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"ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan riset mengenai analisis radiasi GelombangElektromagnetik (GEM) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) terhadapImplantable Cardiac Pacemaker (ICP). Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengukurradiasi medan elektrik RFID tag pasif frekuensi 925 MHz. Hasil pengukurankemudian disimulasikan melewati tubuh manusia dimana ICP biasa ditanammenggunakan program simulasi. Program simulasi dibuat menggunakan metodeFinite Difference Time Domain (FDTD). Dari hasil pengukuran diperoleh bahwanilai medan elektrik rerata terbesar adalah 39,81 μV.yang diperoleh ketika tag danreader berkomunikasi pada jarak 50 cm dan sudut 00 Setelah disimulasikanmelewati tubuh manusia, besarnya tegangan maksimum medan elektrik yangmengenai ICP adalah 7,91 μV dimana nilai tersebut masih lebih kecil dari ambangbatas sensitivitas ICP terganggu medan elektrik yaitu sebesar 1-3 mV

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ABSTRACTA research related to analysis of Radio Frequency Identification’s(RFID’s) radiation into Implantable Cardiac Pacemaker (ICP) has beenconducted. Research is done by measuring 925 MHz RFID electric field.Measurement result is simulated by a developed program as if it trough humantissue where ICP usually implanted using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD)method.The higest electric field measured is 39,81 μV. After simulating throughhuman tissue, the highest electric field voltage coming into ICP is 7,91 μV, whichis lower than ICP’s sensitivity value threshold (1-3 mV)"

"The authors of this work (doctors, engineers and researchers) have endeavored to supply validated and easily understandable scientific information on the electromagnetic fields and their biological and health effects. After a general review of the physics of the waves and a presentation of non-ionizing radiations, the authors review the main emission sources encountered in our daily environment. They summarize simply but as accurately as possible the current knowledge on their biological effects.The safety limits recommended by international organizations are presented for the different frequency ranges. ;"

"ABSTRACT

Recently, there -is a rapidly grow in the field of optical fiber communications, particularly in the technology of fiber waveguide which is used as transmitting media or communication lines. 'Due mayor problem in optical waveguide systems is the coupling loss in connectors or couplers for the purpose of gaining maximum coupling efficiency. This research is dedicated to obtain an efficient wavegui de devi ce by studyi ng the applicability of cone-shaped fiber end-face as fiber star coupler without any complement element. Light power from one end-face of fiber was directly coupled to another cone-shaped fiber end-face. The first step of this study was the process of cone-shaping for graded-index fibers. The result was used as coupling elements in an experimental star coupler. The evaluation of the result is carried out based on the concept of radiation pattern of electromagnetic field in cone-shaped end-face of fibers- It. is concluded that the experimental star coupler is predicted to be useful with some improvement in choosing fiber-core diameter. matching the size of the coupled fibers and aligning the suitable axes of the outgoing fibers.;Recently, there -is a rapidly grow in the field of optical fiber communications, particularly in the technology of fiber waveguide which is used as transmitting media or communication lines. 'Due mayor problem in optical waveguide systems is the coupling loss in connectors or couplers for the purpose of gaining maximum coupling efficiency. This research is dedicated to obtain an efficient wavegui de devi ce by studyi ng the applicability of cone-shaped fiber end-face as fiber star coupler without any complement element. Light power from one end-face of fiber was directly coupled to another cone-shaped fiber end-face. The first step of this study was the process of cone-shaping for graded-index fibers. The result was used as coupling elements in an experimental star coupler. The evaluation of the result is carried out based on the concept of radiation pattern of electromagnetic field in cone-shaped end-face of fibers- It. is concluded that the experimental star coupler is predicted to be useful with some improvement in choosing fiber-core diameter. matching the size of the coupled fibers and aligning the suitable axes of the outgoing fibers."