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"Discontinuities in earnings distribution have been discovered by several studies in United States and Australia. These studies examined the pooled, cross sectional distribution of earnings and found discontinuities around earnings threshold which indicates the exercise of management discretion to exceed earnings threshold. This study examines the distribution of earnings in Indonesia for two important purposes which are avoiding losses and avoiding earnings decline.The result on listed companies at the JSX during 1999 - 2002 show abnormality in earnings distribution, whereas total small profit firms are above expectations, meanwhile total small loss firms are the opposite. We didn 't find such abnormality in the distribution of earnings changes, whereas total small decrease firms in contrary are above expectations. This suggests that the most important earnings threshold for Indonesian firms is to avoid reporting losses."

"This study aims to examine the effect of accrual or real earnings management on the possibility of companiesinvolved in tax shelter activities by using Surat Ketetapan Pajak Kurang Bayar (notice of tax deficiency)as a proxy to measure the tax shelter. By using a sample of companies who received Surat Ketetapan PajakKurang Bayar (notice of tax deficiency) in manufacturing industry and listed in Indonesia Stock Exchangeduring the period 2001-2010, this study finds that the company tends to favor accrual earnings managementfor decreasing possibility of aggressive tax shelter activities. This finding is not supporting the hyphotesis.Real earnings management via abnormal operating cash flows and abnormal discretionary productionincreasing possibility of aggressive tax shelter activities. Both findings are supporting the hypothesis. Thisstudy also finds that both practices of accrual earnings management or real earnings management havesubstitute effect in explaining the possibility of companies involved in tax shelter activities.AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh manajemen laba akrual atau manajemen laba riilterhadap kemungkinan perusahaan terlibat dalam aktivitas tax shelter dengan menggunakan sanksi pajakberdasarkan Surat Ketetapan Pajak Kurang Bayar (SKPKB) untuk mengidentifikasi perusahaan yangterindikasi melakukan aktivitas tax shelter. Dengan menggunakan sampel perusahaan yang menerima danmendapatkan ketetapan final SKPKB pada perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesiaperiode 2001-2010, hasil penelitian menunjukkan perusahaan cenderung menggunakan manajemen labaakrual untuk menurunkan kemungkinan perusahaan terlibat dalam kegiatan tax shelter. Temuan tersebuttidak sesuai dengan dugaan penelitian. Temuan yang sesuai dengan dugaan penelitian adalah manajemenlaba riil melalui diskresi arus kas operasi dan biaya produksi menaikkan kemungkinan perusahaan terlibatdalam kegiatan tax shelter. Studi ini juga menemukan bahwa penggunaan manajemen laba akrual atau riildalam aktivitas tax shelter dapat saling bersubstitusi."

"This study examines the impact of earnings management to impression management in ManagementDiscussion and Analysis (MD&A). Earnings management is measured using an index that includes accrualdiscretional, income smoothing, and loss avoidance reporting. Impression management is measured usingan index that includes the use of self-serving attribution and accounting explanation bias. Impressionmanagement data are obtained by content analysis of the MD&A sections of 594 annual report companiesin the period between 2004 and 2009. Empirical test results show that earnings management, performancelevel, performance changes, and economic conditions negatively affects impression management. The studyresults are usefull for regulators to formulate and enforce the Bapepam rules No. VIII.G.2 about annualreport to minimize the possibility managers conducting earnings and impression management.AbstractPenelitian ini menguji pengaruh manajemen laba terhadap manajemen impresi dalam Analisis danPembahasan Manajemen (MD&A). Manajemen laba diukur menggunakan indeks yang mencakup akrualdiskresional, perataan laba, dan penghindaran pelaporan rugi. Manajemen impresi diukur menggunakanindeks yang mencakup atribusi self-serving dan bias penjelasan akuntansi. Data manajemen impresidiperoleh melalui analisis konten bagian MD&A 594 laporan tahunan perusahaan dari tahun 2004 sampai2009. Penelitian ini berhasil memberikan bukti bahwa manajemen laba, tingkat kinerja, perubahan kinerja,dan kondisi ekonomi berpengaruh negatif pada manajemen impresi. Hasil penelitian berguna bagi regulatordalam merumuskan dan menegakkan aturan Bapepam No. VIII.G.2 mengenai laporan tahunan gunameminimalkan kemungkinan manajer melakukan manajemen laba dan manajemen impresi."

"Financial ratio constitutes instruments company analysis which explain a few relation and financial indicator or operated prestation in past and help to describe trend of changing formula...."

"Managers manage their earnings because they want to influence the investors perception about firm s performance, subsequently the firms could extract low cost exsternal fund. Managers have incentive to practice income-increasing earnings management before they make initial public offerings (1PO) in order to get high offering price. However, these practice could decrease the opportunity of managers to manage their earnings in the future periods. If earnings management before public offering cause investors to be over optimistic about future earnings, investors will be disappointed with firm s performance after IPO and the firm value tend to decrease in the periods after the IPO. This study investigates the effect of earnings management on the firm's value and performance in the periods before and after the initial public offering.Results of (his study show that managers practice income-increasing earnings management before their initial public offerings. Earnings management have positive impact on firm value in the initial public offering period, but this has negative impact in the periods after IPO. Firms 'values in the end of IPO are lower than firms 'values in the IPO period. Firms' performances in the years after the initial public offering were higher than firms 'performances in the year of IPO, but the average of return of asset decreases in the periods after IPO."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji hubungan antara manajemen laba danfraud pada laporan keuangan. Manajemen laba diukur dengan aggregated priordiscretionary accruals, abnormal book-tax differences, unexpected revenue peremployee (Dechow et al, 1996; Perols dan Barbara, 2011; Tang dan Firth, 2011).Sampel penelitian terdiri dari 16 perusahaan yang melakukan fraud dan 16perusahaan yang tidak melakukan fraud. Pemilihan sampel menggunakan metodematching sample berdasarkan industri dan ukuran perusahaan. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa aggregated prior discretionary accruals dan unexpectedrevenue per employee memiliki hubungan positif dengan fraud. Sementaraabnormal book-tax differences memiliki hubungan negatif dengan fraud.

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ABSTRACTThe purpose of this research is to examine the relation between earningsmanagement and financial statement fraud. Earnings management is measured byusing aggregated prior discretionary accruals, abnormal book-tax differences,unexpected revenue per employee (Dechow et al, 1996; Perols dan Barbara, 2011;Tang dan Firth, 2011). The research is conducted by using samples of 16 fraudfirms and 16 non fraud firms. The samples are matched based on industry andcompany size. The results show that aggregated prior discretionary accruals andunexpected revenue per employee have positive relation with financial statementfraud. On the other hand, abnormal book-tax differences have negative relationwith financial statement fraud."

"This study aims to determine whether the companies paying dividend in the previous year (payers)are more likely to perform earnings management than companies that do not (non-payers) inorder to meet the expected dividend. The study also examines the impact of premanaged earningsand expected dividend on earnings management practices. Sample used in this research aremanufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2010-2012. The findings suggestthat there is a significant negative relationship between premanaged earnings and discretionaryaccruals, and a significant positive relationship between the expected dividends and discretionaryaccruals. This study concludes that dividend is important determinant of earnings thresholds.However, dividend is not a unique motivation to perform earnings management.AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah perusahaan yang membayarkan dividen ditahun sebelumnya (payers) lebih cenderung melakukan manajemen laba daripada perusahaanyang tidak membayarkan dividen di tahun sebelumnya (non-payers) agar dapat memenuhidividen yang diharapkan. Penelitian menguji bagaimana pengaruh premanaged earnings dandividen yang diharapkan dengan praktik manajemen laba. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampelbadan usaha manufaktur yang terdaftar di BEI periode 2010-2012 dengan menggunakan teknikpurposive/judgement sampling. Temuan menunjukkan premanaged earnings berpengaruh negatifsignifikan terhadap akrual diskresioner yang merupakan proksi dari manajemen laba. Penelitian inimenyimpulkan meskipun dividen yang diharapkan adalah salah satu penentu earnings threshold,namun dividen bukan menjadi unique motivation untuk melakukan manajemen laba."

"This study examines the motives for earnings management following a series of regulation releasedby the Capital Market Supervisory Agency and Indonesian Stock Exchange in 2004. After the releaseof SK Bapepam-LK and BEJ, this study predicts that the negative effect of board of commissionerson abnormal accruals is more pronounced and the predictive content of abnormal accruals isstronger than previous periods. Results of the study are summarized as follows. First, the negativeeffect of the board of commissioners on earnings management is stronger after the isssuance ofSK Bapepam-LK and BEJ. Second, the predictive content of abnormal accruals is stronger forperiods 2004-2010 than that for 2001-2003. Third, the addition of independent members to becomemajority in the board of commissioner does not alter the predictive content of accruals. Overall,the results indicate that SK Bapepam-LK and BEJ have successfully increased the monitoringfunction of board of commissioners. This paper contributes to the current debates in earningsmanagement studies regarding the motivation for earnings management (signaling versus privategain). In addition, the evidence indicates the inconsistent results of previous earnings managementstudies in Indonesia with respect to the role of independent commissioners stem from the passageof regulation on corporate governance that took place in 2004.AbstrakPenelitian ini menguji motif manajemen laba setelah terbitnya serangkaian surat keputusan yangdikeluarkan oleh Badan Pengawas Pasar Modal dan Lembaga Keuangan (Bapepam-LK) dan BursaEfek Jakarta (BEJ) sepanjang tahun 2004. Pasca regulasi, penelitian ini memprediksi pengaruh negatifindependensi dewan komisaris terhadap manajemen laba dan kandungan prediktif akrual abnormalterhadap laba tahun depan lebih kuat dibandingkan periode sebelumnya. Penelitian ini menemukantiga hal menarik. Pertama, pengaruh negatif dewan komisaris terhadap akrual abnormal absolutlebih kuat setelah SK Bapepam-LK dan BEJ terbit dibandingkan sebelumnya. Kedua, kandunganprediktif akrual abnormal lebih kuat pada periode 2004-2010 dibandingkan 2001-2003. Ketiga,penambahan anggota yang independen ke dalam dewan komisaris tidak memengaruhi kandunganprediktif akrual. Secara keseluruhan, hasil tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa SK Bapepam-LK danBEJ efektif meningkatkan fungsi pemantauan dewan komisaris, khususnya apabila dilihat dalamperspektif manajemen laba sebagai mekanisme pensinyalan. Di samping itu, hasil penelitian inidapat digunakan untuk menjelaskan inkonsistensi hasil-hasil penelitian manajemen laba terdahuludi Indonesia berkaitan dengan peran dewan komisaris dalam menurunkan manajemen laba. Buktiyang ditemukan dalam studi ini menunjukkan bahwa inkonsistensi hasil studi terdahulu bersumberdari terbitnya regulasi tata kelola perusahaan pada tahun 2004."

"[Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui model pengukuran manajemen laba yang lebih baik antara model pengukuran modified Jones (Dechow et al., 1995); peformance matched (Kothari et al., 2005) dan revenue (Stubben, 2010). Pengujian atas model pengukuran dilakukan berdasarkan persentase dari hasil regresi model pengukuran tersebut berdasarkan nilai signifikansi serentak (F-Stat), koefisien determinasi (adjusted R2), nilai signifikansi variabel independen, dan kesesuaian arah koefisien dari tiap variabel independen pengujian. Penelitian ini menggunakan 2862 sampel perusahaan yang terdaftar dalam Bursa Efek Indonesia, yang terbagi kedalam 8 kategori industri, dengan periode penelitian dimulai dari tahun 2002-2012. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model revenue (Stubben, 2010) sebagai model pengukuran manajemen laba, mampu mengungguli model pengukuran modified Jones (Dechow et al., 1995) dan model performance matched (Kothari et al., 2005).

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This study aims to examine which measurement model of earnings management that perform better, which are modified Jones (Dechow et al., 1995), performance matched (Kothari et al., 2005), and revenue (Stubben, 2010). The measurement models were tested by calculating the percentage level from reggresion using F-Stat, coefficient of determination (adjusted R2), significance of independent variables, and the suitability of the direction for each independent variabels that been tested. This research use 2.858 sample of company that listed on Bursa Efek Indonesia, consist of 8 industry category, with the research period of 2002-2012. The result of this research shows that the revenue model (Stubben, 2010) perform better than the other models of modified Jones (Dechow et al., 1995) and performance matched (Kothari et al., 2005)., This study aims to examine which measurement model of earnings management that perform better, which are modified Jones (Dechow et al., 1995), performance matched (Kothari et al., 2005), and revenue (Stubben, 2010). The measurement models were tested by calculating the percentage level from reggresion using F-Stat, coefficient of determination (adjusted R2), significance of independent variables, and the suitability of the direction for each independent variabels that been tested. This research use 2.858 sample of company that listed on Bursa Efek Indonesia, consist of 8 industry category, with the research period of 2002-2012. The result of this research shows that the revenue model (Stubben, 2010) perform better than the other models of modified Jones (Dechow et al., 1995) and performance matched (Kothari et al., 2005).

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