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"ABSTRACTUnder nutrition among Vietnamese children is still a serious health problem. Growth retardation starts as early as 4 to 6 months of life and the prevalence of stunting has remained high (46.9% in 1994). It is documented that growth retardation during early childhood works through in adolescence and is rarely made up; it could also affect cognitive development of children, which eventually influence economic and human development. A longitudinal study on growth and development of Vietnamese children in Hanoi from birth to 17 years old was carried out from 1981 up to 1999.Objectives: To investigate the physical growth, maturation age and academic performance of Vietnamese children on a longitudinal basis from birth to 17 years old and observe their secular trends.Study design: A longitudinal observational study with 2 main cohorts: cohort A and cohort B.Subjects of the study:- Cohort A: 300 newborns, who fulfilled the selection criteria (gestational age from 38 to 42 weeks, birth weight 2500g, normal singleton birth without physical abnormalities, "Kish" ethnic group. mother's age: 20 to 35 years, and apparently healthy parents were randomly recruited and followed-up from birth to 17 years old (1981-1999).- Cohort B. 200 children, who fulfilled above-mentioned criteria, were randomly selected and followed-up, from birth to 12 months; and 200 children were followed-up, from 12 to 24 months (1997-1999).Monitoring of physical growth: Weight, height, feeding practices and diseases were recorded monthly from birth w 12 months, three monthly from 12 to 36 months, six monthly from 36 to 72 months, and annually thereafter until 17 years of age.Results: Mean body weight and height of children from both cohorts at birth were lower than the NCHS reference. Then their weight and height during the first 3-4 months (cohort A) and 5-6 months (cohort B) were comparable to NCHS reference data. However, these trends were going down on subjects' aged above 6 months onwards. Physical growth of the children in cohort B, who have been in better living conditions, health care and more appropriate feeding practices, was better than the other counterparts (cohort A) comparable to French Vietnamese in Paris (1986).The most intense period of growth retardation was observed in children aged 12 10 24 months. Children who were stunted during early childhood were still shorter than those non-stunted ones over observed period from birth to 17 years of age; the children who were stunted during childhood matured later and had lower academic performance than the well-nourished ones.Birth weight, diarrhea and ARI were found to be the main determinants /or nutritional status of the children. Nutritional status of the parents in cohort B was also better compared to that of cohort A, - and the nutritional status of the children, whose mothers were undernourished, was worse than that those of well nourished mothers. Long term effect of exclusive breast feeding on nutritional status of children leas observed in cohort A, however, it was correlated with WAZ of the children in cohort B only during the first 3 months of age.Conclusions: There was a positive secular trend in growth of Vietnamese children over the last 2 decades. There was a partial catch-up growth among the snorted children during adolescence. Birth weight, diarrhea and ARI were the main determinants for nutritional status of the young children. Exclusive breast-feeding determined nutritional status of children in cohort A over the period from birth to 24 months old, however, it was correlated with WAZ of the children in cohort B only during the first 3 months (Ore. Nutritional status of both children and mothers can he used as an indicator for quality of life. The stunted children at preschool age matured later and had lower academic performance than the non-stunted ones."

"ABSTRAKTinggi badan merupakan salah satu pengukuran antropometri yang penting untuk memantau pertumbuhan dan status gizi anak. Pengukuran antropometri pengganti (surrogate anthropometric measurement) dibutuhkan dalam kondisi dimana pengukuran tinggi badan sulit untuk dilakukan dan tidak akurat. Penelitian dengan desain cross-sectional ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan model prediksi tinggi badan berdasarkan panjang ulna dan panjang kaki dengan menggunakan regresi linier. Sebanyak 49 orang anak laki-laki, dan 62 orang anak perempuan yang berasal dari 3 Pra TK/ TK di Depok, dilibatkan di dalam penelitian ini selama bulan April?Mei 2016. Tinggi badan diukur menggunakan stadiometer, panjang ulna menggunakan pita ukur non elastis, dan panjang kaki menggunakan kaliper kayu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, terdapat korelasi yang sedang dan kuat antara panjang ulna dengan tinggi badan (laki-laki r = 0.682, perempuan r = 0.461), korelasi yang kuat juga ditunjukkan pada panjang kaki kanan dengan tinggi badan (laki-laki r = 0.726, perempuan r = 0.770), dan korelasi yang sangat kuat pada panjang kaki kiri dengan tinggi badan (laki-laki r = 0.830, perempuan r = 0.740). Panjang ulna dan panjang kaki merupakan indikator tinggi badan yang baik, akan tetapi, model prediksi tinggi badan berdasarkan panjang kaki kiri memiliki akurasi yang lebih baik dan lebih mudah digunakan.

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ABSTRACTHeight is an essential anthropometric measurement to monitor growth and nutirional status in children. Surrogate anthropometric measurements are needed when height is unobtainable and unreliable. This cross-sectional study was aim to develop prediction models from ulna and foot length by using linear regression. Boys (n= 49) and girls (n= 62) from 3 preschools in Depok were recruited in this study from April?Mei 2016. Stadiometer was used to measure height, non elastic tape to measure ulna length, and a caliper to measure foot length. The result of this study showed that there were a medium and strong correlation between ulna length and height (boys r = 0.682, girls r = 0.461), and right-foot length and height (boys r = 0.726, perempuan r = 0.770). Stronger correlation showed between left- foot length and height (boys r = 0.830, girls r = 0.740. Ulna and foot length are good predictors, however the prediction model based on left-foot length more accurate and easier to use than the prediction model based on ulna length."

"Addressing public health problems of child malnutrition in Indonesia needs an appropriate integrated health and nutrition program. Positive Deviance Approach integrated with Posyandu TKA (Tumbuh Kembang Anak) offered an excellent opportunity to alleviate the health and malnutrition problem. A community trial study was conducted with a main objective to measure the effect of 3-month Positive Deviance Approach (PDA) integrated with posyandu TKA on growth of the children under five in Pandeglang District, Banten Province, Indonesia.This research report is divided into three parts. Part 1 includes comprehensive reviews on the background of the study, rationale of the study, literature review, conceptual framework, hypothesis, objectives and variable indicator matrix.Part 2 covers the manuscript for publication with a title of "The Effectiveness of 3-months Positive Deviance Approach (PDA) integrated with Posyandu TKA (Tumbuh KembangAnak) on Growth of Underweight Children 6-59 months in Pandeglang District, Banten Province, Indonesia". It is written and formatted in accordance with the instructions for author of The Journal of Nutrition.Part 3 shows the supporting documents including important results that are not included in the manuscript, detailed methodology, grant approval, curriculum vitae and list of references for this research. List of operational definition and abbreviation are also included as guide for the readers.It is hoped that the results of this study will serve as reference data and advocacy tool for intervention program to address under nutrition among children. It can also be use for planning and implementation of future programs especially for Posyandu Revitalization Program in Indonesia."

"ABSTRAKPengukuran tinggi badan merupakan salah satu pengukuran dimensi tubuh yang penting untuk memantau status kesehatan. Metode pengukuran antropometri pengganti dibutuhkan ketika tinggi badan aktual tidak dapat dilakukan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain penelitian cross-sectional yang bertujuan untuk mengembangkan model prediksi tinggi badan berdasarkan panjang ulna, panjang telapak tangan, dan panjang telapak kaki dengan menggunakan persamaan regresi linier. Sebanyak 47 anak laki-laki, dan 44 anak perempuan tanpa disabilitas yang berasal dari SDIT X di Depok dilibatkan dalam penelitian ini selama bulan April-Mei 2017. Karakteristik antropometri yang diukur adalah tinggi badan, usia, panjang ulna, panjang telapak tangan, dan panjang telapak kaki. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perbedaan signifikan dan korelasi yang yang kuat antara tinggi badan dengan panjang ulna kanan laki-laki r= 0.849, perempuan r= 0.880 , panjang ulna kiri laki-laki r= 0.857, perempuan r= 0.880 , panjang telapak tangan kanan laki-laki r= 0.831, perempuan r= 0.842 , panjang telapak tangan kiri laki-laki r= 0.843, perempuan r= 0.851 , panjang telapak kaki kanan laki-laki r= 0.838, perempuan r= 0.900 , panjang telapak kaki kiri laki-laki r= 0.8443, perempuan r= 0.902 . Penelitian ini menghasilkan persamaan regresi linier ganda untuk memprediksi tinggi badan. Panjang ulna, panjang telapak tangan, dan panjang telapak kaki merupakan prediktor yang baik dalam memprediksi tinggi badan anak usia 6-9 tahun R2 ulna kanan= 0.796, R2 ulna kiri= 0.800, R2 telapak tangan kanan= 0.761, R2 telapak tangan kiri= 0.772, dan R2 telapak kaki kiri= 0.820 . Model prediksi tinggi badan berdasarkan panjang telapak kaki kiri memiliki akurasi yang lebih baik dibandingkan prediktor lainnya.

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ABSTRACTHeight measurement is fundamental to assessing growth and nutrition. The surrogate measurement method is needed when actual height can not be obtained directly. The design of this study was cross sectional which purposed to develop prediction models based on ulna length, hand length, and foot length. Males and females aged 6 to 9 years without disability were recruited from Private Elementary School in Depok on April until May 2017. The anthropometric characteristics of their height, age, ulna length, hand length, and foot length were measured. Height was measured with a stadiometer, ulna, hand, and foot length were measured with caliper. The result of this study showed significant differences and strong correlation between stature and right ulna length boys r 0.849, girls r 0.880 , left ulna length boys r 0.857, girls r 0.880 , right hand length boys r 0.831, girls r 0.842 , left hand length boys r 0.843, girls r 0.851 , right foot length boys r 0.838, girls r 0.900 , left foot length boys r 0.8443, girls r 0.902 . The study derived a multiple linear regression equation for predicting height. Ulna length, hand length, and foot length are good predictor for estimating height in children aged 6 9 years right ulna R2 0.796, left ulna R2 0.800, right hand R2 0.761, left hand R2 0.772, dan left foot R2 0.820 . Prediction model based on left foot more accurate in estimating height than other predictors."

"ABSTRAKStunting merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang perlu diatasi karena berhubungan dengan meningkatnya risiko kesakitan dan kematian, terhambatnya perkembangan motorik, dan pertumbuhan mental. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui mengetahui gambaran dan faktor dominan kejadian stunting pada balita di Desa Talagamulya Kabupaten Karawang tahun 2013. Desain penelitain yang digunakan adalah cross sectional. Sampel pada penelitian ini berjumlah 118 balita yang didapat dengan cara total sampling. Penelitiani ini dilakukan pada bulan April sampai Mei 2013. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan pengukuran tinggi badan, panjang badan, wawancara dengan kuesioner dan lembar FFQ semikuatitatif. Analisis data dilakukan dengan uji chi square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi stunting balita usia 12-36 bulan di Desa Talagamulya sebesar 38,2% dan status gizi TB/U normal sebesar 61,8%. Analisis uji statistik menunjukkan hubungan yang bermakna antara berat lahir, panjang lahir, asupan energi, asupan protein, asupan zat besi, riwayat pemberian ASI eksklusif, dan pendidikan ibu dengan kejadian stunting. Faktor yang paling dominan dengan kejadian stunting adalah panjang lahir setelah dikontrol variabel asupan energi, berat lahir, asupan lemak, asupan besi, asupan seng pemberian ASI dan pengetahuan gizi.

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ABSTRACTStunting is a public health problem that needs to be addressed due to the increased risk of morbidity and mortality, impaired motor development, and mental growth. This study aims to determine and reveal the main factors in the incidence of stunting in children under five Talagamulya village Karawang regency in 2013. This study uses cross sectional research design. Samples in this research were 118 toddlers obtained by total sampling. This research was conducted in April and May 2013. The data was collected by measuring height, body length, questionnaires and interviews with FFQ semikuatitatif sheet. Data were analyzed by chi square test. The results showed that the prevalence of stunting in children aged 12-36 months was 38.2% Talagamulya village and nutritional status of height for age normal of 61.8%. Statistical analysis showed a significant association between birth weight, birth length, energy intake, protein intake, iron intake, history of exclusive breastfeeding, and maternal education with incidence of stunting. The most dominant factor in the incidence of stunting was birth length after the controlled variable intake of energy, birth weigth, intake of fat, intake of iron, intake of zinc, breastfeeding and nutrition knowledge."

"ABSTRAKStunting atau tubuh yang pendek berdasarkan tinggi badan menurut umur padaanak, merupakan efek kumulatif asupan zat gizi tidak memadai atau hasil infeksikronis yang berkontribusi terhadap terjadinya kurang gizi dalam waktu lama dantidak mendapatkan penanganan baik. Adanya hubungan antara pertumbuhantinggi badan yang lambat pada awal masa kehidupan dengan rendahnya kualitasSDM di kemudian hari. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui faktor dominan yangberhubungan dengan terjadinya stunting pada anak 7-36 bulan di wilayahPuskesmas Pancoran Mas Kota Depok tahun 2013. Penelitian menggunakandesain cross sectional dengan sampel 163 orang. Data diperoleh dari datasekunder dan primer melalui kuesioner hasil wawancara dan pengukuranlangsung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 26,4% batita stunting pada anak 7-36bulan di wilayah Puskesmas Pancoran Mas Kota Depok tahun 2013. Terdapathubungan antara asupan (energi, protein, vitamin A, Fe), riwayat ASI eksklusif,MP-ASI, penyakit infeksi, umur dan berat lahir dengan terjadinya stunting.Analisis regresi logistik ganda menunjukkan asupan protein sebagai faktordominan berhubungan dengan terjadinya stunting (OR=7,68) setelah dikontrolumur anak dan riwayat penyakit infeksi. Pencegahan stunting pada batita denganmeningkatkan mutu MP-ASI melalui praktek makan bersama batita denganpengolahan beragam makanan lokal sumber protein melalui pendampinganpetugas gizi dan kader kesehatan secara berkesinambungan.

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ABSTRACTStunting or short body height based on the child's age, is the cumulative effect ofinadequate nutrient intake or chronic infection results which contribute tomalnutrition in a long time and did not get good treatment. The existence of arelationship between height growth is slow at the beginning of life to the lowquality of human resources in the future. This research aims to determine thedominant factors associated with the occurrence of stunting in children 7-36months at Pancoran Mas Primary Health Center Depok in 2013. Studies usingcross-sectional design with a sample of 163 people. Data obtained from secondaryand primary data through interviews and questionnaires direct measurement. Theresults showed 26.4% of toddlers stunting in children 7-36 months at PancoranMas Primary Health Center Depok in 2013. There is a relationship between theintake (energy, protein, vitamin A, Fe), history of breastfeeding, complementaryfeeding, infectious diseases, age and birth weight with the occurrence of stunting.Multiple logistic regression analysis showed protein intake as a dominant factorassociated with the occurrence of stunting (OR = 7.68) after controlling the child'sage and history of infectious diseases. Prevention of stunting in toddlers,improving the quality of complementary feeding practices through eating withtoddlers that a variety of local food processing protein nutrition workers throughmentoring and health volunteers on an ongoing basis."

"Periode golden age atau 1000 HPK merupakan fase penting bagi balita stunting untuk mengejar ketertinggalan pada proses pertumbuhan dan perkembangan. Ibu sebagai pengasuh utama memiliki peran yang penting dalam menunjang balita untuk dapat mengalami pemulihan menjadi tidak stunting. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan gambaran tentang pengalaman ibu dalam merawat balita stunting usia kurang dari 24 bulan yang mengalami pemulihan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode fenomenologi deskriptif pada 17 ibu yang memiliki pengalaman merawat balita melalui wawancara mendalam dengan menggunakan analisis collaizi. Hasil penelitian menemukan 7 tema yaitu (1) respon ibu mengenai balita stunting, (2) faktor penyebab stunting pada balita, (3) pandangan ibu mengenai pemulihan stunting, (4) faktor yang mempengaruhi pemulihan pada balita stunting, (5) hambatan merawat balita stunting, (6) cara mengatasi hambatan, (7) harapan ibu pada balita yang telah pulih dari stunting. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan gambaran dalam memberikan intervensi keperawatan komunitas bagi ibu atau keluarga yang memiliki balita dengan stunting untuk mencapai kondisi pemulihan.

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The golden age period or 1000 HPK is an important phase for stunting toddlers to catch up on the growth and development process. Mothers as the main caregiver have an important role in supporting toddlers to be able to experience recovery from stunting. The purpose of this study was to obtain a description of the mother's experience in caring for stunted toddlers aged less than 24 months who experienced recovery. This study used descriptive phenomenological methods on 17 mothers who had experience caring for toddlers through in-depth interviews using collaizi analysis. The results of the study found 7 themes, namely (1) mothers‘ responses regarding stunted toddlers, (2) factors that cause stunting in toddlers, (3) mothers’ views on stunting recovery, (4) factors that affect recovery in stunted toddlers, (5) obstacles to caring for stunted toddlers, (6) how to overcome obstacles, (7) mothers' expectations for toddlers who have recovered from stunting. This research is expected to provide an overview in providing community nursing interventions for mothers or families who have toddlers with stunting to achieve recovery conditions."

"Stunting merupakan kondisi gagal tumbuh pada balita yang diakibatkan karena kekurangan gizi kronis dan terjadi dalam jangka waktu panjang ditandai dengan tinggi/panjang badan anak terhadap usia <-2 SD kurva pertumbuhan WHO. Prevalensi Stunting di Indonesia pada tahun 2022 adalah 21,6%. Provinsi NTB merupakan salah satu provinsi yang mengalami kenaikan prevalensi stunting dari dari 31,4% pada tahun 2021 menjadi 32,7% pada tahun 2022. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahu faktor risiko penyebab stunting pada anak usia 24-59 bulan di Provinsi NTB. Desain dalam penelitian ini adalah cross-sectional menggunakan data SSGI 2022. Sampel dalam penelitian ini anak anak usia 24-59 bulan di Provinsi NTB yang terpilih menjadi responden SSGI 2022. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan chi-square dan regresi logistik berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan jenis kelamin, pendidikan ibu, pekerjaan ibu, jumlah balita dalam keluarga, sumber air minum, dan kepemilikan jamban berhubungan dengan kejadian stunting (p<0,05). Faktor dominan yang berhubungan dengan kejadian stunting pada anak usia 24-59 bulan di Provinsi NTB adalah sumber air minum setelah dipengaruhi oleh variabel jenis kelamin anak dan pendidikan ibu (OR : 1,399 ; 95% CI : 1,168-1,675).

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Stunting is a condition of failure to grow in toddlers due to malnutrition over a long period of time characterized by the height/length of the child's body for age <-2 SD on the WHO growth curve. The prevalence of stunting in Indonesia in 2022 is 21.6%. NTB Province is one of the provinces that has experienced an increase in the prevalence of stunting from 31,4% in 2021 to 32,7% in 2022. This research aims to determine the risk factors that cause stunting in children aged 24-59 months in NTB Province. The design of this study was cross-sectional using SSGI 2022 data. The sample in this study was children aged 24-59 months in NTB Province who were selected as respondents to the SSGI 2022. Data analysis was carried out using chi-square and multiple logistic regression. The results of the study showed that gender, maternal education, maternal occupation, the number of children under five in the family, drinking water sources, and ownership of toilet were related to the incidence of stunting (p<0.05). The dominant factor associated with the incidence of stunting in children aged 24-59 months in NTB Province is drinking water sources which is influences by the sex of the child and maternal education (OR : 1,399 ; 95% CI : 1,168-1,675)."