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"Salacca sumatrana(Becc.), known locally as the Sidimpuan snakefruit, is one of the specialties prime local commodities of Padang sidimpuan City in Sumatra. The fruit is known for its sweet, sour and astring ent taste which differentiates it from Pondoh and Balinese snake fruits. Recently,the snake fruit farmers have noticed a continuous decrease in production resulting from the failure in its fruit-setting, particularly during the off-season. The use of fertilization and drip irrigation in the off-season had been currently explored as part of the solution. Hence, this research investigates the use of thesemethodsin over coming the fruit setting failure and guaranteeing sub sequent production of Sidimpuan snake fruit all-year round. Specifically, this study aimed to determine the optimal dosage of ammonium sulfate fertilizer and drip irrigation for fruit setting during the off-season. This research used a split-plot design with the main plot for drip irrigation and the subplot for ammonium sulfate. The observed parameters included the number of flower and fruit bunches, fruit set percentage and a nutrient analysis of the leaves.Drip irrigation significantly affected the fruit setting percentage and the number of harvested fruit bunches. The best treatment combination was at 400 g ammonium sulfate fertilizer perplant and drip irrigation of 3,000 mL/plant. The fertilization period in July-September produced an offseason harvest that was comparable to the fruit set percentage(10.76% difference) and number of fruit bunches (25.65% difference) that were observed in the April-June fertilization for the on-season harvest. This indicated that applying ammonium sulfate with drip irrigation could overcome fruit set failure in Sidimpuan snake fruit, particularly, during the off-season."

"Seed cultivation for true shallot is an alternative for the more common cultivation practice in which 30% of the harvested tubers are used for cultivation purposes. Seed production of this temperate tuber in the tropical region, however, is quite challenging due to its low flowers and seed formation. Several studies have shown that vernalization (cold induction) and application of Benzil Amino Purin (BAP) had improved the flowering and seed production of shallot. However, such studies were conducted during the best cultivation period for about 3 months and thus, limit the production period of seeds during the rainy season. This study was conducted to observe the effect of both methods outside cultivation periods on the flower and capsule numbers, fruit set, and weight of 100 seeds when compared with commonly practiced cultivation during the dry season. The onion bulbs vernalized at 10 oC for 30 days were subjected to synthetic hormone (BAP) prior to planting. The shallot group treated with BAP had the lowest values for all observed parameters, i.e., 1,552.67 number of flowers; 312.11 number of capsules; 22.5% seed set; and 0.2244 g weight of 100 seeds, compared to those in the vernalization treated group, i.e., 1,592.44 number of flowers; 623 number of capsules; 30.5% seed set; 0.2261 g weight of 100 seeds and control group 6,774.67 number of flowers; 3,898.44 number of capsules; 57.06% seed set; 0.3304 g weight of 100 seeds. In conclusion, the commonly practiced cultivation of sowing bulbs directly without vernalization and plant growth regulator treatment is probably the better method to produce shallot seeds during the offseason, the rainy season."

"Pemasaran produk pencerahan kulit mengalami peningkatan terutama di daerah Asia Pasifik. Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara yang penduduknya menganggap bahwa kulit putih itu cantik, sehingga memotivasi wanita Indonesia untuk memakai produk pencerah kulit.Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mencari bahan baku yang bermanfaat sebagai pencerah kulit yang berasal dari tanaman Indonesia dengan mengetahui potensi ekstrak etanol daging buah salak varietas Bongkok (Salacca edulis Reinw) terhadap aktivitas pencerahan kulit. Salak varietas Bongkok mengandung flavonoid yang diduga memiliki kemampuan dalam proses depigmentasi kulit. Studi in vitro yang dilakukan adalah uji aktivitas antioksidan dengan menggunakan metode DPPH dan uji penghambatan tirosinase.Dari hasil uji in vitro didapatkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daging buah salak memiliki aktivitas antioksidan pada konsentrasi 1%, 3% dan 5%, sedangkan kemampuannya menghambat tirosinase diperoleh pada konsentrasi 3% dan 5%, tidak pada konsentrasi 1%. Pada uji manfaat dengan analisis univariat, krim uji yang mengandung ekstrak etanol daging buah salak 3% dengan uji T-test terbukti ada penurunan yang signifikan pada indeks melanin kulit (p<0,001).Dengan analisis bivariat, krim uji yang mengandung ekstrak etanol daging buah salak 3% mengalami penurunan indeks melanin yang baik dibandingkan dengan basis krim dengan signifikansi 0,001(p<0,05). Dengan hasil yang diperoleh diharapkan ekstrak etanol daging buah salak dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku produk pencerahan kulit sehingga dapat mengurangi ketergantungan industri kosmetik dalam negeri terhadap bahan baku impor.

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The whitening skin product market has been growing significantly in Asia Pacific. Indonesia is one of those countries which mainly thinks that having a white color skin is simply beautiful. Therefore, it motivates Indonesian women to buy more whitening product to satisfy their beauty needs.The purpose of this research is to find raw material for whitening product from Indonesian plants that can be useful as skin lightening agents. This study investigate the potential of ethanolic extract from snake fruit in the activity as skin enlightenment. Salacca edulis Reinw (Snake fruit Bongkok varieties) contains flavonoids which have been reported to play a part in skin depigmentation. The study conducted in vitro antioxidant activity assay using DPPH and tyrosinase inhibition assay.The test results showed that in vitro, snake fruit ethanolic extract have antioxidant activity at concentration of 1%, 3% and 5%. The ability to inhibit tyrosinase is observed at a concentration of 3% and 5%. The univariate analysis from the efficacy test, using cream containing 3% extract to T-test proved that there was a significant reduction in skin melanin index (p <0,001).In bivariate analysis, cream containing 3% extract decrease melanin index which compares favorably with the base cream with significance 0,001 (p <0,05). The results obtained strongly suggest that snake fruit ethanol extract can be used as raw material for skin lightening so as to reduce dependence of the domestic cosmetics industry on imported raw materials."

"Enzim Cas9 merupakan bagian dari CRISPR-Cas9 yang berperan sebagai endonuklease untuk memotong DNA/RNA pada sekuens yang spesifik. Enzim Cas9 berguna dalam bidang kesehatan, pangan, dan industri. Namun, banyak industri yang beroperasi pada suhu tinggi sehingga enzim Cas9 pada umumnya tidak dapat digunakan dan diperlukan enzim Cas9 yang termostabil. Akan tetapi, belum banyak penelitian mengenai jenis enzim Cas9 termostabil. Oleh sebab itu, mengetahui adanya Cas9 pada isolat lokal Geobacillus kaustophilus TBUI01, dilakukan produksi enzim Cas9 dengan teknik rekombinan pada Escherichia coli BL21. Enzim Cas9 kemudian dipanaskan untuk menghilangkan semua protein mesofilik dari Escherichia coli BL21 pada suhu 50oC, 60oC, dan 70oC. Lalu dipurifikasi dengan teknik presipitasi amonium sulfat dengan variasi fraksinasi 20%, 50%, dan 80%. Sampai saat ini, belum ada penelitian enzim Cas9 tahan panas yang menggunakan presipitasi amonium sulfat sebagai satu-satunya teknik purifikasi. Teknik ini dilakukan karena ekonomis, cepat, dan juga mudah dilakukan. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa suhu pemanasan 60 oC adalah suhu yang optimal untuk mendegradasi protein mesofilik tanpa mendegradasi enzim Cas9. Presipitasi amonium sulfat optimal dilakukan pada fraksinasi 50% karena mampu mempresipitasi enzim Cas9. Akan tetapi, masih ada protein lain yang berhasil dipresipitasi sehingga presipitasi amonium sulfat dapat dijadikan sebagai langkah purifikasi awal untuk mengonsentrasikan protein.

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The Cas9 enzyme is part of CRISPR-Cas9 which acts as an endonuclease to cut DNA/RNA in specific sequences. Cas9 is useful in the fields of health, food, and industry. However, many industries operate at high temperatures so that Cas9 enzymes generally cannot be used and a thermostable Cas9 enzyme is needed. Nevertheless, there has not been much research on the type of thermostable Cas9 enzyme. Therefore, knowing the presence of Cas9 in the local isolate Geobacillus kaustophilus TBUI01, Cas9 enzyme production was carried out using recombinant techniques on Escherichia coli BL21. The Cas9 enzyme was then heated to remove all mesophilic protein from Escherichia coli BL21 at 50oC, 60oC and 70oC. Then it was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation technique with 20%, 50% and 80% saturation. Until now, there has been no research on thermostable Cas9 using ammonium sulfate precipitation as the only purification technique. This technique is done because it is economical, fast, and easy to do. The result showed that a heating temperature of 60oC is the optimal temperature for degrading mesophilic proteins without degrading Cas9 enzymes. Optimal ammonium sulfate precipitation is carried out at 50% fractionation because it can precipitate the Cas9 enzyme. However, there are still other proteins that have been successfully precipitated so that the precipitation of ammonium sulfate can be used as an initial purification step to concentrate protein."

"Tesis ini meneliti sintesa organoclay dengan menggunakan berbagai surfaktan,Alkyl Benzyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride, Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate. Clay atau yang lebih dikenal dengan lempung yang berasal dari Garut, Tasikmalaya, Cibadak, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan dan Cina. Sifatnya yang khas seperti mampu mengembang diantara ruang galerinya, mampu mengalami pertukaran kation dan bersifat hydrophilic sangat menarik untuk diteliti. Perubahan dari hydrophilic menjadi hydrophobic akan sangat berguna didalam penelitian bahan - bahan baru pada jenis bahan - bahan masa depan.

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This thesis studies organoclay synthesized using various surfactant, Alkyl Benzyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride, Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate. Clay which is being known as "lempung" from Garut, Tasikmalaya, Cibadak, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan and China. Clay has swelling capability at inter gallery space, cation exchange ability and hydrophilic properties is very interesting to observe. Clay modification from hydrophilic into hydrophobic is very useful for materials research to discover future materials."

"Daun salam dan buah salak sangat melimpah di Indonesia, dan dipercaya masyarakat memiliki sifat antioksidan dan anti penuaan. Namun belum ada penelitian mengenai penggunaanya sebagai inhibitor korosi ramah lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari dan menganalisa pengaruh penambahan ekstrak daun salam (syzygium polyanthum),, buah salak banjarnegara (salacca zalacca var banjarnegara) dan campuran keduanya sebagai inhibitor ramah lingkungan terhadap baja karbon API 5L grade B dalam larutan HCl 1M. Pengujian polarisasi dan EIS dilakukan untuk mengukur efisiensi inhibitor pada konsentrasi penambahan ekstrak yang berbeda yaitu 2ml/L, 4ml/L, 6ml/L dan 8ml/L untuk masing-masing ekstrak daun salam dan buah salak, dan konsentrasi ekstrak campuran 6ml/L dengan perbandingan komposisi ekstrak daun salam dan buah salak yaitu 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 3:1 dan 2:1. Pengujian FTIR dilakukan untuk mengetahui golongan senyawa aktif yang terkandung pada ekstrak daun salam dan buah salak, dan mengetahui golongan senyawa aktif yang membentuk lapisan protektif pada permukaan logam. Adsorption isotherm digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi mekanisme adsorpsi dari inhibitor ekstrak daun salam, buah salak dan campuran pada permukaan baja. Hasil pengujian polarisasi pada penambahan inhibitor ekstrak daun salam dan buah salak secara tunggal, sama-sama menunjukan nilai efisiensi inhibitor (EI) tertinggi dan laju korosi (CR) terendah diperoleh pada konsentrasi 6ml/L yaitu masing-masing EI = 58.56%, CR=1.36 mm/tahun untuk ekstrak daun salam dan EI = 74.90%, CR = 0.82 mm/tahun untuk ekstrak buah salak. Hasil pengujian EIS pada penambahan inhibitor ekstrak daun salam dan buah salak secara tunggal juga menunjukan nilai efisiensi inhibitor (EI) tertinggi diperoleh pada konsentrasi 6ml/L yaitu masing-masing EI=76.60% untuk ekstrak buah salak dan EI=66.07% untuk ekstrak daun salam. Sedangkan untuk campuran ekstrak daun salam dan buah salak diperoleh efisiensi inhibitor (EI) tertinggi dan laju korosi (CR) terendah pada perbandingan komposisi 1:1 (50% : 50%) yaitu sebesar EI=73.54% dan CR=0.87 mm/year, berdasarkan pengujian polarisasi dan EI=74.83% berdasarkan pengujian EIS. Pengujian FTIR menunjukkan keberadaan golongan senyawa fenolik (tannin) pada penambahan inhibitor ekstrak daun salam dan keberadaan golongan senyawa alkaloid pada penambahan ekstrak salak dipermukaan logam yang direndam dalam HCl 1M. Kedua jenis ekstrak apabila dicampurkan tidak menunjukan adanya efek sinergis dan juga antagonis sehingga dapat disimpulkan keduanya tidak saling mempengaruhi satu sama lain. Kedua inhibitor ekstrak menunjukan korelasi sesuai dengan Langmuir dan Frumkin Isotherm yang mengindikasinya mekanisme adsorpsi fisik dan chemisorption

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Bay leaves and snake fruits are very abundant in Indonesia, and have been believed by local community that they have antioxidant properties and anti-aging effect. However, no studies regarding its use as a enviromental friendly corrosion inhibitor. The aim of this research is to study and analyze the effect of indonesian bay leaf extract (syzygium polyanthum), snake fruit (salacca zalacca var banjarnegara) extract and also these mixed extract as enviromental friendly inhibitor on carbon steel API 5L grade B in hydrochoric acid 1M solution.

Electrochemical polarization test and EIS test were used in measuring the inhibitor efficiency at a different concentration of extract i.e. 2ml/L, 4ml/L, 6ml/L dan 8ml/L for indonesia bay leaf extract and snake fruit extract as single inhibitor, and 6ml/L for their mixture with a composition ratio of indonesian leaf extract to snake fruit extract , 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 3:1 dan 2:1. FTIR was also used to identify the active compound group contained in both extracts and identify the active compound group which formed protective film on the metal surface. Adsorption isotherm was used to study inhibition mechanism of indonesia bay leaf extract, snake fruit extract and their mixture on metal surface.

Polarization test result of addition of indonesian bay leaf extract and snake fruit extract as single inhibitor in 1M HCl solution showed the highest inhibitor efficiency value (IE) and lowest corrosion rate (CR) IE=58.56%, CR=1.36 mm/year for bay leaf extract, and IE=74.90%, CR=0.82 mm/year for snake fruit extract at concentration 6ml/L, as well as EIS test showed the highest inhibitor efficiency value respectively IE=66.07% for bay leaf extract and IE=76.6% for snake fruit extract at concentration 6ml/L. And the addition of their mixture showed the highet inhibitor efficiency value achieved at a composition ratio 1:1 (50% : 50%) i.e. IE=73.54%, CR=0.87 mm/year based on polarisation test and 74.83% based on EIS test.

FTIR test result on steel sample which was immersed in HCl 1M solution had identified primarily the presence of phenolic compound group (tannin) on the metal surface with an addition of indonesian bay leaf extract and alkaloid compound group on the metal surface with an addition of snake fruits extract. The mixture of the extracts showed no sinergistic and antagonistic interaction. Thus, it can be concluded that these extracts do not interact to each other when they are mixed. These two extracts showed a correlation to Langmuir and Frumkin Isotherm that indicated physical adsorption as well as chemisorption."

"ABSTRACTOil palm is an oil plant which is of great importance for both the Thai and the world economies. Oil palm trees have a life span of approximately 20-25 years before a gradual erosion of yield sets in. Oil palm trunk (OPT) is an agricultural residue waste from oil palm re-plantation which is rich in cellulose but utilized ineffectively. One way for OPT utilization is cellulose hydrogel production. In this study, cellulose hydrogel was prepared by dissolving cellulose from OPT with 7% (w/v) of lithium chloride in dimethylacetamide (LiCl/DMAc) to create a porous hydrogel by 1, 3, 5, 8 and 10% (w/v) of (NH4)2SO4 for 3, 5 and 10 minutes. After that, it was found that soaking cellulose hydrogel in 8% (w/v) of (NH4)2SO4 solution for 5 minutes created light-browed cellulose hydrogel with an average Shore A hardness of 41 ± 1.13 and a maximum swelling equal to 90%. The chemical functional group and cross-section morphology of cellulose hydrogel were determined using Attenuated total reflectance - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively."

"Indonesia has enhanced many of its institution frameworks, regulations and laws In order to inllne WTO codes of good practice, where standardization is one of the prerequisites to it. Since 2002, Government of Indonesia through Ministry of Industry of Trade has enacted Decree's No. 140/MPP/Kep/3/2002 in order to raise success of agribusiness that inline with sustainable environment and enhance customer protection. It Is expected that with this Decree the success of agribusiness can be seen from the increase in the agriculture production, especially primary crop plants.The research objectives for this thesis are to see if the Implementation of mandatory SNI on fertilizer can Increase the production of the primary crop plants, also to see any Implementation effect to fertilizer's producer and all the import's stakeholders. Modified Cobb-Douglas production function with data panel regression is used to measure the impact of mandatory SNl on fertilizer to production of the primary crop plants quantitatively. Qualitative and descriptive statistics approaches are used to measure any Implementation effect of that SNI.First part of the conclusion shows that, although small, there is a positive effect on the primary crop plants production after the implementation of Mandatory SNI on fertilizer. This finding is enhanced with the fact from qualitative findings, that it seems the implementation of Mandatory SNI on fertilizer has little/no effect to the fact that the use of minimum standards somehow restricts trade more than what tariff did, with many findings supports the fact that the possibility that this standard give negative effect as technical barrier to trade is small.Secondly, from fertilizer's producer perspective, the implementation of the Mandatory SNI on fertilizer gives them many benefits compare with the relatively small cost of comply to that SNI. Although Indonesian Customs and law enforcement gain significance advantages with this SNrs implementation, importers have to bear additional cost in order to have the right using SN! Label.Overall results conclude that although the implementation of Mandatory SNI on fertilizer appears to have positive effects in increasing production and productivity of the primary crop plants, Indonesia critically needs a large, significant increase fn primary crop plants' production and productivity if the target of national food selfsufficiency program (Ketahanan Pangan Nasional) becomes reality."

"ABSTRACTLionfish Pterois volitans merupakan spesies asli ikan di samudra Indonesia-Pasifik. Spesies ini diketahui merupakan salah satu spesies invasif yang destruktif. Invasi dari Lionfish ini memberikan dampak negatif pada ekologi dan kondisi ekonomi dari daerah yang terinvasi. Oleh karena itu, untuk mengurangi jumlah Lionfish di lautan dan untuk menarik masyarakat untuk memanfaatkan Lionfish, studi mengenai manfaat dari Lionfish sangat dibutuhkan. Studi yang pernah ada menyatakan bahwa ekstrak racun dari duri Lionfish memiliki potensi efek sitolitik yang banyak diaplikasikan pada studi antitumor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan konsentrasi pelarut ammonium sulfat optimum untuk uji antitumor dan untuk mengetahui potensi antitumor pada ekstrak racun duri Lionfish secara lebih lanjut. Untuk mengetahui potensi antitumor pada racun Lionfish, crude venom Lionfish akan diisolasi dengan ammonium sulfat dan hasilnya akan diujikan pada sel HeLa yang akan menjadi model sel tumor. Hasil uji Lowry dan uji BSLT Brine Shrimp Lethality Test menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi dan aktivitas protein tertinggi didapatkan dari isolasi protein dengan konsentrasi ammonium sulfat tertinggi. Selain itu, hasil uji MTT Microculture Tetrazolium Salt Assay menunjukkan bahwa hingga konsentrasi ammonium sulfat 80, persentase inhibisi terhadap sel HeLa terbesar didapatkan pada sampel yang diisolasi dengan ammonium sulfat dengan saturasi 60 dan 80. Hasil SDS-PAGE menunjukkan ada beberapa protein yang terkandung pada sampel ekstrak racun Lionfish yang sudah diisolasi. Salah satunya diprediksi memberikan efek antiproliferatif dan antiangiogenesis terhadap sel tumor, sementara yang lainnya diprediksi menginduksi aktivitas proliferasi sel tumor. Hasil dari penelitian menyatakan bahwa ekstrak racun duri Lionfish Pterois volitans memiliki efek antitumor, namun memerlukan purifikasi isolate protein lebih lanjut dan studi lanjutan mengenai protein yang terkandung di dalam ekstrak racun Lionfish yang dapat meningkatkan aktivitas antitumor.

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ABSTRACTLionfish Pterois volitans is a native species of Indo Pacific ocean. This species is known as destructive invasive species that invades in many areas, such as Atlantic ocean, the Carribean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. The invasion of Lionfish gives negative impacts on the ecology and economic condition of the invaded areas. Therefore, to reduce the amount of Lionfish in the ocean and to attract people to exploit Lionfish, the study about Lionfishs benefit is necessary. The recent study revealed that venom extract from Lionfish spines has potential cytolytic effect that is widely used for antitumor studies. In this study, to obtain the optimum concentration of the solvent that used for protein isolation and to observe the antitumor properties of Lionfish further, we isolated the protein of Lionfish venom extract with ammonium sulphate and tested it on HeLa cell as the model of tumor cells. The Lowry and BSLT Brine Shrimp Lethality Test test showed that the highest protein concentration and activity is obtained when crude venom were isolated by the highest concentration of ammonium sulphate. Furthermore, based on the MTT Microculture Tetrazolium Salt assay results, until 80 ammonium sulphate concentration, the greater percentage of inhbition on HeLa cells reached by sample with 60 and 80 percent ammonium sulphate concentration. SDS PAGE results showed that there are several protein contained in the protein isolate of Lionfish venom. One of them is predicted giving antiproliferative and antiangionesis effect to tumor cells, but other is predicted inducing proliferative effect to tumor cells. These results suggest that Lionfish has an antitumor effect, but needs further purification step and more observation about the protein in Lionfish venom extract that can enhance antitumor effect."