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"Latar Belakang: Menurut beberapa penelitian gangguan pada masa tumbuh kembang kraniofasial yang menyebabkan gangguan fungsi otot dapat dihubungkan atau disebabkan oleh habit posisi postur kepala. Prevalensi deviasi postur kepala pada anak berusia 6-15 tahun, yaitu sebesar 52,5% dan pada usia 12-16 tahun yaitu sebesar 63%. Adanya ketidakseimbangan otot akibat gangguan fungsi otot dianggap sebagai faktor penyebab posisi dental dan skeletal yang tidak normal. Hal ini dapat memberikan dampak negatif terhadap sistem skeletal dalam hal perubahan morfologi wajah. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara sudut craniovertebral postur kepala dengan sudut G-Sn-Pg profil wajah pada anak usia 10-12 tahun secara fotometri untuk mencegah terjadinya masalah perkembangan wajah. Metode penelitian: Penelitian ini dilakukan di klinik IKGA RSKGM FKG UI dengan total 33 subjek penelitian yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Pengukuran postur kepala dan profil wajah menggunakan fotometri lateral dan aplikasi imageJ. Postur kepala: sudut craniovertebral (tragus-C7-garis horizontal), dan Profil wajah: sudut G,Sn dan Pg. Hubungan antara sudut craniovertebral dengan sudut G-Sn-Pg dianalisis menggunakan uji Pearson. Hasil: Terdapat hubungan bermakna secara statistik antara sudut craniovertebral postur kepala dengan sudut G-Sn-Pg profil wajah (p<0,05), dan kekuatan hubungan lemah (r=0,373) Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara sudut craniovertebral postur kepala dengan sudut G-Sn-Pg profil wajah. Semakin kecil sudut craniovertebral maka semakin kecil sudut G-Sn-Pg yang berarti bahwa postur kepala forward, berhubungan profil wajah yang cembung.

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Background: According to several studies, disturbances in the craniofacial growth and development period that cause impaired muscle function can be related to or caused by habitual head posture positions. The prevalence of head posture deviation in children aged 6-15 years is 52.5% and in children aged 12-16 years is 63%. The existence of muscle imbalance due to impaired muscle function is considered as a factor causing abnormal dental and skeletal positions. This can have a negative impact on the skeletal system in terms of changes in facial morphology.

Objective:Analyzing the relationship between craniovertebral angle of the head posture and G-Sn-Pg angle of the facial profile in children aged 10-12 years by photometry to prevent facial development problems.

Methods: This research was conducted at the IKGA RSKGM FKG UI clinic with a total of 33 research subjects that matched with the inclusion criteria. Measurement of head posture and facial profile using lateral photometry and the imageJ application. Head posture: craniovertebral angle (tragus-C7-horizontal line), and facial profile: angles G,Sn and Pg. The relationship between craniovertebral angle and G-Sn-Pg angle was analyzed using Pearson test.

Results: There is a statistically significant relationship between craniovertebral angle of the head posture and G-Sn-Pg angle of the facial profile (p < 0.05) with a weak relationship strength (r = 0.373).

Conclusion: There is a relationship between craniovertebral angle of the head posture and G-Sn-Pg angle of the facial profile. The smaller craniovertebral angle, the smaller G-Sn-Pg angle, which means that forward head posture is associated with a convex facial profile."

"Latar Belakang: Postur kepala yang baik adalah kepala tegak dengan kerja otot minimal dan mencapai efisiensi mekanis maksimal pada sistem saraf pusat. Ketidakseimbangan otot di tulang servikal dan sistem stomatognatik mempengaruhi postur kepala dan menyebabkan malrelasi maksila-mandibula. Usia 10-12 tahun merupakan periode emas perawatan ortodontik. Penilaian postur kepala perlu dipertimbangkan dalam perawatan ortodontik. Sudut NSL/OPT mewakili fleksi-ekstensi dari postur kepala dan sudut ANB digunakan dalam penentuan relasi maksila-mandibula. Penelitian mengenai hubungan antara sudut NSL/OPT dan sudut ANB belum pernah dipublikasikan sebelumnya. Tujuan: Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara sudut NSL/OPT dengan sudut ANB pada anak usia 10-12 tahun ras Deutro Melayu. Metode Penelitian: Penelitian dilakukan di Klinik Gigi Anak dan Radiologi RSKGM FKG UI dengan jumlah responden 33 anak usia 10-12 tahun, sesuai kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Pada anak dilakukan pengambilan foto radiografi sefalometri lateral. Selanjutnya dilakukan penentuan sudut NSL/OPT dan ANB pada foto menggunakan software ImageJ. Analisis hubungan antara sudut NSL/OPT dengan sudut ANB menggunakan uji korelasi Pearson. Hasil: Nilai rerata yang didapatkan sudut NSL/OPT adalah 97,9 dan nilai rerata sudut ANB adalah 3,15. Uji korelasi didapatkan r 0,067 dengan p-value 0,713, menunjukkan hubungan sangat lemah antara sudut NSL/OPT dengan sudut ANB, dan tidak signifikan. Kesimpulan: Penelitian hubungan sudut NSL/OPT dengan sudut ANB secara sefalometri pada anak usia 10-12 tahun ras Deutro Melayu di Jakarta, hasil uji statistik menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan linear yang sangat lemah, dan secara substansi dapat disimpulkan sudut postur kepala tidak dapat dihubungkan dengan sudut ANB.

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Background: Good head posture is an upright head with minimal muscle work and maximum mechanical efficiency in the central nervous system. Muscular imbalance in cervical spine and stomatognathic system affects head posture and maxillary-mandibular malrelation. Age 10-12 years is the golden period of orthodontic treatment. Assessment of head posture needs to be considered in orthodontic treatment. The NSL/OPT angle represents flexion-extension of the head posture, and the ANB angle is used to determine the maxillary-mandibular relationship. bnResearch on the relationship between the NSL/OPT angle and the ANB angle in children aged 10-12 years of the Deutro Malay race has never been found before. Purpose: to analyze the relationship between the NSL/OPT angle and the ANB angle in children aged 10-12 years of the Deutro Malay race. Methods: This research was conducted at the IKGA and Radiology Clinic RSKGM FKG UI with a total of 33 respondents aged 10-12 years, according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken. The NSL/OPT and ANB angles were determined on the photos using ImageJ software. Data analysis using Pearson correlation test. Results: The mean value for the NSL/OPT angle is 97.9 and ANB angle is 3.15. The correlation test r 0.067 with p-value 0.713, indicating a very weak relationship between the NSL/OPT angle and the ANB angle, and not significant. Conclusion: The results showed that there was a very weak linear relationship, and in substance it can be concluded that the angle of head posture cannot be related to ANB angle."

"This book reviews the application of semiconductor nanocrystals also known as colloidal quantum dots (QDs) to LED lighting for indoors and outdoors as well as LED backlighting in displays, summarizing the color science of QDs for lighting and displays and presenting recent developments in QD-integrated LEDs and display research. By employing QDs in color-conversion LEDs, it is possible to simultaneously accomplish successful color rendition of the illuminated objects and a good spectral overlap between the emission spectrum of the light source and the sensitivity of the human eye at a warm white color temperature-something that is fundamentally challenging to achieve with conventional sources, such as incandescent and fluorescent lamps, and phosphor-based LEDs."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 421-426Temporomandibular joint disorder may be caused by variety of factors; one of which is the posture of head and neck. However, the remains controversial and a subject of debate by experts. The objective of this study was to know whether there was a relation between temporomandibular disorders and the head and neck posture seen radiographically. Subject were 40 dental students from University of Indonesia who met the inclusion criteria, selected through questionnaire, and subjective examinations based on Helkimo's dysfuction index. Then, lateral cephalometries radiographic were done to all subjects. In the radiogram, a horizontal line was made from the nasion point to the sella tursica, and a vertical line was drawn along the prominent bone of C1 - C5. The angle between the two lines was measured, and used to represent the head and neck posture. The design of the study was cross sectional. Based on statistical analysis, there was no significant relationship between the anamnestic dysfunction index as well as the clinical dysfunction index that represented the temporomandibular joint disorders and the posture of head and neck seen radiographically."

"Applied photometry, radiometry, and measurements of optical losses reviews and analyzes physical concepts of radiation transfer, providing quantitative foundation for the means of measurements of optical losses, which affect propagation and distribution of light waves in various media and in diverse optical systems and components. The comprehensive analysis of advanced methodologies for low-loss detection is outlined in comparison with the classic photometric and radiometric observations, having a broad range of techniques examined and summarized: from interferometric and calorimetric, resonator and polarization, phase-shift and ring-down decay, wavelength and frequency modulation to pulse separation and resonant, acousto-optic and emissive - subsequently compared to direct and balancing methods for studying free-space and polarization optics, fibers and waveguides. The material is focused on applying optical methods and procedures for evaluation of transparent, reflecting, scattering, absorbing, and aggregated objects, and for determination of power and energy parameters of radiation and color properties of light."

"Latar Belakang : Sefalometri lateral merupakan pemeriksaan radiograf penunjang yang menjadi standar utama dalam mengetahui kelainan kompleks kraniofasial anak terutama pada kelainan pola skeletal serta menegakkan diagnosis dan penentuan rencana perawatan. Sefalometri memiliki efek paparan radiasi yang kumulatif dan dapat menginduksi kematian sel sehingga dapat merusak fungsi organ. Sekarang ini, terdapat pergeseran paradigma tujuan perawatan ortodontik yang lebih mengutamakan penilaian jaringan lunak. Fotometri lateral telah digunakan sebagai alat diagnostik non-invasif dan dapat memprediksi nilai keselarasan skeletal. Analisis fotometri dinilai lebih efektif, andal, dan ekonomis dalam menilai morfologi kraniofasial profil wajah. Tujuan : Menganalisa perbedaan jarak dan sudut radiografi sefalometri terhadap fotometri lateral pada anak dengan maturasi vertebra servikal tahap dua dan tiga ras Deutro Melayu sebagai landasan dalam penentuan diagnosis dan rencana perawatan. Metode Penelitian: Penelitian potong lintang dengan total subyek 38 anak dengan CVS 2 – CVS 3 ras Deutro Melayu. Pengambilan radiograf sefalometri lateral dan fotometri lateral serta dianalisis menggunakan aplikasi perangkat lunak (Webceph). Hasil : Tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara sudut SNA, jarak NA, dan jarak FHP pada sefalometri lateral dengan sudut TrgNA, jarak N’A’, dan jarak FHP’ pada fotometri lateral. Kesimpulan : Fotometri lateral dapat dipertimbangkan menjadi alternatif dalam mengevaluasi kelainan kraniofasial yang lebih sederhana, eknomis, dapat dilakukan berulang dan bersifat radioproteksi.

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Background: Lateral cephalometry is a supporting radiograph examination that is the main standard in finding out the abnormalities of the pediatric craniofacial complex, especially in skeletal pattern abnormalities and establishing a diagnosis and determining a treatment plan. Cephalometry has the effect of cumulative radiation exposure and can induce cell death that damage organ function. Currently, there is a paradigm shift in orthodontic treatment goals that prioritizes soft tissue assessment. Lateral photometry has been used as a non-invasive diagnostic tool and can predict skeletal alignment. Photometric analysis is considered more effective, reliable, and economical in assessing the craniofacial morphology of the facial profile. Objective: To analyze the difference in distance and angle of cephalometric radiographs to lateral photometry in children with stage two and three cervical vertebra maturation of the Deutro Malay race as a basis for determining the diagnosis and treatment plan. Methods: A cross-sectional study with a total of 38 subjects with CVS 2 - CVS 3 of Deutro Malay race. Lateral cephalometry and lateral photometry radiographs were taken and analyzed using a software application (Webceph). Results: There is no significant difference between SNA angle, NA distance, and FHP distance in lateral cephalometry with TrgNA angle, N'A' distance, and FHP' distance in lateral photometry. Conclusion: Lateral photometry can be considered as an alternative in evaluating craniofacial abnormalities that are simpler, economical, repeatable and radioprotective."

"Joint attention (JA) merupakan salah satu defisit pada anak dengan autism spectrum disorder (ASD), padahal, para peneliti telah menemukan bahwa keterampilan JA memiliki peranan yang sangat penting dalam perkembangan anak. JA berhubungan dengan perkembangan bahasa dan interaksi sosial anak, baik anak normal maupun anak ASD. Oleh karena itu, para ahli menyarankan agar joint attention menjadi salah satu target utama dalam penerapan intervensi untuk anak autism. Pada penelitian ini, JA dilatihkan pada anak ASD melalui teknik intervensi gabungan discrete trial training (DTT) dan pivotal response training (PRT) yang merupakan bagian dari pendekatan behavioristik. Pada intervensi ini, dua jenis JA, yaitu response to joint attention (RJA) dan melakukan initiation to joint attention dilatihkan pada anak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan teknik intervensi gabungan DTT dan PRT dapat meningkatkan keterampilan JA, baik RJA maupun IJA, pada anak ASD.

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Deficit in joint attention is one of characteristic children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Since joint attention have important role for language dan social development, researchers suggested joint attention skill as pivotal target in any intervention for autism. In this study, child with ASD were taught to response joint attention bids and initiate joint attention independently. Both of type joint attention were taught to the child with ASD using discret trial training (DTT) and pivotal response training (PRT) technique. Result show that implementation of both DTT and PRT can improve joint attention skill in child with ASD."

"Latar Belakang: Adanya perubahan pada metode pembelajaran akibat Covid-19 meningkatkan waktu yang dihabiskan untuk menatap layar (screen-time) yang berpotensi mengganggu kualitas tidur mahasiswa kedokteran gigi yang sebelum pandemi ini telah dilaporkan memiliki persentase kualitas tidur buruk yang cukup tinggi. Bedasarkan penelitian sebelumnya, kualitas tidur yang buruk juga dikaitkan dengan insidens TMD. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara kualitas tidur dengan TMD pada mahasiswa kedokteran gigi selama pandemi Covid-19. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh jenis kelamin dan screen-time terhadap kualitas tidur dan TMD. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang pada 110 mahasiswa Program Pendidikan Kedokteran Gigi dan Program Profesi Dokter Gigi Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan pengisian kuesioner Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) dan Indeks Diagnostik – Temporomandibular Disorder (ID-TMD) secara daring melalui google form. Hasil Penelitian: Uji Chi-Square menujukkan kualitas tidur memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan TMD pada mahasiswa kedokteran gigi selama pandemi Covid-19 (p=0.035). Hubungan yang bermakna juga ditunjukkan antara screen-time dengan kualitas tidur (p=0.027), namun tidak dengan TMD (p=0.489). Jenis kelamin juga tidak memiliki hubungan bermakna, baik dengan kualitas tidur (p=0.974) maupun TMD (p=0.902). Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara kualitas tidur dengan TMD pada mahasiswa kedokteran gigi selama pandemi Covid-19.Terdapat pula hubungan antara screen-time dengan kualitas tidur. Namun tidak terdapat hubungan antara screen-time dengan TMD, serta jenis kelamin dengan kualitas tidur maupun TMD.

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Background: Changes in learning methods and increased screen-time due to Covid-19 pandemic may lead dental students to poor sleep quality. Based on previous studies, poor sleep quality also associated with the incidence of TMD. Objectives: The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between sleep quality and TMD in dental students during Covid-19 pandemic. This study also aims to analyze the influence of gender and screen-time to sleep quality and TMD. Method: Cross-sectional study was conducted on 110 pre-clinical and clinical year students of Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia. Sleep quality was evaluated using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire and TMD was evaluated using Indeks Diagnostik – Temporomandibular Disorder (ID-TMD) questionnaire. Retrieval of data using questionnaires distributed and collected online. Result: The result of Chi-Square test showing there is relationship between sleep quality and TMD in dental students during Covid-19 pandemic (p=0.035). Significant relationship was also showed between screen-time and sleep quality (p=0.027), but not with TMD (p=0.489). There is no relationship between gender and sleep quality (p=0.974) as well as TMD (p=0.902). Conclusion: This study shows that there is relationship between sleep quality and TMD in dental students during Covid-19 Pandemic. Significant relationship was also found between screen-time and sleep quality. However, no relationship was found between screen-time and TMD along with gender and sleep quality as well as TMD."

"Latar Belakang: Perubahan degeneratif pada TMJ dapat menyebabkan perubahan morfologi kondilus mandibula. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi perubahan degeneratif TMJ yaitu kehilangan gigi posterior yang tidak diganti. Modalitas CBCT memberikan gambar multiplanar bidang aksial, sagital dan koronal sehingga mempermudah visualisasi TMJ secara menyeluruh, sehingga CBCT dapat menjadi modalitas alternatif untuk mengevaluasi keadaan TMJ terutama morfologi kondilus. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk meneliti perubahan morfologi kondilus mandibula pada evaluasi CBCT yang berhubungan dengan jumlah kehilangan gigi posterior, kelompok usia dan jenis kelamin. Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan perubahan morfologi kondilus mandibula berdasarkan jumlah kehilangan gigi posterior pada kelompok usia 30 – 45 tahun dengan kelompok usia 55 – 70 tahun pada evaluasi CBCT. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian retrospektif analitik cross sectional. Pengumpulan sampel dilakukan menggunakan metode Non-Probability Sampling dengan teknik Purposive Sampling dan didapatkan sebanyak 70 sampel volume data CBCT. Rekonstruksi dilakukan menggunakan Software CS Imaging Patient Browser 7.0.23 dan CS 3D Imaging v3.8.7. Carestream Health Inc. Kondilus mandibula dibedakan antara sisi kanan dan kiri, hasil rekonstruksi diambil dari potongan sagital dan koronal anteroposterior. Pengamatan dilakukan dua orang, sebanyak dua kali dalam jangka waktu berbeda dan jarak waktu dua minggu. Uji reliabilitas hasil pengamatan dilakukan menggunakan Uji Cohen’s Kappa dan hasil uji intraobserver dan intraobserver menunjukan angka 0.814 – 1.000 yang termasuk dalam kategori almost perfect agreement. Hasil: Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara perubahan morfologi kondilus mandibula dengan jumlah kehilangan gigi posterior pada kelompok usia 30 – 45 tahun dan kelompok usia 55 – 70 tahun dalam bentuk erosi, flattening, dan sklerosis (p= <0.005). Pada variabel jenis kelamin tidak ditemukan hubungan yang bermakna (p= >0.005). Kesimpulan: Dari keseluruhan hasil penelitian dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa semakin banyak jumlah kehilangan gigi dan semakin bertambahnya usia, memiliki hubungan dan dapat menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan morfologi kondilus mandibula.

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Background: Degenerative changes in the TMJ can lead to changes in the morphology of the mandibular condyle. One of the factors that affect degenerative changes in the TMJ is the loss of posterior teeth that are not replaced. CBCT modality provides multiplanar images in axial, sagittal, and coronal planes making it easier to visualize the TMJ thoroughly, therefore CBCT can be an alternative modality to evaluate the TMJ condition, specifically the morphology of the condyles. This study aimed to examine the morphological changes of the mandibular condyle on CBCT evaluation with the number of missing posterior teeth, age group, and gender. Objective: To determine the relationship between changes in the morphology of the mandibular condyle based on the number of missing posterior teeth in the age group 30-45 years and the age group 55-70 years. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional analytic retrospective study. Sample collection was carried out using the Non-Probability Sampling method with the Purposive Sampling technique. Reconstruction was performed using CS Imaging Patient Browser 7.0.23 and CS 3D Imaging v3.8.7 Software from Carestream Health Inc. The mandibular condyle was divided into right and left, and the results of the reconstruction were taken from the sagittal and coronal anteroposterior sections. Observations were made by two people, two times in different periods with an interval of two weeks. The reliability test from the observations using Cohen's Kappa test and the results showed almost perfect agreement category with Kappa value 0.814 - 1.000. Results: There was a significant relationship between changes in the morphology of the mandibular condyle in the form of erosion, flattening, and sclerosis with the number of missing posterior teeth in the age group 30-45 years and the age group 55-70 years (p = <0.005). In the gender variable, there was no significant relationship with changes in the morphology of the condyle (p = > 0.005). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the greater number of missing teeth and the older the subject gets has relationship with and can cause changes in the morphology of the mandibular condyle."

"Tesis ini membahas mengenai studi perbandingan pengaturan joint ventures di Indonesia dengan beberapa yurisdiksi lain, yaitu Jepang, Singapura, Amerika Serikat, dan Uni Eropa. Studi perbandingan pengaturan joint ventures tersebut terutama ditinjau dari aspek hukum persaingan usaha. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif, menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif dan obyek penelitian berbasis norma hukum, baik dalam peraturan perundang-undangan maupun yang sudah secara kongkrit ditetapkan oleh hakim dalam kasus-kasus yang diputuskan di pengadilan. Pengaturan joint ventures dari aspek persaingan usaha di yurisdiksi tersebut belum dilakukan secara khusus melalui suatu undang-undang tersendiri, namun biasanya tersirat dalam pengaturan mengenai persaingan usaha tidak sehat dan antimonopoli. Hasil penelitian menyarankan sebaiknya Pemerintah Republik Indonesia mempertimbangkan untuk melakukan pengaturan secara khusus mengenai kerja sama antar pelaku usaha dalam bentuk joint ventures melalui peraturan perundang-undangan tersendiri. Pengaturan mengenai joint ventures tersebut sebaiknya menyelaraskan prinsip kebebasan berkontrak oleh para pihak dalam pembentukan joint ventures dengan aspek hukum persaingan usaha dan hukum perusahaan. Hal ini untuk menjamin kepastian hukum dan mendorong terciptanya persaingan usaha secara sehat serta mencegah timbulnya praktek monopoli dalam kerja sama antar pelaku usaha melalui pembentukan joint ventures.

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This thesis discusses comparative study among some countries, which compare Indonesian joint ventures regulation with other jurisdiction from other countries, such as Japan, Singapore, United States of America, and European Union. This comparative study is reviewed from competition law aspect. This research employs descriptive research method with qualitative approach. To be more specific, this research employs normative research method. This research adapts legal norms for the object of research in legislation. In addition, the cases have been concretely established by the judge and have been decided in the court. Joint ventures regulation from business competition aspect has not been performed particularly through its own legislation but it is generally implicit in the regulation of an unfair business and anti-monopoly.

The result of the research suggest that Indonesian Government should consider doing a special arrangement of cooperation among business in the form of joint ventures through its own legislation. Joint ventures regulation should adapt the principle of contractual freedom by the parties in establishing of joint ventures to legal aspect competition and corporate law. This is aims to ensure legal certainty and encourage a fair competition. In addition, this can prevent monopolistic practice in partnership or business through the establishment of joint ventures."