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"ABSTRACTWe theoretically investigate how country-specific fixed (CSFCs) affect the international location of firms, comparative advantage, and the distribution of trade gains, by presenting a two-country trade model of monopolistic competition with CSFCs. Key settings are that the expenditure shares of a homogeneous good and composite differentiated good are constant, and that the only difference across countires is in terms of fixed costs (Ricardian aspect). E drive the following results. A country with smaller fixed costs (home country) has a greater-than-proportional share of the firms of differentiated goods, a comparative advantage in differentiated goods, and higher trade gains. A unilateral decrase in CSFCs of the home (foreign) country increases (reduces) these inequalities around the arbitrary trading qeuilibrium with incomplete specialization. When the CSFCs decrase bilaterally, the resulting impacts depend on the relative rate at which CSFCs change."

"Penelitian ini berusaha menjelaskan hubungan antara persebaran teknologi internasional (international R&D spillover) dari jalur perdagangan internasional dan FDI terhadap produktivitas (TFP) berdasarkan teori pertumbuhan endogen di Asian Newly Industrialized Countries (ANIC). Dalam penelitian ini didapat bahwa R&D spillover adalah faktor signifikan dalam mempengaruhi TFP, terutama dari jalur perdagangan. Penelitian ini juga mendapat hasil bahwa ketersediaan tenaga kerja berpendidikan merupakan faktor penting dalam meningkatkan produktivitas. Dalam perbandingan antara dua kelompok negara ANIC, didapat bahwa dalam ANIC kelas 2, persebaran teknologi dari ekspor tidak meningkatkan produktivitas. Penelitian ini menemukan juga bahwa FDI tidak menjadi jalur yang penting dalam difusi teknologi. Namun pengukuran FDI perlu ditelusuri lebih lanjut.

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This research tries to explain the relation between international R&D spillover from international trade and FDI channel with productivity (TFP) based on endogenous growth theory in Asian Newly Industrialized Countries (ANIC). In this research, it is found that R&D spillover is a significant factor in increasing TFP, especially from trade channel. It is also found that the availability of educated workers is another important factor in increasing productivity. From the comparison of the two country groups in ANIC, it is found that in ANIC Tier 2, international R&D spillover from export is not increasing productivity, yet its spillover effect is still significant. Another finding of this research is FDI is not an important channel for technology spillover. However, there is a need to further discuss the FDI spillover measurement."

"Perdagangan internasional merupakan faktor yang sangat penting bagi setiap negara, oleh karena itu sangat diperlukan hubungan perdagangan antar negara yang tertib dan adil. Untuk mewujudkan ketertiban dan keadilan di bidang perdagangan internasional, maka diperlukan aturan-aturan yang mampu menjaga serta memelihara hak-hak dan kewajiban para pelaku perdagangan internasional, serta dapat mengatur hubungan dagang antar negara. Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah apa sajakah tindakan-tindakan pelanggaran yang dikategorikan sebagai dumping menurut WTO Agreement? Bagaimanakah WTO Agreement mengatur kegiatan dumping dalam perdagangan internasional? Bagaimanakah penerapan atas sanksi yang diberikan dan efeknya terhadap suatu negara yang melakukan kegiatan dumping?Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif, dengan menggunakan data sekunder dan menggunakan metode analisis data kualitatif, karena data yang diperoleh bersifat kualitas.Hasil penelitian menyatakan Tindakan-tindakan pelanggaran yang dikategorikan sebagai dumping menurut WTO Agreement adalah tindakan yang telah memenuhi unsur-unsur dalam Pasal VI ayat (1) GATT 1947, sehingga GATT memberikan hak kepada para anggota GATT untuk dapat menerapkan tindakan-tindakan antidumping jika praktik dumping yang terjadi telah memenuhi unsur-unsur dalam Pasal VI ayat (1) GATT 1947. Penerapan atas sanksi yang diberikan dan efeknya terhadap suatu negara yang melakukan kegiatan dumping adalah sanksi administrasi berupa pencabutan regulasi dan juga pemberlakukan Bea Masuk Anti Dumping (BMAD) terhadap Negara yang melakukan kegiatan dumping. Efeknya adalah pencabutan regulasi dan juga kerugian bagi perusahaan asal Negara yang telah melakukan praktik dumping.

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International trade is a very important factor for every country, therefore an orderly and fair trade between countries is needed. To realize order and justice in the field of international trade, rules are needed that are able to maintain and maintain the rights and obligations of international trade actors, and can regulate trade relations between countries. The problem in this study is what are the violations that are categorized as dumping according to the WTO Agreement? How does the WTO Agreement regulate dumping activities in international trade? What is the application of sanctions given and their effects on a country that is carrying out dumping activities?

This study uses a normative juridical method, using secondary data and using qualitative data analysis methods, because the data obtained are of a quality nature.

The results of the study state that the violations categorized as dumping according to the WTO Agreement are actions that have fulfilled the elements in Article VI paragraph (1) GATT 1947, so that the GATT gives the GATT members the right to implement antidumping measures if dumping practices what happened has fulfilled the elements in Article VI paragraph (1) GATT 1947. The application of sanctions given and their effect on a country that conducts dumping activities is administrative sanctions in the form of revocation of regulations and also the imposition of Anti-Dumping Import Duty (BMAD) on the State dumping activities. The effect is revocation of regulations and also losses for companies from countries that have carried out dumping practices."