/L, Total P = 9.43 mg/L, BOD = 100.031 mg/L, COD = 1536.240 mg/L, oil and grease = 668 mg/L.Result of STP evaluation showed that STP plan which is made based on office and hotel biological loading causing the performance of STP is not optimum. It can be displayed from the value of TSS and oil & grease of the effluent, whose not meet by the quality standard of Kepmenlh 112 tahun 2003. The low performance of STP also can be seen from high amount of ammonia in effluent because the process itself only can remove BOD without followed by nitrification."

"Peningkatan perkembangan industri minyak dan gas di Indonesia berbanding lurus dengan semakin banyaknya limbah air berminyak yang dihasilkan. Limbah air berminyak mengandung kadar kontaminan seperti COD, TDS, TSS, pH, dan kekeruhan yang tinggi serta cenderung memiliki warna yang pekat. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan proses pemisahan limbah air berminyak menggunakan proses ultrafiltrasi (UF) membran poliviniliden fluorida (PVDF). Namun, sifat hidrofobik pada polimer PVDF dapat meningkatkan fouling yang terjadi pada saat proses UF. Sehingga, pada penilitian ini dilakukan modifikasi dengan zat aditif polivinilpirolidon (PVP) serta pelarut dimetilasetamida (DMAc) yang membantu pembentukan struktur morfologi pada membran. Sintesis membran dilakukan dengan metode presitipasi imersi dengan variasi massa PVP 0,1 ; 0,2 dan 0,3 gram. Karakterisasi pada membran dilakukan untuk mengetahui sifat pada membran menggunakan uji SEM, FTIR, sudut kontak, uji tarik, dan uji porositas. Digunakan proses perlakuan terdahulu sebelum UF untuk meningkatkan rejeksi pada permeat. Kemudian dilakukan variasi tekanan pada membran dengan variasi massa PVP optimal yakni 0,1 gram pada 1 dan 2 bar. Nilai fluks yang dihasilkan meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya massa PVP pada membran. Pada variasi membran optimal didaptkan rejeksi untuk COD, TDS, TSS, kekeruhan dan pH secara berturut-turut adalah 82,05% ; 44,46% ; 90,38% ; 85,42% ; 7,1.

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The rapid growth of Indonesia's oil and gas industry has a linear effect on the growth of wastewater produced by the industry. A high level of COD, TDS, TSS, color, turbidity, and pH usually characterizes oily wastewater. In this study, the process of separating oily wastewater will be conducted using a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane ultrafiltration (UF) process. However, the hydrophobic nature of the PVDF polymer can increase the fouling that occurs during the UF process. Therefore, in this study PVDF membrane is modified with the additive polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with dimethylacetamide (DMAc) as a solvent which helps the formation of the morphological structure of the membrane. Membrane synthesis was conducted by immersion precipitation with a mass variation of PVP 0.1; 0.2; and 0.3 grams. Characterization of the membrane was carried out to determine the properties of the membrane using the SEM test, FTIR, contact angle, tensile test, and porosity test. The pre-treatment process is used before UF to increase the rejection of the permeate. Then the pressure variation on the membrane will be carried out with the optimal PVP mass variation of 0,1 gram at 1 and 2 bar. The resulting flux value increases with increasing PVP mass on the membrane. The rejection obtained at optimal membrane variations for COD, TDS, TSS,turbidity, and pH were 82.05%; 44.46%; 90.38%; 85.42%; 7.1."

"Poliviniliden fluorida (PVDF) merupakan bahan polimer yang lazim digunakan untuk membran ultrafiltrasi. Namun, sifat hidrofobik yang dimiliki oleh PVDF menghasilkan membran dengan sifat anti-fouling yang buruk dalam proses filtrasi. Sehingga, pada penelitian ini, membran yang berbahan dasar PVDF akan dimodifikasi dengan aditif polivinilpirolidon (PVP). Membran flat sheet dipreparasi menggunakan metode presipitasi imersi dengan variasi massa PVP sebanyak 0,1; 0,15 dan 0,2 gram. Membran yang telah dipreparasi kemudian dikarakterisasi menggunakan SEM, FTIR, serta sudut kontak. Membran kemudian digunakan untuk mengolah limbah cair batik. Sebelum digunakan sebagai umpan ultrafiltrasi, metode koagulasi-flokulasi dengan koagulan PAC digunakan sebagai pre-treatment limbah. Limbah cair batik kemudian difiltrasi menggunakan membran PVDF/PVP dengan variasi tekanan umpan yaitu 4, 5, 6, dan 7 bar. Nilai fluks air bersih dan fluks permeat yang dihasilkan pada penelitian ini meningkat dengan bertambahnya penambahan massa PVP pada larutan cetak. Rejeksi warna dan COD yang dihasilkan pada penelitian ini memiliki rentang besaran dari 32,45% hingga 58,11% dan 8,91% hingga 14,95% berturut-turut; sedangkan rejeksi TDS dan konduktivitas yang dihasilkan memiliki rentang besaran dari 4,83% hingga 6,95%.

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Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is commonly used polymeric material for the fabrication of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes. However, the hydrophobic nature of PVDF leads to poor membrane performance with low anti-fouling properites during filtration process. Hence, the PVDF-based flat sheet membrane was modified with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as additive. PVDF/PVP flat sheet membrane preparation was carried out by the immersion precipitation method with a variation of PVP mass 0.1; 0.15 and 0.2 grams. The membrane produced is then characterised using SEM, FTIR and contact angle. Prior to membrane application on treating batik wastewater, pre-treatment is carried out on Batik wastewater using coagulation and flocculation methods using PAC as coagulant. Batik wastewater from the pre-treatment is then filtered with PVDF/PVP membrane with pressure variations of 4, 5, 6, and 7 bars. In this application, the water and permeate fluxes are increased in accordance with the increase in the addition of PVP. The colour and COD rejections achieved in this research are in value of 32.45% until 58.11% and 8.91% until 14.95% respectively. The TDS and conductivity rejections achieved in this research are in value of 4.83% until 6.95%."

"Limbah cair medis rumah sakit bersifat toksik karena mengandung bahan yang berasal dari farmasi, laboratorium, dan lainnya yang dapat berdampak negatif bagi makhluk hidup. Limbah cair medis RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo memiliki nilai rasio BOD/COD <0,01. Dibutuhkan pengolahan khusus untuk mengolah limbah cair medis, agar limbah cair medis tidak mengganggu kinerja IPAL dan mencapai rasio BOD/COD sebesar 0,6 dengan pengolahan biologis. Salah satu pre-treatment yang dapat digunakan untuk mengolah limbah cair medis adalah koagulasi-flokulasi dengan koagulan FeCl3. Tes koagulasi-flokulasi dilakukan menggunakan perangkat jar-test dalam skala laboratorium.

Hasil dari percobaan dengan range koagulan 25?350 ppm, menunjukkan dosis optimal sebesar 150 ppm dengan pH akhir sebesar 4,81 dan dapat mengurangi COD hingga 66,03%, namun menaikan BOD sebesar -150,12%. Rasio BOD/COD yang dihasilkan dari percobaan koagulasi-flokulasi sebesar 0,0168, masih jauh dari rasio BOD/COD yang diharapkan yaitu 0,6. Pre-treatment koagulasi ? flokulasi kurang efektif digunakan untuk mengolah limbah cair medis RSCM, namun hal tersebut kembali lagi bergantung pada karakteristik limbah cair medis yang dihasilkan rumah sakit. Untuk meningkatkan efektivitas kinerja koagulasi-flokulasi dibutuhkan pengolahan tambahan, seperti membran ultrafiltrasi.

Hospital medical wastewater is toxic because it contains substances that are derived from pharmacy, laboratory, and others which may have negative impacts for living things. RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo medical wastewater has ratio value of BOD/COD of <0,01. It needs a special treatment for medical wastewater, so it will not interfere the performance of WWTP with biological treatment and achieve the ratio of BOD/COD of 0.6. Pre-treatment that can be used for medical wastewater is coagulation-flocculation with FeCl3 coagulant. Jar test is used to test coagulation-flocculation in laboratorium scale.

The experiment with range coagulant dose 25-350 ppm, showed that the optimal dose of coagulant is 150 ppm with a final pH 4.81 and can reduce COD up to 66,03%, but increase the BOD of -150,12%. The result of the ratio of BOD/COD from the coagulation-flocculation experiments is 0.0168, still far from the ratio of BOD/COD expected which is 0.6. Pre-treatment of coagulation - flocculation is a less effective for RSCM medical wastewater treatment, but it depends on the characteristics of medical wastewater that generated from hospital. To improve the effectiveness of coagulation-flocculation performance, it requires additional processing such as ultrafiltration membranes."

"Salah satu strategi untuk mewujudkan kebijakan pengelolaan sumber daya air yang diatur dalam Peraturan Gubernur Jawa Barat Nomor 14 Tahun 2013 yaitu dengan meningkatkan penghematan air serta pengendalian penggunaan air tanah dengan cara mendorong penggunaan teknologi daur ulang air limbah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui merencanakan bentuk pemanfaatan dan pengolahan daur ulang air limbah yang sesuai untuk diterapkan di Depok Town Square. Sumber air bersih yang digunakan di Depok Town Square adalah air tanah dalam (artesis) yang memasok ± 30% kebutuhan air yaitu rata-rata sekitar 3.038 m3/bulan dan air PDAM yang memasok ± 70% kebutuhan air yaitu rata-rata sekitar 6.992,75 m3/bulan. Sumber air limbah yang didaur ulang berasal dari effluen IPAL Depok Town Square dengan kualitas effluen untuk parameter ammonia sebesar 21,60 mg/l, parameter BOD sebesar 43,78 mg/l, parameter COD sebesar 164,48 mg/l, TSS sebesar 49,0 mg/l, TDS sebesar 1.050 mg/l, besi sebesar 0,22 mg/l, mangan 0,8 mg/l, kekeruhan sebesar 10,6 NTU, kesadahan sebesar 46 mg/l, dan fecal coliform sebesar > 16.000 jml/100 ml. Berdasarkan analisa tingkat kebutuhan air dan potensi daur ulang, bentuk pemanfaatan air daur ulang yang sesuai untuk diterapkan di Depok Town Square adalah untuk flushing toilet, siram tanaman, cleaning, dan cooling tower sehingga bentuk pengolahan daur ulang yang sesuai adalah unit ultrafiltrasi diikuti dengan unit desifeksi klorin dan bak penampung.

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One of the strategies to achieve water resource management policies set out in the West Java Governor Regulation No. 14/2013 is to increase water savings as well as control the use of ground water by encouraging the use of recycled wastewater. This study aims to determine planning the utilization and processing of recycled waste water suitable to be applied in Depok Town Square. Clean water sources used in Depok Town Square is ground water (artesian) which supplies ± 30% of the water needs with an average of about 3.038 m3/month and PDAM that supply 70% of water needs with an average of about 6.992,75 m3 /month. Source of recycled wastewater is the effluent of Depok Town Square?s WWTP with quality for ammonia 21,60 mg/l, BOD 43,78 mg/l, COD 164,48 mg/l, TSS 49,0 mg/l, TDS 1.050 mg/l, iron 0,22 mg/l, manganese 0,8 mg/l, turbidity 10,6 NTU, hardness 46 mg/l, and fecal coliform >16.000 MPN/100 ml. Based on the analysis of the level of need and potential for water recycling, recycled water utilization suitable to be applied in Depok Town Square is for toilet flushing, garden watering, cleaning, and cooling towers. Therefore suitable recycling processing is ultrafiltration followed by disinfection and reservoir tank."

"Air limbah domestik yang mengalir ke media lingkungan tanpa diolah secara aman dapat menjadi sumber pencemaran yang berpotensi menimbulkan kelangkaan air bersih serta berdampak buruk bagi kesehatan dan ekonomi. Upaya pencegahan dan penanggulangan pencemaran ini dapat dilakukan melalui penyediaan fasilitas pengolahan air limbah domestik, namun memerlukan biaya investasi dan O&M cukup besar. Sesuai konsep Polluter-Pays Principle, biaya pencegahan dan penanggulangan pencemaran harus dialokasikan pada barang atau jasa yang menyebabkan pencemaran dan ditanggung oleh pencemar.Di Indonesia kinerja pengelolaan air limbah masih belum memadai (idle capacity) dan sebagian besar layanan belum mencapai cost recovery dikarenakan masih rendahnya pemanfaatan sistem maupun kesediaan membayar biaya penyambungan ataupun biaya retribusi. Guna menjaga keberlangsungan layanan pengelolaan air limbah domestik di Kota Batam, yang saat ini berada dalam tahap pembangunan SPALD-T di wilayah Batam Kota (tahap 1) dan akan beroperasi dalam waktu dekat, maka masyarakat pelanggan air bersih akan ditagihkan biaya layanan air limbah domestik dalam tagihan pemakaian air bersih sebesar 20%-30% dari biaya air bersih.Kebijakan ini merupakan hal yang baru bagi masyarakat Kota Batam dan untuk dapat mengidentifikasi apakah masyarakat Kota Batam bersedia untuk membayar biaya layanan air limbah domestik tersebut, maka penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan antara persepsi masyarakat yang menyadari bahwa air limbah domestik adalah sumber pencemaran dan selaku pencemar harus membayar sesuai konsep PPP dengan probabilitas kesediaan membayar lebih tinggi atas layanan air limbah domestik di Kota Batam.Studi ini menggunakan data hasil survei persepsi dan kondisi sosial-ekonomi masyarakat Kota Batam tahun 2020 yang bersumber dari BP Batam dengan responden sebanyak 663 rumah tangga pelanggan air bersih di Kota Batam. Metode analisa regresi logistik biner digunakan dan menunjukkan hasil bahwa masyarakat yang menyadari air limbah domestik adalah sumber pencemaran dan memahami konsep selaku pencemar harus membayar memiliki hubungan positif dengan probabilitas kesediaan membayar lebih tinggi atas layanan air limbah domestik. Temuan dari studi ini dapat menjadi salah satu bukti empiris yang dapat digunakan sebagai masukan dalam pengambilan kebijakan penerapan tarif atau biaya layanan air limbah domestik.

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Domestic wastewater that flows into environmental media without being treated safely can be a source of pollution that has the potential to cause scarcity of clean water and have a negative impact on health and the economy. Efforts to prevent and control this pollution can be carried out through the provision of domestic wastewater treatment facilities, which it requires significant investment and O&M costs. In accordance with the Polluter-Pays Principle concept, the cost of preventing and overcoming pollution must be allocated to goods or services that cause pollution and be borne by the polluter.

In Indonesia, the performance of wastewater management is still inadequate (idle capacity) and most services have not achieved cost recovery due to the low utilization of the system and the willingness to pay connection fees or retribution fees. In order to maintain the continuity of domestic wastewater management services in Batam City, which is currently in the construction phase of the off-site sewage treatment system in the Batam Kota area (phase 1) and will operate in the near future, clean water customers will be billed for domestic wastewater service fee in the clean water usage bill of 20%-30% of the cost of clean water.

This policy is a new thing for the people of Batam City and to be able to identify whether the people of Batam City are willing to pay the cost of domestic wastewater services, this study aims to see the relationship between the perception of the public who realizes that domestic wastewater is a source of pollution and as a polluter must pay according to the PPP concept with a higher probability of willingness to pay for domestic wastewater services in Batam City.

This study uses data from the perception survey and the socio-economic conditions of the people of Batam City in 2020 which are sourced from BP Batam with as many as 663 household customers of clean water in Batam City. The binary logistic regression analysis method is used and shows the results that people who are aware that domestic wastewater is a source of pollution and understand the concept that a polluter must pay has a positive relationship with a higher probability of willingness to pay for domestic wastewater services. The findings of this study can be one of the empirical evidence that can be used as input in making policies on the application of tariffs or fees for domestic wastewater services"