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"The application of fish recombinant growth hormone (rGH) has been known as one of the methods to improve the growth performance of cultured fishes, one of which is the striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, a species that is becoming commercially attractive in Indonesia. Hence, this study was aimed to evaluate the effects of rGH supplementation in commercial diet on the growth, feed utilization and flesh quality in P. hypophthalmus grow out. The rGH was mixed with chicken egg yolk and sprayed on the commercial feeds with different protein levels (32, 28 and 23%). In the control, the feeds were also sprayed with chicken egg yolk but without rGH. Striped catfish with body weights of 110.66 ± 1.32 g ind-1 were fed on rGH-supplemented diets two times a week during the first and third months, and during the rest of the months they were fed on diet without rGH supplementation. The fishes were reared for 120 days in 18 hapa (2×1×1.5 m3) with initial density of 20 fishes per hapa. The result showed that the highest weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), and lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) were obtained by fishes fed on 32% protein content with rGH-supplemented diet. No significant difference was observed in the weight gain, SGR and FCR in rGH treated group with 28% protein content with rGH supplemented diet and non-rGH control group receiving 32% protein diet. Similar moisture content of meat, protein content of meat, belly fat and edible portion were observed in rGH-supplemented diet and their control. Except in the treatment 23% protein content rGH supplemented diet that has lower lipid content in fish body and meat. The highest SGR was obtained when the fishes were fed on the 32% protein feed combined with rGH. Enrichment with rGH depleted the fat content in the meat of fish fed on all levels of protein in which the lowest fat was found in the 23% protein feed"

"Ikan Tiger shovelnose catfish Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (Linnaeus, 1766) merupakan ikan hias introduksi yang memiliki pertumbuhan cepat. Pertumbuhan berperan penting pada perkembangan ikan dan dipengaruhi kinerja hormon pertumbuhan (GH). Hormon pertumbuhan pada ikan jumlahnya terbatas, sehingga perlu dilakukan perbanyakan melalui isolasi gen GH, agar dapat diaplikasikan dalam peningkatan produktivitas ikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan menganalisis ekspresi mRNA gen GH pada ikan Tiger shovelnose catfish. Isolasi GH dilakukan dari jaringan kelenjar hipofisis pada ikan berukuran 602 g dan 43 cm. Tahapan isolasi diawali ekstraksi RNA, sintesis cDNA, dan Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) menggunakan primer GH degenerate dari data 7 spesies catfish di gene bank, serta gen -actin sebagai kontrol internal. Gen GH selanjutnya di-cloning dan sequencing. Ekspresi gen GH pada tahap perkembangan awal diamati sejak stadia embrio, larva (3, 10, dan 15 dph, day post hatched) dan juvenil (20, 45, dan 60 dph), kemudian dianalisis secara semi kuantitatif. Data ekspresi gen dianalisis menggunakan uji ANOVA satu arah dan dilanjutkan uji Tukey. Isolasi mRNA gen GH telah berhasil dilakukan secara parsial, dengan panjang sekuens 234 bp dan -actin berukuran 300 bp. Gen GH ikan Tiger shovelnose catfish secara homology dekat dengan ikan patin (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) dan ikan lele (Clarias batracus) dengan nilai sama yaitu 90,60%. Gen GH mulai terekspresi sejak dari stadia embrio. Ekspresi gen GH menurun pada dari stadia larva ke juvenil, karena merupakan tahap metamofosis. Stadia juvenil merupakan level ekspresi tertinggi (P<0,05), karena organ ikan sudah lebih lengkap dan ekspresinya akan terus meningkat seiring pertambahan usia.

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An ornamental fish, the Tiger Shovelnose Catfish Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (Linnaeus, 1766) grows quickly. Growth hormone affects the performance of growth and development in this species. Because the amount of growth hormone in this fish is limited, it is necessary to isolate the GH gene to increase fish productivity. Accordingly, the aim of study is to isolated and to determine mRNA level of GH gene from each stage. The mRNA GH gene was isolated from 602 g of fish pituitary tissue. Followed by the -actin gene used as an internal control in Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction RT-PCR utilizing degenerate GH primers from 7 catfish species in the gene bank. The GH gene was then sequenced. GH gene expression was measured semi-quantitatively in embryonic, larval (3, 10, and 15 dph), and juvenile (20, 45, and 60 dph) stages, respectively. Gene expression of each stage were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and was followed by Tukey's test. The partial isolation of GH gene mRNA has been successfully carried out, with a sequence length of 234 bp and gene of -actin at 300 bp. The GH gene of Tiger shovelnose catfish was homology close to catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) and catfish (Clarias batracus) with the same value of 90.60%. GH gene expression decreased from larval to juvenile stage, because it was a metamorphosis stage. Juvenile stage is the highest expression level (P<0.05), because fish organs are more complete and their expression will continue to increase with age."

"Ikan Tiger shovelnose catfish Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (Linnaeus, 1766) merupakan ikan hias introduksi yang memiliki pertumbuhan cepat. Pertumbuhan berperan penting pada perkembangan ikan dan dipengaruhi kinerja hormon pertumbuhan (GH). Hormon pertumbuhan pada ikan jumlahnya terbatas, sehingga perlu dilakukan perbanyakan melalui isolasi gen GH, agar dapat diaplikasikan dalam peningkatan produktivitas ikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan menganalisis ekspresi mRNA gen GH pada ikan Tiger shovelnose catfish. Isolasi GH dilakukan dari jaringan kelenjar hipofisis pada ikan berukuran 602 g dan 43 cm. Tahapan isolasi diawali ekstraksi RNA, sintesis cDNA, dan Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) menggunakan primer GH degenerate dari data 7 spesies catfish di gene bank, serta gen b-actin sebagai kontrol internal. Gen GH selanjutnya di-cloning dan sequencing. Ekspresi gen GH pada tahap perkembangan awal diamati sejak stadia embrio, larva (3, 10, dan 15 dph, day post hatched) dan juvenil (20, 45, dan 60 dph), kemudian dianalisis secara semi kuantitatif. Data ekspresi gen dianalisis menggunakan uji ANOVA satu arah dan dilanjutkan uji Tukey. Isolasi mRNA gen GH telah berhasil dilakukan secara parsial, dengan panjang sekuens 234 bp dan b-actin berukuran 300 bp. Gen GH ikan Tiger shovelnose catfish secara homology dekat dengan ikan patin (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) dan ikan lele (Clarias batracus) dengan nilai sama yaitu 90,60%. Gen GH mulai terekspresi sejak dari stadia embrio. Ekspresi gen GH menurun pada dari stadia larva ke juvenil, karena merupakan tahap metamofosis. Stadia juvenil merupakan level ekspresi tertinggi (P<0,05), karena organ ikan sudah lebih lengkap dan ekspresinya akan terus meningkat seiring pertambahan usia.

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An ornamental fish, the Tiger Shovelnose Catfish Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (Linnaeus, 1766) grows quickly. Growth hormone affects the performance of growth and development in this species. Because the amount of growth hormone in this fish is limited, it is necessary to isolate the GH gene to increase fish productivity. Accordingly, the aim of study is to isolated and to determine mRNA level of GH gene from each stage. The mRNA GH gene was isolated from 602 g of fish pituitary tissue. Followed by the b-actin gene used as an internal control in Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction RT-PCR utilizing degenerate GH primers from 7 catfish species in the gene bank. The GH gene was then sequenced. GH gene expression was measured semi-quantitatively in embryonic, larval (3, 10, and 15 dph), and juvenile (20, 45, and 60 dph) stages, respectively. Gene expression of each stage were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and was followed by Tukey's test. The partial isolation of GH gene mRNA has been successfully carried out, with a sequence length of 234 bp and gene of b-actin at 300 bp. The GH gene of Tiger shovelnose catfish was homology close to catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) and catfish (Clarias batracus) with the same value of 90.60%. GH gene expression decreased from larval to juvenile stage, because it was a metamorphosis stage. Juvenile stage is the highest expression level (P<0.05), because fish organs are more complete and their expression will continue to increase with age."

"ABSTRAK Pendahuluan. Osteoarthritis (OA) adalah sebuah penyakit sendi degeneratif yangmenyebabkan disabilitas dengan prevalensi yang terus meningkat. Hormonpertumbuhan memiliki efek regenerasi tulang rawan secara langsung melaluistimulasi sel kondroblas dan proses morphoangiogenesis juga melalui faktorpertumbuhan secara sistemik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui manfaatsuntikan sendi dengan hormon pertumbuhan pada kasus Osteoarthritis. Metode Penelitian. Penelitian dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Hewan InstitutPertanian Bogor pada bulan Mei hingga September 2015. Desain penelitian adalahrandomized post test only control group. Sejumlah 21 ekor kelinci Selandia Baruputih, berat 1.9-2.6kg, usia 7-8 bulan. Kelinci dibagi secara acak menjadikelompok kontrol (NaCl 0.9%), suntikan hormon pertumbuhan (4iu), dan suntikanasam hyaluronat (6mg) . Dengan metode acak tersamar dilakukan suntikankolagenase tipe II C. Histolyticum pada hari 1 dan ke 4 pada lutut kiri, kemudiantindakan penyuntikan dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali dengan selang waktu 1minggu. Evaluasi dengan periode kepincangan, skoring makroskopis, histologisdilakukan pada minggu ke-8 pasca penyuntikan pertama. Temuan Penelitian. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ditemukan periode kepincanganpada grup yang diberikan hormon pertumbuhan lebih singkat, dan bermaknasecara statistik dibandingkan dengan grup kontrol (p<0.001), grup asamhyaluronat (p<0.03), dan grup hormon pertumbuhan (p<0.001). Evaluasi skormakroskopik dengan skor yoshimi menunjukan bahwa kelompok hormonpertumbuhan memiliki kerusakan tulang rawan yang lebih ringan jikadibandingkan dengan grup kontrol (p=0.001) dan grup asam hyaluronat (p=0.04).Skoring histopatologis menggunakan skor modifikasi Mankin menunjukan padakelompok dengan hormon pertumbuhan memiliki angka terendah dibandingkangrup lainnya (p=0.001), grup kontrol (p=0.001), grup asam hyaluronat (p=0.015). Kesimpulan. Suntikan hormon pertumbuhan ke dalam sendi memiliki efektifitasyang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan Asam hyaluronat pada model osteoarthritis.Hormon pertumbuhan memberikan harapan baru sebagai alternatif dalam terapiosteoarthritis.ABSTRACT Introduction. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disorder that cause disabilityfor patients all over the globe, with an increasing number of patients. Growthhormone (GH) works trough direct and indirect effect on cartilage regeneration bychondroblast stimulation, stimulation of growth factors and morphoangiogenesisprocess. Further research is needed to know the effects of intra articular jointinjection of growth hormone using validated animal model and reliable outcomemeasurement. Methods. This study was conducted in Animal Hospital of Agricultural InstituteBogor west Java, from May to September 2015. The design of the study wasrandomized posttest only control group. Male white New Zealand rabbit (n=21)weighted 1.9-2.6kg, age 6-7months were used in this study. The sample wasrandomized and divided into three groups. All groups recieved intra articularinjection of type 2 collagenase (Sigma® Missouri) 2mg at the left knee on day 1and 4. Injections of growth hormone (4iu), hyaluronic acid (HA) (6mg) and saline(0.6ml) were done at 2 weeks after collagenase injection once a week forconsecutive 3 weeks. Evaluation of weight and lameness periode is doneperiodically, histopathological and macroscopic score were done at 8 weeks sincethe first injection. Result. The lameness priode for control group is significantly longer than both ofthe experimental groups (p<0.001), HA (p<0.03), and GH (p<0.001).Macroscopic score evaluation taken from the lateral condyle of the left femur showed that the GH group received significantly less cartilage damage than theHA group (P=0.04) and placebo (P=0.01). Histopathological score was also foundlowest at the GH group (p=0.001), with significant difference in control(p=0.001), and HA group (p=0.015).).Conclusion. Intraarticular injection of growth hormone is found to be moreeffective compared to hyaluronic acid on rabbit osteoarthritis model. This resultsshowed promising result for intra articular injection of GH as an alternativetreatment for osteoarthritis.;Introduction. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disorder that cause disabilityfor patients all over the globe, with an increasing number of patients. Growthhormone (GH) works trough direct and indirect effect on cartilage regeneration bychondroblast stimulation, stimulation of growth factors and morphoangiogenesisprocess. Further research is needed to know the effects of intra articular jointinjection of growth hormone using validated animal model and reliable outcomemeasurement. Methods. This study was conducted in Animal Hospital of Agricultural InstituteBogor west Java, from May to September 2015. The design of the study wasrandomized posttest only control group. Male white New Zealand rabbit (n=21)weighted 1.9-2.6kg, age 6-7months were used in this study. The sample wasrandomized and divided into three groups. All groups recieved intra articularinjection of type 2 collagenase (Sigma® Missouri) 2mg at the left knee on day 1and 4. Injections of growth hormone (4iu), hyaluronic acid (HA) (6mg) and saline(0.6ml) were done at 2 weeks after collagenase injection once a week forconsecutive 3 weeks. Evaluation of weight and lameness periode is doneperiodically, histopathological and macroscopic score were done at 8 weeks sincethe first injection. Result. The lameness priode for control group is significantly longer than both ofthe experimental groups (p<0.001), HA (p<0.03), and GH (p<0.001).Macroscopic score evaluation taken from the lateral condyle of the left femur showed that the GH group received significantly less cartilage damage than theHA group (P=0.04) and placebo (P=0.01). Histopathological score was also foundlowest at the GH group (p=0.001), with significant difference in control(p=0.001), and HA group (p=0.015).).Conclusion. Intraarticular injection of growth hormone is found to be moreeffective compared to hyaluronic acid on rabbit osteoarthritis model. This resultsshowed promising result for intra articular injection of GH as an alternativetreatment for osteoarthritis.;Introduction. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disorder that cause disabilityfor patients all over the globe, with an increasing number of patients. Growthhormone (GH) works trough direct and indirect effect on cartilage regeneration bychondroblast stimulation, stimulation of growth factors and morphoangiogenesisprocess. Further research is needed to know the effects of intra articular jointinjection of growth hormone using validated animal model and reliable outcomemeasurement. Methods. This study was conducted in Animal Hospital of Agricultural InstituteBogor west Java, from May to September 2015. The design of the study wasrandomized posttest only control group. Male white New Zealand rabbit (n=21)weighted 1.9-2.6kg, age 6-7months were used in this study. The sample wasrandomized and divided into three groups. All groups recieved intra articularinjection of type 2 collagenase (Sigma® Missouri) 2mg at the left knee on day 1and 4. Injections of growth hormone (4iu), hyaluronic acid (HA) (6mg) and saline(0.6ml) were done at 2 weeks after collagenase injection once a week forconsecutive 3 weeks. Evaluation of weight and lameness periode is doneperiodically, histopathological and macroscopic score were done at 8 weeks sincethe first injection. Result. The lameness priode for control group is significantly longer than both ofthe experimental groups (p<0.001), HA (p<0.03), and GH (p<0.001).Macroscopic score evaluation taken from the lateral condyle of the left femur showed that the GH group received significantly less cartilage damage than theHA group (P=0.04) and placebo (P=0.01). Histopathological score was also foundlowest at the GH group (p=0.001), with significant difference in control(p=0.001), and HA group (p=0.015).).Conclusion. Intraarticular injection of growth hormone is found to be moreeffective compared to hyaluronic acid on rabbit osteoarthritis model. This resultsshowed promising result for intra articular injection of GH as an alternativetreatment for osteoarthritis."

"ABSTRAKKoagulasi adalah metode yang digunakan untuk menggumpalkan daging. Agen koagulan yang digunakan adalah enzim papain, transglutaminase dan rennin. Enzim papain tergolong protease sulhidril. Pada penggumpalan daging apabila dikenakan enzim papain maka terjadi reaksi pemutusan ikatan peptide sehingga protein terpotong-potong membentuk rantai yang lebih pendek. Komposisi penambahan agen koagulan yang dilakukan adalah 6 ml untuk setiap 100 gram daging ikan lele gerusan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diketahui nilai-nilai untuk koagulasi menggunakan agen enzim papain, enzim transglutainase dan enzim rennin secara berurutan adalah kadar protein (16,01%; 16,03%; 17,21%), kadar air (72,44%; 70.98%, 72,5%), kadar serat kasar (0,4%; 0,56%; 0,29%) kadar lemak (7,88%; 7,75%; 8,85%), kadar karbohidrat (0,68%; 1,61%; 0,32%). Kemudian diketahui bahwa enzim transglutaminase paling baik dalam peran sebagai agen koagulan dibanding enzim lainnya. Diketahui transglutaminase memiliki kinerja lebih baik dalam menggumpalkan daging ikan lele, meskipun dikonsikan pada suhu 800C.

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ABSTRACTCoagulation is the method used to agglomerate meat. Coagulant agents used are papain, transglutaminase and rennin enzymes. Papain enzymes are classified as protease sulhydryl. In agglomeration of flesh when it is enriched papain enzyme then the peptide bond termination reaction occurs so that the protein is cut into shorter chains. The composition of the addition of coagulant agent is 6 ml for every 100 grams of scalloped catfish meat. Based on the results of the research, it is known that the values ​​for coagulation using papain enzyme agent, transglutainase enzyme and rennin enzyme are protein content (16,01%; 16,03%; 17,21%), moisture content (72,44%; 70.98%, 72.5%), crude fiber content (0.4%, 0.56%, 0.29%) fat content (7.88%, 7.75%, 8.85%), carbohydrate 0.68%; 1.61%; 0.32%). Then it is known that transglutaminase enzyme is best in the role of coagulant agent than any other enzyme. Known transglutaminase has better performance in catfish flesh, although dikonsikan at a temperature of 800C."

"Latar Belakang: Luka bakar masih menjadi masalah kesehatan yang berat khususnya di Indonesia. Pada kasus luka bakar mayor, penutupan luka sementara dengan menggunakan xenograft terbukti memberikan keuntungan. Akan tetapi tidak semua jenis xenograft tersedia akibat latar belakang kultur, biaya, dan agama disamping tampilan bersisik pada jenis xenograft ikan tilapia yang kurang estetik. Patin siam (Pangasius hypophthalmus) adalah ikan tidak bersisik yang memiliki banyak kandungan kolagen tipe I. Studi ini bertujuan untuk melakukan komparasi kulit ikan patin siam terhadap kulit ikan tilapia dan babi yang telah umum dijadikan material xenograft pada luka bakar.Metode: Studi ini merupakan studi eksperimental menggunakan sembilan sampel berbeda dari kulit ikan patin siam, ikan tilapia, dan babi. Setiap sampel dilakukan preparasi dan dilakukan evaluasi secara histologi dengan menggunakan pewarnaan hematoxylin-eosin stained. Dilakukan dokumentasi dan analisa pada tampilan makroskopik dan mikroskopik setiap sampel.Hasil: Tampilan makroskopik kulit ikan patin siam menggambarkan kulit yang tidak berbulu, tidak bersisik, berwarna hitam – perak, dan memiliki ketebalan yang moderat. Tampilan mikroskopik kulit ikan patin siam memiliki ketebalan epidermis (8.49±1.60 μm) yang berbeda secara signifikan terhadap ikan tilapia (2.18±0.37 μm; p<0.001) dan babi (42.22±14.85 μm; p=0.002). Ketebalan dermis kulit ikan patin siam (288.46±119.04 μm) menyerupai ikan tilapia (210.68±46.62 μm; p=0.783) namun berbeda signifikan terhadap babi (1708.44±505.12 μm; p<0.001). Integritas dan susunan kolagen ikan patin siam serupa dengan tilapia berdasarkan penilaian histologi semi-kuantitatif (p>0.05).Kesimpulan: Ikan patin siam memiliki tampilan makroskopik dan tampilan mikroskopik yang dapat dibandingkan dengan ikan tilapia; tampilan makroskopik lebih halus, epidermis lebih tebal, dan tebal dermis yang serupa. Oleh karena itu, kulit ikan patin siam dipercaya dapat menjadi materi xenograft. Studi lanjutan diperlukan untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas dan kelayakan xenograft patin siam dalam tata laksana luka bakar.

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Background: Burn injury remains a health problem, specifically in Indonesia. In major burns, xenograft had been proved to be useful as temporary wound coverage. However, some xenografts are not widely available due to cultural, financial, and religious backgrounds or have unesthetic appearance, such as scaly appearance of tilapia fish xenograft. Striped catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) is a scaleless fish that has abundant type 1 collagen. This study aimed to compare striped catfish skin to commonly used xenograft (Nile tilapia and porcine skin) as xenograft material for burn wound.

Methods: In this experimental study, nine different skin samples of striped catfishes, Nile tilapias, and porcines were prepared and histologically examined using hematoxylin- eosin stained samples. Macroscopic and microscopic features of each samples were documented and analysed.

Results: The macroscopic skin appearances of striped catfishes were hairless and scaleless with black-silver color and moderate thickness. As for microscopic features, the epidermal thickness of striped catfish’s skin (8.49±1.60 μm) was significantly different to both Nile tilapia (2.18±0.37 μm; p<0.001) and porcine skin (42.22±14.85 μm; p=0.002). The dermal thickness of striped catfish’s skin (288.46±119.04 μm) was similar to Nile tilapia (210.68±46.62 μm; p=0.783) but differs significantly to porcine skin (1708.44±505.12 μm; p<0.001). The integrity and collagen organization of striped catfishes was also similar to tilapia based on semi-quantitative histology scoring system (p>0.05).

Conclusion: Striped catfishes had potential macroscopic appearance and comparable microscopic features to Nile tilapia; smoother macroscopic appearance, thicker epidermis, and similar dermis thickness. Therefore, we believe it can be potentially used as a xenograft material. Further studies are required to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of striped catfish xenograft in burn wound management."

"There are many researches to solve the effects of global warming caused by great amount of CO2 in the air. One of the effective alternatives to reduce this gas in atmosphere is by using micro alga Spirulina platensis due to its ability of CO2 fixation and the very useful biomass that it produced. Spirulina platensis contains high protein and can cure diseases such as cancer and cholesterol reduction. In considering of these benefits, this research focused on increasing the biomass production of Spirulina platensis by alteration of light illumination during microbial growth. The cultivation holds in a series of photo-bioreactors at 29"C and I atm where each of photo-bioreactor has volume of 500 ml., using Conwy medium as nutrition. 3% CO2 is the carbon source for the cultivation with superficial velocity 1.2 m/h. Phillips Halogen lamp 20W/12V/50Hz is the source for illumination. The cultivation using constant intensity of light illumination was also be done as a control. Cultivation of Spirulina platensis with alteration illumination method successfully increased the biomass production 55.1 % higher than constant intensity of light illumination. The energy of producing biomass in alteration of light illumination method lower than continuous intensity illumination which was only 21.6 % than constant intensity of light illumination. Kinetic studies of this microbial growth at alteration of light illumination also concluded that specific growth rate and bicarbonate concentration as essential compound followed Ierusalemsky kinetic model equation."

"This paper presents the efficiency improvement in aerobic wastewater treatment technology through the application of a microbubble generator (MBG) for aeration. Aeration using an MBG is accomplished through water circulation and does not need air compressors, making it more energy efficient than conventional aerators. The MBG aerobic system with the variations on liquid flow rate (Q1) and airflow rate (Qg) combination was tested using artificial wastewater with a typical composition of organic waste. Experimental data were evaluated by means of a simplified mathematical model to systematically compare different MBG schemes. The study confirmed that the soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) removal efficiency was significantly affected by the Qg values. Lower Qg values were preferable because they tended to have higher soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) removal efficiency. However, the microbubbles were less stable at lower Qg due to the high incidence of bubble collisions. The study concluded that for applications in an actual aerobic waste treatment pond, the positioning of the MBG in the pond had to be carefully designed to minimize the collision tendency."

"Penelitian kriopreservasi spermatozoa ikan patin albino bertujuan untuk menganalisis ultrastruktur, fisiologi, dan molekuler spermatozoa ikan patin albino pasca kriopreservasi. Kriopreservasi dilakukan pada suhu -80°C selama 14 hari menggunakan kombinasi krioprotektan intraseluler yaitu metanol 10% dan krioprotektan ekstraseluler yaitu susu skim. Hasil ultrastruktur spermatozoa menunjukkan bahwa pada spermatozoa segar bagian membran sel kepala, mid piece, dan bagian flagel masih dalam kondisi utuh dan baik. Ultrastruktur spermatozoa pasca ekuilibrasi nampak ada perbesaran lebar dan panjang kepala spermatozoa dibandingkan spermatozoa segar, walaupun secara struktur masih tampak utuh. Ultrastruktur spermatozoa pasca pencairan tampak terjadi kerusakan membran bagian kepala dan flagel. Hasil pengukuran morfometri spermatozoa menunjukkan adanya peningkatan lebar kepala spermatozoa yaitu 1,59 µm pada spermatozoa segar menjadi 1,97 µm pada spermatozoa pasca ekuilibrasi dan 2,40 µm pada spermatozoa pasca pencairan. Demikian pula, terdapat perubahan panjang kepala spermatozoa yaitu 3,70 µm pada spermatozoa segar menjadi 3,81 µm pada spermatozoa pasca ekuilibrasi, dan 3,90 µm pada spermatozoa pasca pencairan. Analisis viabilitas spermatozoa didapatkan penurunan viabilitas spermatozoa pasca pencairan (61±2,30%) dibandingkan spermatozoa segar (92±0,58%) dan spermatozoa pasca ekuilibrasi (80±3,51%). Analisis fisiologi spermatozoa didapatkan penurunan fungsi mitokondria pada spermatozoa pasca ekuilibrasi (57±7%) dan spermatozoa pasca pencairan (42±3,2%) dibandingkan spermatozoa segar (98±2%). Analisis motilitas spermatozoa menunjukkan penurunan motilitas spermatozoa pasca ekuilibrasi (79±4,5%) dan spermatozoa pasca pencairan (30±3,2%) dibandingkan spermatozoa segar (87±1,5%). Penetasan telur pasca 24 jam fertilisasi pada perlakukan spermatozoa pasca ekuilibrasi didapatkan hasil lebih tinggi (64±17%) dibandingkan spermatozoa segar (38±4%), sedangkan spermatozoa pasca pencairan tidak ditemukan ada penetasan telur. Analisis molekular spermatozoa pada gen CO1 dan SOD2 didapatkan jumlah lesi gen SOD2 spermatozoa pasca ekuilibrasi yaitu 15,83 lesi / 10 kb dan spermatozoa pasca pencairan yaitu 17,14 lesi / 10 kb. Lesi gen CO1 pada spermatozoa pasca ekuilibrasi yaitu 9,24 lesi / 10 kb dan spermatozoa pasca pencairan yaitu 10,26 lesi / 10 kb. Sehingga disimpulkan kriopreservasi spermatozoa berpengaruh terhadap ultrastruktur, fisiologi, dan molekuler spermatozoa ikan patin albino.

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Research of cryopreservation on albino Pangasius catfish spermatozoa aims to analyze about ultrastructure, physiology, and molecular spermatozoa of albino Pangasius catfish post cryopreservation. Cryopreservation was carried out at -80°C for 14 days using a combination of intracellular cryoprotectants which is 10% methanol and extracellular cryoprotectant which is skim milk. The results of the spermatozoa ultrastructure showed that the cell membrane of the spermatozoa head, the midpiece, and the flagellum of fresh spermatozoa were still intact and good. The spermatozoa ultrastructure after post equilibration, shown enlargement of the head width and length compared to the fresh spermatozoa, although structurally were still intact. The ultrastructure of frozen-thawed spermatozoa, appeared a membrane damage at the head and flagellum. The results of spermatozoa morphometric measurements showed an increase at the head width of spermatozoa from 1.59 µm in fresh spermatozoa to 1.97 µm in post-equilibration spermatozoa and 2.40 µm in frozen-thawed spermatozoa. Similarly, there was an increase in the head length of spermatozoa, from 3.70 µm in fresh spermatozoa, to 3.81 µm in post-equilibration spermatozoa, and 3.90 µm in frozen-thawed spermatozoa. The viability analysis showed a decrease of frozen-thawed spermatozoa viability (61±2.30%) compared to fresh spermatozoa (92±0.58%) and post-equilibration spermatozoa (80±3.51%). The analysis physiology of spermatozoa showed a decrease in mitochondrial function in post equilibration spermatozoa (57±7%) and frozen-thawed spermatozoa (42±3.2%) compared to fresh spermatozoa (98±2%). The analysis of motility of spermatozoa showed a decrease in post equilibration spermatozoa (79±4.5%) and frozen-thawed spermatozoa (30±3.2%) compared to fresh spermatozoa (87±1.5%). Egg hatching after 24 hours of fertilization for the post-equilibration spermatozoa was higher (64±17%) than fresh spermatozoa (38±4%), whereas frozen-thawed spermatozoa were not hatched. The analysis of molecular on CO1 and SOD2 genes obtained the number of gene lesions in the spermatozoa SOD2 gene after equilibration were 15.83 lesions/10 kb and frozen-thawed were 17.14 lesions/10 kb. The CO1 gene lesions in post-equilibration spermatozoa were 9.24 lesions/10 kb, while the CO1 gene lesions in frozen-thawed spermatozoa were 10.26 lesions/10 kb. It can be concluded that there is an effect of cryopreservation on ultrastructure, physiology, and molecular in spermatozoa of albino Pangasius catfish."