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"Infrastructure projects in developing countries are crucial to improve the interconnectivity and equality of national economic development. However, infrastructure projects may lead to social impacts. For example, land acquisition may cause involuntary resettlement that may impact the livelihoods of Project-Affected People (PAP).The land is a critical resource for infrastructure development and the government has established regulations to stipulate land acquisition mechanisms and mitigate the social impacts. However, in practice, social impacts onPAP are usually insufficiently mitigated. Based on applicable regulation, the cost for land acquisition must be calculated with fair compensation, considering both physical and economic losses. It is common that residualimpacts remain as some aspects are not fully counted such as: post-land acquisition life management and sustainability of life for squatters without legal ownership assets and are usually left behind. On the otherh and, investors have concern with this risk as it can affect investment value and project sustainability. Here,we propose thoughts of improvements for a better practice of land acquisition mechanism and Institutional arrangement with a case study in Indonesia. The proposed improvement is expected to achieve a win-win solution for Project Proponent and PAP by minimizing the economic losses and increasing the benefits shared between land users and the affected communities. This paper also highlights the importance of Stake holders’ engagement on effective management of the residual impact of land for infrastructure development in Indonesia. In this case, Stakeholders include Regulators, Project Proponent, Financiers, Local Government,NGOs, and other relevant stakeholders)."

"From an economic growth perspective, infrastructure is not only an enabling factor for development or forfacilitating private investments and competitiveness across all sectors of national and regional economies, butcan also be an attractive investment opportunity in itself. Although infrastructure investment opportunitiesare plentiful across developing countries, investors are not fully seizing them, often due to gaps in the enabling environment for such investment. The infrastructure sector presents specific risks to private investors,and since private participation in infrastructure delivery is a relatively recent form of procurement in manycountries, governments do not necessarily have the experience and capacity needed to effectively manage theserisks. Beyond case-by-case project preparation and financing, concrete, implementation-oriented guidance thatcan help governments identify and manage reforms is needed to make the broader infrastructure investmentenvironment more open to private participation."

"Infrastructure plays an important role to support the continued long-term development in order to increase economic growth. From the results of the World Economic Forum (WEF) in 2013 brought exciting news for Indonesia. One of the main programs of Mega Projects in the Infrastructure Master Plan for the Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesian Economic Development (MP3EI) 2011-2025 is the Sunda Strait Bridge (SSB) or Strategic Infrastructure and Regional Sunda Strait. The SSB will connect the islands of Sumatra and Java with a bridge at a length of ± 30 kilometers. The SBB is one of the mega infrastructure projects which is estimated to involve a total investment of US$25 Billion. This research establishes the approach to forecast demand in the case of conceptual design. The SSB is associated with innovations to determine the functions using value engineering methods. The approach involves forecasting demand with a System Dynamics simulation model that could provide a reliable estimate and generate scenarios to compare the financial feasibility of the project before and after the process involving innovation of project functions. Analysis involving demand forecasting with the System Dynamics Approach has confirmed that the Sunda Strait Bridge development with additional functions would increase the revenues of the overall project up to US$61.59 Million, in order to obtain an increased Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of the overall project up to 7.56% with a positive Net Present Value (NPV)."

"Pada tahun 2045, Indonesia akan memasuki usia emas yaitu 100 tahun. Adapun, pada tahun tersebut Indonesia diharapkan dapat menjadi negara yang berdaulat, maju, adil dan makmur seperti yang tertuang dalam Visi Indonesia 2045. Saat ini, berbagai strategi sedang dilakukan untuk mencapai Indonesia Emas pada tahun 2045, salah satunya dengan dibuatnya Masterplan Percepatan dan Perluasan Pembangunan Ekonomi Indonesia (MP3EI). Berdasarkan MP3EI, untuk mempercepat dan memperluas pembangunan ekonomi maka Indonesia dibagi ke dalam enam wilayah koridor ekonomi yaitu Koridor Sumatera, Koridor Jawa, Koridor Kalimantan, Koridor Sulawesi, Koridor Bali Nusa Tenggara, dan Koridor Papua Kepulauan Maluku. Untuk mempercepat pengembangan potensi industri pada setiap koridornya, maka perlu dibangunan infrastruktur yang memadai seperti industrial Infrastructure dan infrastruktur utama yang dapat menunjang kelancaran aktivitas ekonomi dan meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi di wilayah tersebut. Namun pembangunan infrastruktur tersebut perlu biaya yang sangat besar, sedangkan dana APBN terbatas sehingga diperlukan alternatif pembiayaan yang lain. Berdasarkan analisis life cycle cost yang dilakukan pada proyek ini diperoleh nilai IRR sebesar 11,51%, artinya proyek layak secara finansial karena nilai IRR di atas WACC yaitu 11,01%. Namun untuk lebih meningkatkan daya tarik swasta, maka dibuat pola pembiayaan dan kelembagaan berbasis Kerjasama Pemerintah dengan Badan Usaha (KPBU). Dari keseluruhan skenario sharing biaya antara pemerintah dengan swasta dan analisis yang dilakukan, diperoleh pola pembiayaan yang optimal untuk proyek ini yaitu skenario dengan IRR sebesar 15,62% dan pembagian biaya yang menjadi tanggung jawab pihak swasta adalah 64,14% dari biaya initial cost, 73,61% dari biaya operasional dan pemeliharaan, adapun pihak swasta juga memperoleh 76,62% dari hasil pendapatan. Pada skema kelembagaan KPBU banyak pihak yang berperan, diantaranya adalah PT. Indonesia Maju Bersama yang dibentuk sebagai perusahaan SPV (Special Purpose Vehicle).

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Indonesia will enter the golden age of 100 years of independence in the next 2045. Besides that, in that year Indonesia will meet a demographic bonus so that it becomes a great opportunity for the Indonesian people to develop rapidly and realize the dream of Indonesia. Indonesia is also expected to become a sovereign, developed, equitable and prosperous country as stated in the vision of Indonesia 2045. Currently, various strategies are carried out to achieve Indonesia's golden generation of 2045, one of which is the Masterplan for Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia's Economic Development (abbreviated MP3EI). Based on MP3EI, to accelerate and expand economic development, Indonesia is divided into six economic corridor areas, namely the Sumatra Corridor, the Java Corridor, the Kalimantan Corridor, the Sulawesi Corridor, the Bali-Nusa Tenggara Corridor, and the Papua - Maluku Corridor. To accelerate the development of industrial potential in each corridor, it is necessary to build adequate infrastructure such as industrial infrastructure and main infrastructure that can support the smooth economic activities and increase economic growth in the region. However, infrastructure development requires a very large cost, while funds in the state budget are limited so that other financing alternatives are needed. Based on the life cycle cost analysis conducted on this project, the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) value of 11.51% is obtained, meaning that the project is financially feasible because the Internal Rate of Return value above the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) is 11.01%. To further enhance the attractiveness of the private sector, a financing and institutional pattern based on Public Private Partnership (PPP) scheme is made. From the overall cost sharing scenario between the government and the private sector and the analysis conducted, the optimal financing pattern for this project is obtained, namely the scenario with an IRR of 15.62% and the cost sharing which is the responsibility of the private party is 64.14% of the initial cost, 73.61% of operating and maintenance costs, and 76.62% of income. In the Public Private Partnership (PPP) scheme many parties play a role, including PT. Indonesia Maju Bersama which is formed as a SPV (Special Purpose Vehicle) company.

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"Bank Indonesia dalam bidang sistem pembayaran telah menyediakan dua fasilitas yaitu Sistem Bank Indonesia Real Time Gross Settlement (BI-RTGS) dan Sistem Kliring Nasional Bank Indonesia (SKNBI). Dalam Peraturan Bank Indonesia untuk sistem tersebut harus memiliki suatu contigency plan untuk menjaga kesinambungan dan kelancaran pelaksanaan transfer dana. Bank XYZ dalam menjamin ketersedian sistemnya telah menyediakan sistem pembayaran cadangan di data center cadangan dan juga menerapkan proses replikasi sistem antara data center utama dan data center cadangan, akan tetapi permasalahan yang dihadapi adalah belum maksimalnya penggunaan sistem pembayaran di data center cadangan karena belum optimalnya penggunaan infrastruktur yang ada. Penelitian difokuskan kepada permasalahan teknologi dengan tujuan melakukan perancangan infrastruktur sistem pembayaran pada Bank XYZ untuk mendukung proses bisnis dan menyediakan sistem yang handal sehingga dapat mewujudkan strategi bisnis. Tahapan dalam penelitian ini mengacu kepada TOGAF yang dihasilkan oleh Kurniawan & Suhardi. Hasil penelitian ini adalah menyatukan proses bisnis BI-RTGS dan SKN Kredit dan merubah proses kerja manual ke otomasi dengan sistem. Untuk arsitektur aplikasi dilakukan penyederhanaan dari 5 sistem yaitu STPK, SmartInward, Passthrough, Connect Direct, dan KUMF menjadi 1 sistem yaitu Middleware Payment System. Untuk teknologi sudah membuat kedua data center menjadi aktif-aktif dengan memanfaatkan Domain Name System, load balancer, database konsolidasi, server virtual, message queue dan menambahkan jalur komunikasi ke Bank Indonesia.

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Bank Indonesia provides two facilities in the payment system. There are Bank Indonesia Real Time Gross Settlement (BI-RTGS) and Bank Indonesia National Clearance System (SKNBI). Bank Indonesia Regulation for such a system should have a contingency plan to maintain the continuity and reliablity of funds transfer operations. Bank XYZ in ensuring the availability of the system has been providing backup payment system in alternative data center and also replicating the proses between main and backup data center, but the problem we faced is that the payment system in backup data center had not maximal used because not optimal use of the existing infrastructure.

The research focused on technology issues with the aim of designing payment systems infrastructure at XYZ Bank to support business processes and provides a reliable system that can realize business strategies. Steps in this study refer to the TOGAF produced by Kurniawan & Suhardi.

Results of this research is to combine BI-RTGS and SKN Credit business process and change the manual work processes to automation system. For application architecture made simplification from 5 system there are STPK, SmartInward, Passthrough, Connect Direct, and KUMF into one system that is Middleware Payment System. Technology has made a both of data center into an active-active by using Domain Name System, load balancer, database consolidation, virtual server, message queue and add communication line to Bank Indonesia."

"Kinerja logistik suatu negara merupakan kunci dari pertumbuhan ekonomi. Peran sektor logistik yang semakin penting tersebut telah menjadi perhatian negara-negara ASEAN. Upaya negara-negara ASEAN dalam meningkatkan peran sektor logistik adalah melalui pengembangan infrastruktur logistik. Permasalahan muncul ketika kebutuhan investasi infrastruktur ASEAN melebihi kemampuan negara-negara ASEAN untuk merealisasikannya, sehingga muncul infrastructure investment gap. Tingkat dukungan finansial tersebut mempengaruhi ketersediaan infrastruktur logistik eksisting di kawasan ASEAN, sehingga kinerja logistik negara-negara ASEAN menjadi relatif belum stabil dengan tingkat kesenjangan antar negara yang signifikan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk menganalisis dampak infrastruktur logistik terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi negara-negara ASEAN. Hasil regresi data panel dengan Fixed Effect Model menunjukkan bahwa infrastruktur logistik mempengaruhi secara positif pertumbuhan ekonomi negara-negara ASEAN. Infrastruktur jalan rel kereta memiliki dampak terbesar, disusul oleh infrastruktur jalan dan infrastruktur bandara udara. Sedangkan, infrastruktur pelabuhan laut dan infrastruktur TIK, yang direpresentasikan oleh jumlah pelanggan akses internet berkecepatan tinggi, tidak secara signifikan mempengaruhi pertumbuhan ekonomi negara-negara ASEAN. Infrastruktur pelabuhan laut memiliki isu dalam hal tingkat integrasi negara-negara ASEAN dengan jaringan pengiriman kapal global yang lemah, serta tingkat efisiensi dan kualitas layanan infrastruktur pelabuhan laut yang rendah. Di sisi lain, infrastruktur TIK memiliki isu dalam hal tingkat kesiapan infrastruktur dan pemanfaatan TIK pada bisnis logistik yang rendah. Sementara itu, investasi infrastruktur domestik mempengaruhi secara positif pertumbuhan ekonomi negara-negara ASEAN meskipun dampaknya masih relatif kecil karena keterbatasan sumber pendanaan domestik dan rendahnya partisipasi sektor swasta pada proyek-proyek pembangunan infrastruktur logistik.

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A country`s logistics performance is a key to economic growth. The increasingly important role of the logistics sector has been the concern of ASEAN countries. ASEAN countries` effort in enhancing the role of the logistics sector is through the development of logistics infrastructure. The problem arises when ASEAN`s infrastructure investment needs exceed the ability of ASEAN countries to fulfil them; hence an infrastructure investment gap emerges. The level of financial support affects the availability of existing logistics infrastructure in the ASEAN region, rendering ASEAN countries logistics performances relatively unstable with significant levels of disparity among them.

This research was conducted with the aim to analyze the impact of logistics infrastructure on ASEAN countries` economic growth. The panel data regression results with Fixed Effect Model show that the logistics infrastructures of ASEAN countries positively influence ASEAN countries` economic growth. Rail infrastructure has the greatest impact, followed by road infrastructure and airport infrastructure. Whereas, port infrastructure and ICT infrastructure, represented by the number of subscribers for high-speed internet access, don`t significantly influence the ASEAN countries` economic growth.

Port infrastructure has issues in terms of weak integration level of ASEAN countries with the global shipping network, as well as the low level of efficiency and quality of port infrastructure services. On the other hand, ICT infrastructure has issues in terms of the low level of infrastructure readiness and ICT usage by logistics businesses. Meanwhile, domestic infrastructure investment positively affects ASEAN countries` economic growth, although the impact is still relatively small due to limited domestic funding sources and low private sector participation in logistics infrastructure development projects."

"Field implementation of the Special Allocation Fund (DAK) Assignment, especially the thematic of Sustainable Economic Infrastructure Provision in 2021 from the local government's point of view, is a significant matter because it is related to development priorities achievement, especially during the COVID-19. Concerning the need for information on the spatial distribution of the DAK allocation for Physical Assignment, especially the Thematic of Sustainable Economic Infrastructure Provision (PIEB) for the 2021 fiscal year, it is necessary to carry out a series of spatial analyzes showing the distribution of the DAK Physical allocation and its contribution to regional development using a budget comparison approach. Spatial analysis was carried out for mapping: 1) The contribution and role of the DAK Physical allocation to the local government budget in 2021; 2) Contribution of DAK Physical Assignment allocation of PIEB to the local government budget in 2021; 3) Contribution of DAK Physical Assignment allocation of PIEB (Small and Medium Industries (IKM), Roads, Tourism, and the Environment) to the local government budget in the fiscal year of 2021. In general, regions with a high category of DAK Physical contributions are dominated by provinces in the Eastern Region of Indonesia. On average, the DAK Physical Assignment allocation of Sustainable Economic Infrastructure Provision contributes 0.5% to the Provincial Budget. It is necessary to monitor and evaluate the implementation of DAK Physical for the Sustainable Economic Infrastructure Provision and improve coordination between institutions, both at the central and regional levels."

"Pertumbuhan ekonomi suatu negara dipengaruhi oleh akumulasi modal (berupa investasi pada tanah, peralatan dan mesin, sarana, sumber daya alam), human resources, kemajuan teknologi, akses informasi, inovasi dan kemampuan pengembangan diri serta budaya kerja.Infrastruktur merupakan faktor produksi yang memegang peranan strategis untuk menggerakkan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Ketersediaan infrastruktur yang berkualitas merupakan salah satu faktor penentu daya tarik suatu kawasan/wilayah. Efisiensi dan pembangunan infrastruktur sangat dibutuhkan untuk menjamin perekonomian berfungsi dengan efektif sekaligus menjadi faktor penting dalam menentukan lokasi kegiatan ekonomi dan jenis kegiatan/sektor yang dapat dikembangkan. Infrastruktur yang baik akan mengurangi jarak antar daerah, mengintegrasikan pasar nasional dan menghubungkannya ke negara/wilayah lain dengan biaya rendah.Penelitian ini akan menganalisa signifikansi hubungan antara infrastruktur, pengeluaran pemerintah, modal manusia, dan ukuran sektor pemerintah (goverment size) dengan output perekonomian regional Propinsi Jawa Tengah yang diwakili oleh PDRB per kapita. Penelitian dilakukan dengan melakukan uji regresi model ekonometrika terhadap data panel kabupaten/kota di Jawa Tengah pada tahun 2004 - 2010, dimana pendekatan modelnya merupakan pengembangan dari fungsi produksi Cobb-Douglass.Hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa semua variabel bebas tersebut di atas berpengaruh signifikan positif terhadap output perekonomian dimana infrastruktur yang berpengaruh paling besar adalah jalan sedangkan secara keseluruhan, variabel pendidikan memiliki pengaruh paling besar terhadap output perekonomian.

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Income Economic growth of a country is affected by the accumulation of capital (in the form of investment in land, equipment and machinery, infrastructure, natural resources), human resources, technological advances, access to information, innovation and self-development skills and work culture.

Infrastructure is a factor of production that has a strategic role to drive economic growth.Availability of quality infrastructure is one of the determinants of the attractiveness of an area / region. Efficiency and infrastructure development are needed to ensure the economy to function effectively and be an important factor in determining the location of economic activity and the types of activities / sectors that can be developed. Good infrastructure will reduce the distance between the regions, integrating the national market and connecting it to other countries / regions with low cost.

This study will analyze the significance of the relationship between infrastructure, goverment spending, human capital, and the size of the government sector (goverment size) with an output of regional economies in Central Java. It was conducted by econometric regression models for panel data of Regencies / Cities Central Java in 2004 - 2010, which is the model approach of the Cobb-Douglass production function.

The analysis shows that all of the above variables positif significant effect on the output of the economy which is the road is the most influential infrastructure compared to other infrastructures, while overall, the education variables have the most influence on the economy's output."

"Penelitian ini menjelaskan pengaruh pengeluaran investasi pemerintah pada infrastruktur jalan serta infrastruktur jalan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi, dengan menggunakan data sebanyak duapuluh lima dari Kabupaten / Kota di Provinsi Jawa Barat pada periode waktu tujuh tahun, dari 2003 ? 2010. Dengan menggunakan regresi data panel, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan efek acak untuk estimasi dalam melihat pengaruh dari pengeluaran investasi pemerintah pada infrastruktur jalan, tenaga kerja, dan juga infrastruktur jalan. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa pengeluran investasi pemerintah, tenaga kerja dan infrastruktur jalan secara statistik signifikan dan berpengaruh positif terhadap Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB), sebagai indikator pertumbuhan ekonomi.

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The present study explain the effect of government spending on infrastructure investment in roads as well as road infrastructure on the economic growth, using data from twenty five Districts / Cities in West Java for seven years period, from 2003 ? 2010. With panel data set, this study used a random effects approach to estimation, to see the effect of government investment spending on road infrastructure, labor, and road infrastructure. The results show that government investment spending, labor and road infrastructure are statistically significant and have a positive effect on Gross Domestic Regional Product (GDRP), as an indicator of economic growth."

"Infrastruktur mempunyai peranan penting dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi. Infrastruktur yang dianggap paling penting dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi di Kalimantan adalah infrastruktur jalan dan infrastruktur listrik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh ketersediaan infrastruktur jalan dan listrik terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Kalimantan. Berdasarkan hasil regresi ekonometrika data panel dapat diketahui elastisitas infrastruktur jalan maupun infrastruktur listrik terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Kalimantan. Dengan dilakukan perhitungan sumber pertumbuhan dapat diketahui pula kontribusi masing-masing infrastruktur dan juga total faktor produktivitas terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Kalimantan dalam periode 1994-2008.

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Infrastructure has important role for economic growth. Infrastructure considered being the most important in Kalimantan are road and electricity. This research attempts to know the influence on availability of road and electricity to economic growth in Kalimantan. Based on result of panel data econometrical regression, elasticity of either road or electricity can be calculated. By growth accounting, contribution of each infrastructure and also total factor productivity for economic growth in Kalimantan for period of 1994-2008 can also be calculated."