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"Berakhirnya suatu masa yang dianggap "Perang Dingin" pada akhir dekade 1980an telah membei kesempatan menguatnya isu-isu dalam hubungan internasional seperti isu lingkungan hidup, demokratisasi dan HAM. Selama dekade 1990an, ketiga isu tersebut sering menjadi instrumen politik luar negeri dalam hubungan antar bangsa. dalam arti beberapa negara menggunakan tekanan polilik, ekonomi, titik moralnya untuk "mengkoreksi" masalah lingkungan hidup, proses demokratisasi, atau pelanggaran HAM (HAM) dalam batas wilayah negara lainnya. Dengan kata lain, isu sepcrti HAM bukan lagi semata-mata menjadi urusan domestik suatu negara, melainkan sudah menjadi kepentingan pihak eksternal."

"This article focuses on the organization for security and cooperation in Europe (OSCE) that truly cares on human rights protection in Europe, particularly after the fall of the communist countries in the east of Europe and the Soviet Union. This article also describes the background of human rights tradition and its development up till the end of the 20 th century in Europe. It aims to show that human rights have been a central issue and become an important phenomenon in Europe, which are always taken into account by the Europe council and other European institutions."

"The recognition of the cultural pluralism by a country and its society is a challenge regarding the existence of its social justice. Multiculturalism is considered as a recent 'innovation' in a democratic society, leading to the social justice despite its various Forms and different implementations in each country. This article depicts the multicultural growths, development and issues in some European countries and the European Community. The Netherlands has introduced combined recognition regarding cultural pluralism and its national integration concept on the basis of the membership of a community. The United Kingdom prioritizing individuals rather than institutional organizatory is still facing racism issues. France bends to be in the crossroad with the existence of the ideas against the myths presenting social identities. The European Community has been conflicting the identity of Europe."

"Sebelum Presiden Rusia Dmitry Medvedev dan bekas bosnya Vladimir Putin secara terbuka menolak rencana pembangunan perisai rudal Amerika Serikat di Polandia dan Ceko, presiden Ceko Vaclav Klaus mengatakan, dia takkan ragu menerimanya. Vaclav Claus menandatangani pakta pertahanan rudal tersebut denganAmerika Serikat, pada 9 Juli 2008, sebagai hasil perundingan Praha dengan Washington. Sebenarnya sejarah sistem pertahanan rudal sudah diperkenalkan 25 tahun silam oleh Presiden Reagan yang saat itu menganggap Uni Soviet adalah Evil Empire. Media Amerika kemudian menamakan ide presiden mereka dengan istilah Perang Bintang atau star wars. Tampaknya gagasan era Reagan pun akan dihidupkan kembali di Asia, dan pelakunya adalah Jepang yang mengerahkan sistem pertahanan rudal…. "