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"Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) causes damage to the human immune system and the disease known as Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). This virus is a member of the Lentivirus group of viruses of the Retrovirus subfamily, which has a reverse tran-scriptase enzyme. HIV infects cells which expres CD4, mediated by gp 120. HIV infection changes the lymphocyte migration pattern, the activity of cytotoxic T cells and CD4 T cell count. The T cell CD4+ count is related to the progressivity of the disease.Anti gp 120 is the antibody most abundantly produced during HIV infection. Spesific antibody concentration for the antigens vary among individuals and single individual at different stages of the infection. Expression of the HIV antigen and/or antibody can be used to establishing the diagnosis and determine the stage of the disease. CD4+ cells count can be used to determine the stage of HIV infection, to predict the occurance of opportunistic infection and other complications, and to determine as well as to monitor therapy"

"Latar Belakang : Infeksi sering didapatkan pada pasien kenker nasofaring yang menjalani kemoterapi. Infeksi disebabkan oleh rusaknya barier fisik karena efek kemoterapi atau efek kemoterapi yang akan menurunkan imunitas tubuh,Infeksi pasca kemoterapi akan menunda kemoterapi berikutnya, akibatnya respon kemoterapi menjadi tidak optimal. Tujuan : Mendapatkan data status imunitas selular primer dan sekunder, pasca kemoterapi neoajuvan 3 siklus, data kekerapan infeksi dan perbandingan kekerapan infeksi pada pasien KNF stadium lanjut yang mendapatkan kemoterapi neoadjuvan 3 siklus pada pasien kanker nasofaring stadium lanjut, antara yang imunitas selular menurun dan yang tidak menurun. Metode : Penelitian one group before and after observasional, 1 kelompok tanpa kontrol selama 3 bulan di gedung A lantai 8 RSCM, juli ndash; september 2015.Penurunan rerata jumlah lekosit, netrofil, CD4 , CD8, kejadian infeksi dianalisis bivariat dengan uji T berpasangan atau uji Mann Whitney.Penelitian ini juga melihat kekerapan kejadian infejsi post kemoterapi neoadjuvan.Penelitian ini menggunakan tingkat kemaknaan 0,005, interval kepercayaan 95. Hasil : Tidak ada penurunan status imunitas selular primer, lekosit p=0,356 dan netrofil p=0,289.Terdapat penurunan status imunitas selular sekunder, CD 4 P=0,002, CD 8 P=0,001, dengan ratio CD 4 /CD 8 tidak berubah rerata CD 4 sudah rendah sejak sebelum kemoterapi.Mukositis oral dan pneumonia merupakan infeksi yang kerap didapatkan. CD4 yang rendah pada kelompok sebelum kemoterapi meningkatkan potensi infeksi selama dan sesudah kemoterapi neoadjuvan.Penurunan imunitas seluler sekunder nilai rerata jumlah CD4 berhubungan dengan peningkatan kejadian infeksi pasca siklus ke 2 p=0,016. Kesimpulan : Tidak terdapat penurunan imunitas selular primer dan didapatkan penurunan imunitas selular sekunder pada pasien karsinoma nasofaring stadium lanjut yang menjalani kemoterapi neoadjuvan 3 siklus.Pada pasien dengan penurunan imunitas selular sekunder terdapat peningkatan kejadian infeksi mukositis oral dan pneumonia CD 4 yang rendah merupakan prediktor kejadian infeksi. Penurunan imunitas selular sekunder hanya akan meningkatkan kejadian infeksi pasca siklus ke 2 kemoterapi neoadjuvan.

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Background: The infections especially in a the oropharynx often get on cancer patients nasopharyngeal .One of the causes of infection include breakdowns physical mucous barier because the tumor growth or because the effects of chemotherapy and radiation .Chemotherapy and radiation will result in side effects namely the inflammation and ulceration mouth and the oropharynx mucous called mukositis oral.selama endure chemotherapy, besides mukositis oral, infections of the also often found .Chemotherapy resulted in an emphasis on cell production immune response that result in the lekopenia with rob possibilities infection become larger.

The purpose: To asess of immunity cellular status on advanced stage nasaofaringeal patient to get 3 cycle neoadjuvan chemotherapy and assess the incident lung infection and tumor area after undergoing 3 cycle neoadjuvan chemotherapy.

The methode: Research one group before and after observational use 1 group without control. The research was done during the three months in the building a floor 8 Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital juli september 2015. The Data on the background respondents will be analyzed by a sort of descriptive set by using analysis univariat.hubungan between chemotherapy neoadjuvan and an immune response cellular will be analyzed bivariat by test wilcoxon sign rank test. In this research also be seen the proportion of the infection before pre and post chemotherapy neoadjuvan .This research using level evidence 0.05 to the interval trust 95.

Results: From 17 subject of research , 12 subjects 70,6 is laki laki , women made up subjects 29,4 .Median age patient is 46,7 , 10 patients 58,8 less than median age , 7 patients 42,2 more of age median.stadium 4a obtained on 4 patients 23,5 patients , while stadium 4 b obtained on 13 patients 76,5 .Seen from the infection after chemotherapy neoadjuvan 9 subjects 52,8 never would have experienced infection , 8 subjects 47,2 experienced infection. Looks the relationship between chemotherapy neoadjuvan 3 cycle in immunity cellular p 0,007 on cds 4 and p 0,005 on cds 8 , the immunity cellular decline in the infection look after chemotherapy neoadjuvan cycle to 2 p 0,016 on cds 4 while after cycle to 3 not seen the relationship between chemotherapy neoadjuvan 3 cycle in the infection .Count of leukosit and lymphocytes cannot be used to predict a decrease in an immune response cellular after undergoing 3 cycle neoadjuvan chemotherapy.

Conclusions: Immune response decreased on advanced stage nasopharynx carcinoma patient are undergoing 3 cycle neoadjuvan chemotherapy neoadjuvan 3 . The Decreased of cellular immune response has played of increased infection in the lung and tumor area post 2 cycle neoadjuvan chemotherapy. "

"A patient is said to be immuno-compromised (1C) if one or more of his or her natural and adaptive defense mechanisms are unable to function normally. Thus, immuno-compromised patients are easily susceptible to infection. Aim of study; to determine the immune response in immuno-compromised patients that makes them easily susceptible to infection. Method: the study was designed as a cross-sectional analytic observational study using multi-variant statistical tests. The samples were classified into the 1C and Non-iC groups, consisting of 14 people, 10 men, and 4 women, who were examined far the following immunologi-cal variables: IL-10, IFN-y, TNF-a, IL-I& IgG, C3, and C4. The results demonstrated a significant difference in the immune response of subjects from the 1C and NIC groups (p<0.05), with a significantly higher TNF-Ct, IL-10 and IgG levels, and a lower C3 level in the 1C group. Conclusion: during 1C conditions, there is a disorder in the natural as well as adaptive C3 natural immune system, making patients more susceptible to infection."

"This volume highlights the mechanisms leading to immune privilege in tissues and organs, the deviation of immune responses and the modification of the behavior of the immune cells that manage to cross the blood barriers of tissues, in the context of infection."

"Filariasis adalah sekelompok penyakit yang menyerang manusia dan hewan yang disebabkan oleh filariae. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lebih dari 120 juta orang sudah terinfeksi dan 40 juta orang tidak teratasi secara serius. Daerah endemis filariasis tersebar luas di daerah tropis dan subtropis diseluruh dunia. Penyebab paling banyak adalah Wuchereria bancrofti, menyumbang lebih dari 90% dari beban global. Respon imun seluler pada infeksi filariasis telah diketahui didominasi oleh Th2 yang sitokinnya kemudian akan memicu sel B untuk menghasilkan IgE (respon imun humoral), dimana keberadaan IgE tersebut berperan sebagai efektor dalam eliminasi antigen dari tubuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan respon imun adaptif seluler dan humoral pada ibu hamil dengan infeksi filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti) dan menggunakan desain Cross-Sectional dengan menganalisis data sekunder yang diperoleh dari penelitian utama yang berjudul "Hubungan Respon Imun Adaptif Selular dan Humoral pada Ibu Hamil dengan Infeksi Wuchereria bancrofti", yang dilaksanakan di Kelurahan Jati Sampurna dan Kelurahan Jati Karya, Jawa Barat pada tahun 2001-2008. Subjek penelitian adalah ibu hamil trimester ketiga (n=63). Dilakukan analisis korelasi (uji Spearman) antara respon imun seluler, yaitu kadar IFN - γ (Th1) dan IL-5 (Th2) dengan respon imun humoral, yaitu kadar IgE total. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat korelasi yang bermakna secara statistik antara kadar IFN - γ dan IL-5 dengan kadar IgE total, dimana kadar IFN - γ dan IL-5 berkorelasi positif dengan kadar IgE total dan korelasi antara kadar sitokin IL-5 (r= 0,372; p=0,001) dengan IgE memiliki derajat dan tingkat signifikansi yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan hubungan IFN - γ (r=0,211; p=0,04) dengan IgE. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara respon imun seluler dan humoral pada ibu hamil yang terinfeksi filariasis.

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Filariasis is a group of diseases that infect humans and animals caused by filariae. The results showed that more than 120 million people are infected and 40 million people are not seriously addressed. Filariasis-endemic areas is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The most causes of Lymphatic Filariasis is Wuchereria bancrofti, accounted for more than 90% of the global burden. Cellular immune response in filariasis infection has been known that dominated by Th2 cytokines its will then trigger B cells to produce IgE (humoral immune response), where the presence of IgE plays a role as effectors in the elimination of antigen from the body. This study aims to determine the relationship of adaptive immune response cellular and humoral in pregnant women with filariasis infection and use Cross-Sectional design by analyzing secondary data obtained from the main study, entitled "Relationship of Adaptive Immune Response Cellular and Humoral in Pregnant Women with Wuchereria bancrofti Infection", held in Jati sampurna Village and Jati karya Village, West Java in 2001-2008. Subjects were third-trimester pregnant women (n = 63). Do the correlation analysis (Spearman test) between the cellular immune response, namely levels of IFN - γ (Th1) and IL-5 (Th2) with humoral immune response, namely levels of total IgE. The results showed that there was a statistically significant correlation between the levels of IFN - γ and IL-5 with a total IgE levels, where levels of IFN - γ and IL-5 was positively correlated with total IgE levels and the correlation between the levels of cytokines IL-5 (r = 0.372, p=0.001) with IgE has a degree and significance level higher than the relationship of IFN - γ (r = 0.211, p = 0.04) with IgE. It can be concluded that there is a relationship between cellular and humoral immune response in pregnant woman with filariasis infection."

"Clostridium difficile is the most important cause of antibiotic associated diarrhea, and pseudomembranous colitis, a severe infection of the colon. Strain Clostridium difficile produce two potent toxin, toxin A (enterotoxin) and toxin B (cytotoxin). These two toxins are both responsible for the diarrhea and inflammation seen in patients treated due to infection, especially the broad spectrum antibiotics. Direct detection of Clostridium difficult cytotoxin front faecal specimen using mammalion tissue culture lines is considered the standard diagnostics test of Clostridium difficult infection. This test is very sensitive but requires a minimum two days to complete. In order to improve the threshold of diagnosis and treatment, a number of enzyme immunoassay methods have been used, with a reported sensitivity to either toxin A or toxin B."

"Prevalensi periodontitis di Indonesia sangat tinggi yaitu 74,1%. Patogen keystone sebagai manipulator respons host dimediasi oleh patobion yang menjadi patogen dalam lingkungan dysbiosis yang akan memicu respons imun adaptif sehingga menyekresikan antibodi. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara keberadaan polimikrobial dengan respons imun humoral saliva berdasarkan keparahan periodontitis dan status periodontal. Desain penelitian ini adalah observasional potong-lintang. Pemeriksaan status periodontal dan pengambilan sampel saliva dilakukan pada 39 subjek periodontitis berbagai stage dan periodontal sehat. Keberadaan antigen dan respons imun humoral saliva dideteksi menggunakan teknik berbasis imunologi. Keberadaan antigen A. actinomycetemcomitans tertinggi pada kelompok periodontitis stage IV. Respons imun IgA saliva terhadap antigen F.nucleatum (p=0,014) dan C.albicans (p=0,009) menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan berdasarkan keparahan periodontitis. Hubungan signifikan ditemukan antara indeks plak dengan respons imun IgG saliva terhadap C.albicans. Hasil analisis menunjukkan hubungan antara indeks kebersihan mulut dengan respons imun IgA saliva terhadap antigen A. actinomycetemcomitans (p=0,008) dan C. albicans (p=0,031). Terdapat hubungan antara indeks perdarahan papila dengan respons imun IgA saliva terhadap antigen A. actinomycetemcomitans (p=0,003), F.nucleatum (p=0,002), dan C.albicans (p=0,008). Antigen A.actinomycetemcomitans, respons imun IgA serta IgG saliva terhadap antigen F.nucleatum dan C.albicans dapat menjadi biomarker keparahan periodontitis.

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The prevalence of periodontitis in Indonesia remains high (74.1%). Keystone pathogens as manipulators of the host response are mediated by pathogens that become pathogens in a dysbiotic environment that will trigger antibodies. The objective was to analyze the relationship between the presence of polymicrobial and salivary humoral immune responses based on the severity of periodontitis and periodontal status. The study design was cross-sectional. Saliva sampling were performed in 39 subjects with periodontitis and healthy periodontal. The presence of antigens and immunoglobulins were detected by immunology-based techniques. The presence of A.actinomycetemcomitans antigen was higher in the stage IV periodontitis group. The salivary IgA against F. nucleatum (p=0.014) and C. albicans (p = 0.009) showed significant differences based on the severity of periodontitis. A significant relationship was found between the plaque index and salivary IgG against C. albicans. It showed a relationship between the oral hygiene index and the salivary IgA immune response against A. actinomycetemcomitans (p=0.008) and C.albicans (p=0.031). There was a relationship between the papillary bleeding index and salivary IgA against A. actinomycetemcomitans (p=0.003), F.nucleatum (p=0.002) and C.albicans (p=0.008). The A.actinomycetemcomitans antigen, the salivary IgA and IgG against F.nucleatum and C.albicans antigens can be biomarkers for periodontitis severity."

"Filariasis (infeksi oleh cacing filaria) memiliki angka kejadian tinggi dan dampak cukup serius di dunia. Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara endemik filariasis. Penyebab filariasis tersering dan dengan sebaran terluas di dunia adalah Wuchereria bancrofti. Pada filariasis, tubuh memberikan respon imun adaptif selular berupa peningkatan aktivitas sel Th2 dan supresi sel Th1. Pada kehamilan terjadi perubahan regulasi sistem imun, namun respon imun adaptif selular terhadap cacing ini belum diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik respon imun adaptif selular pada ibu hamil yang terinfeksi Wuchereria bancrofti dibandingkan dengan ibu hamil sehat. Desain yang digunakan adalah Cross - Sectional dengan data sekunder dari penelitian induk berjudul "Pola Respon terhadap Antigen Tetanus Toxoid dari Bayi yang Lahir dari Ibu dengan Infeksi Cacing", yang dilakukan di Kelurahan Jati Sampurna dan Jati Karya, Jawa Barat. Subjek penelitian adalah ibu hamil trimester ketiga (n = 63). Dasar penentuan status infeksi Wuchereria bancrofti adalah pemeriksaan Immunochromatography. Respon imun selular yang dianalisa adalah kadar IFN - γ (sel Th1) dan IL - 5 (sel Th2). Pengukuran kadar IFN - γ dilakukan dengan Luminex dan IL - 5 dengan ELISA. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan bahwa kadar IFN - γ dan IL - 5 pada ibu hamil dengan infeksi Wuchereria bancrofti lebih tinggi secara bermakna (p = 0,01 untuk kadar IFN - γ; p = 0,015 untuk kadar IL-5) dibanding ibu hamil sehat. Setelah stimulasi antigen filaria, tampak bahwa kadar IL - 5 lebih tinggi secara bermakna dibandingkan IFN - γ (p=0,00). Disimpulkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan respon imun adaptif selular pada ibu hamil dengan infeksi Wuchereria bancrofti dibandingkan pada ibu hamil sehat, dengan kadar IL - 5 cenderung lebih tinggi daripada IFN - γ.

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Filariasis (infection caused by filarial) have a high prevalence and quite serious impact in the world. Indonesia is one of endemic country. Wuchereria bancrofti is the most frequent in causing infection and the most widely distributed in world. The adaptive cellular immune response in filariasis shows that Th2 cell's activity is stimulated and the Th1 cell's is suppressed. There is a change in regulation of immune response during pregnancy and cellular adaptive immune response toward Wuchereria bancrofti infection during pregnancy has not been discovered yet. This study aimed was to know the profile of adaptive cellular immune response in pregnant women with Wuchereria bancrofti infection compared to healthy pregnant women. This study used Cross - Sectional design with secondary data from the parent study, entitled "Immune Response Against Tetanus Vaccination in Worms Infected Pregnant Women", which was done at Jati Sampurna and Jati Karya Village, West Java. Subject of this study was pregnant women in third trimester (n=63). Wuchereria bancrofti infection status defined by Immunochromatography test. Cellular immune response was analized based on level of IFN - γ (Th1 cell) and IL - 5(Th2 cell). Level of IFN - γ counted with Luminex and IL - 5 counted with ELISA. The result showed the level of IFN - γ and IL - 5 in pregnant women with Wuchereria bancrofti infection is significantly higher than healthy pregnant women (with p = 0,01 for IFN - γ; p = 0,015 for IL - 5). After stimulated by filarial antigen, appeared that level of IL - 5 is significantly higher than IFN - γ (p = 0,00). In conclusion, there is a significant elevation of adaptive cellular immune response in pregnant women with Wuchereria bancrofti infection than healthy pregnant women, with level of IL - 5 is higher than IFN - γ."