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"Pandangan dan tafsiran mengenai modalitas sering berbeda antara ahli yang satu dan ahli yang lain. Seperti yang dikutip oleh Perkins (1983:6) dari Ackrill (1983), Aristoteles merupakan ahli yang pertama kali menyatakan gagasan atau buah pikiran mengenai apa yang sekarang disebut modalitas itu. Dengan menggunakan sudut pandang yang didasari oleh logika modal {modal logic), Aristoteles menyebutkan keperluan (necessity), kemungkinan (possibility), dan ketakmungkinan (impossibility) sebagai permasalahan modalitas. Dua pengertian yang disebutkan pertama, yaitu keperluan dan kemungkinan, oleh sebagian ahli bahkan dianggap sebagai masalah utama dalam sistem modalitas (Geerts dan Malls, 1978: 108; Lyons, 1977:787; Palmer, 1979:8).Maingueneau (1976:112) menyoroti modalitas tidak hanya dari sudut logika karena menurut pendapatnya, modalitas pikiran (modalite Iogique) perlu dibedakan dari modalitas apresiatif (modalite appreciative). Yang dimaksudkannya dengan modalitas pikiran ialah sikap pembicara yang menggambarkan, antara lain, kebenaran (la verite), kementakan atau kebolehjadian (la probabilite), dan kepastian (la certitude), sedangkan yang menggambarkan perasaan gembira (1'heureux) dan sedih (le triste) digolongkannya ke dalam modalitas apresiatif."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan memberikan runtunan pemarkah aspektualitas dan modalitas di dalam sintaksis bahasa Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif.Data diambil dari surat kabar, tabloid, majalah, novel, dan buku dengan jumlah 2394 korpus data. Temuan penelitian ini adalah terdapat 22 pola runtunan dan 76 formula runtunan pemarkah aspektualitas dan modalitas bahasa Indonesia. Pemarkah aspektualitas yang sering muncul adalah akan, sudah, dan telah. Pemarkah modalitas yang sering muncul adalah dapat dan bisa.Pola runtunan yang muncul dari temuan penelitian adalah pemarkah aspektualitas imperfektif + aspektualitas perfektif maupun imperfektif; pemarkah aspektualitas perfektif + aspektualitas perfektif; pemarkah aspektualitas imperfektif + modalitas intensional, epistemik, deontik, maupun dinamik; pemarkah aspektualitas perfektif + modalitas intensional, epistemik, deontik, maupun dinamik; pemarkah modalitas epistemik + aspektualitas imperfektif maupun perfektif; pemarkah modalitas intensional + aspektualitas imperfektif; pemarkah modalitas dinamik + aspektualitas imperfektif; pemarkah modalitas epistemik + modalitas intensional, epistemik, deontik, maupun dinamik; pemarkah modalitas intensional + modalitas dinamik; pemarkah modalitas deontik + modalitas intensional; pemarkah modalitas dinamik + modalitas epistemik maupun intensional.Pola runtunan yang tidak muncul dari temuan penelitian adalah pemarkah aspektualitas perfektif + aspektualitas perfektif, pemarkah modalitas intensional + aspektualitas perfektif, pemarkah modalitas deontik + aspektualitas perfektif, pemarkah modalitas deontik + aspektualitas imperfektif, pemarkah modalitas dinamik + aspektualitas perfektif, pemarkah modalitas intensional + modalitas epistemik, intensional, deontik, maupun dinamik, pemarkah modalitas deontik + modalitas epistemik, deontik maupun dinamik, pemarkah modalitas dinamik + modalitas deontik dan dinamik.

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The purpose of this study is to describe the series of aspectuality dan modality markers in Indonesian syntax. The research method used in this study is descriptive qualitative.The data was taken from daily, tabloid, weekly, and books by using 2394 occurrences of aspectuality and modality markers. This study reveals that there are 22 series of aspectuality dan modality markers with 76 formulas.The series of aspectuality dan modality markers which appears are perfective aspectuality + perfective and imperfective aspectuality; perfective aspectuality + imperfective aspectuality; perfective aspectuality + epistemic, intentional, deontic, and dynamic modality; imperfective aspectuality + imperfective aspectuality; perfective aspectuality + epistemic, intentional, deontic, and dynamic modality: epistemic modality + Perfective and imperfective aspectuality; intentional modality + imperfective aspectuality; dynamic modality + imperfective aspectuality; epistemic modality + epistemic, intentional, deontic, and dynamic modality; intentional modality + dynamic modality; deontic modality + intentional modality; dynamic modality + epistemic and intentional modality.The series of aspectuality dan modality markers which do not appear are perfective aspectuality + perfective aspectuality; intentional modality + perfective aspectuality; deontic modality + perfective aspectuality; deontic modality + imperfective modality; dynamic modality + perfective aspectuality; intentional modality + epistemic, intentional, deontic, and dynamic modality; deontic modality + epistemic, deontic and dynamic modality; dynamic modality + deontic and dynamic modality."

"Perlulah kiranja isi uraian diatas itu, saja simpulkan disini dalam beberapa kalimat. Istilah wijzers van modaliteit jang dipakai oleh Prof. Gonda untuk menjebut fungsi sedjumlah kata2 tertentu, jang menjatakan modalitet dalam bahasa Indonesia itu, menurut pendapat saja terlalu umum sifatnja. Prpf. A.A. Fokker-pun setjara umum menjebut kata2 penjatakan modalitet itu modale woorde..."

"This study is aimed to explore a construction in Indonesian that contains clause relations linked without any conjunction. The construction is traditionally called asyndetic construction. The discussions about clause relations in Indonesian have been generally emphasized on the use of conjunctions as clause relation markers. Some grammarians have actually also discussed the use of asyndetic construction in Indonesian, such as Mees (1949), Fokker (1951), Lapoliwa (1999), Kridalaksana (l985 and 1999), and Baryadi (2000). However, the discussions were only some parts of the wider topics. It should also be noted that the term of asyndetic construction has not been sharpened during the discussions. This study, therefore, is expected to sharpen the concept.By applying the Systemic Functional Grammar by Halliday (1994), which underlies the theoretical framework of this study, this study is focused on three discussions- Those are (i) the features of asyndetic construction in Indonesian, (ii) the production rules of asyndetic construction, and (ii) the relation between the use of asyndetic construction and certain language styles, especially journalistic style, which productively use the construction. As the lindings of this study, related to the features of the asyndetic construction, it is found that there are three types of asyndetic construction in Indonesian, which are (i) paratactic-asyndetic construction, (ii) hypotactic-asyndetic construction, and (iii) embedded-asyndetic construction. There are two main rules of the construction production, namely the clause joining and the logical meaning of clause relations. The clause joining shows a strategy of asyndetic construction forming based on the syntactical core functions. The logical meaning of clause relations shows a strategy of clause relation composing between main clause and main clause, dependent clause and dependent clause, and embedded clause and nominal group.Concerning the features of asyndetic construction in Indonesian, the paratactic-asyndetic construction is formed by three ways, which are linking, juxtaposition, and juxtaposition-linking. The hypotactic-asyndetic construction is formed by subordination. The embedded-asyndetic construction is formed by rank-shifting.Meanwhile, the logical meaning of clause relations can also be identified. The logical meanings of clause relations in paratactic-asyndetic construction are divided into two groups, which are expansion and projection. The expansion can be divided into (i) elaboration, which covers exposition, exemplitication, and clarification, (ii) extension, which covers addition and polar alternation, and (iii) enhancement, which covers temporal, causal, and conditional relations. The projection can be divided into locution and idea projection. The logical meanings of clause relations in hypotactic-asyndetic construction are also divided into two groups, which are expansion and projection. The expansion is only found in the form of enhancement, which covers temporal, causal, manner, purposive, conditional, and concessive relations. The projection covers both locution and idea projection. The logical meanings of clause relations in embedded-asyndetic construction are divided into expansion an projection. The expansion can be divided into elaboration, which is only found in the fonn exemplification, and enhancement, which is only in the form of purposive relation. The projection is only in the form of idea proj ection, which covers sense and cognition relations.Related to the language style, this study explores data that is not limited to a certain style. The large ntunber of data obtained from joumalistic style, especially hom printed mass media, shows at least that the asyndetic construction becomes one of the special characteristics of the journalistic style. The high frequency of the construction use in the journalistic style is mainly caused by literal translation, e.g. literal translation from participial construction in English, as the source language, into hypotactic-asyndetic construction in Indonesian, as the target language."

"Dalam bagian terdahulu dari karangan ini telah dikemukakan beberapa masalah tentang adverbia. Dari pokok-pokok permasalahan yang dibahas dapatlah disimpulkan sebagai berikut. Pembicaraan mengenai adverbia selama ini lebih mementingkan arti dari pada bentuk. Di antara 9 orang penulis yang diringkaskan pendapatnya, hanya tiga orang (Zainuddin, Slametmuljana, dan C.A. Mees) yang membicarakan adverbia dari segi bentuk. Penulis yang lain membicarakan adverbia hanya dari segi arti.Dengan menyadari betapa pentingnya segi bentuk di samping arti, karangan ini menampilkan pambicaraan dari segi bentuk; karena bentuk kata dapat menentukan perubahan jenis kata. Kata tertentu yang mandapat afiks, diulang pengucapannya atau digabungkan dengan partikel, dapat merubah makna. Oleh sebab itulah dalam karangan ini selain segi arti segi bentukpun diuraikan pula. Di samping masalah arti. (semantis) dan bentuk (morfologis), segi sintaktis dalam adverbia harus pula diteliti. Adverbia yang unsurnya lebih dari satu kata pada dasarnya adalah satuan sintaktis sebab hubungan antar unsur, dan bentuk gabungan (frase adverbial) barulah jelas kedudukannya bila diuraikan dari segi sintaktis."